CHAPTER VI: PROPERTIES OF DRY GASES
Dec 09, 2015
DEFINITION
• A gas is defined as a homogeneous fluid of low viscosity and density that has no definite volume but expands to completely fill the vessel in which it is placed.
• The natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon (methanes, ethanes, propanes, butanes, pentanes, and small amounts of hexanes and heavier)and nonhydrocarbon gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen).
• Gas reservoirs: If the reservoir temperature is greater than the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, the reservoir is considered a gas reservoir
• Type of gas reservoir:1. Retrograde gas2. Wet Gas3. Dry Gas
PROPERTIES OF DRY GASES
1. Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)2. Isothermal Gas Compressibility
Coefficient (Cg)3. Viscosity of Gas (µg)4. Heating Value (Lc)
Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)
• Gas formation volume factor (Bg) is the volume of gas at reservoir conditions required to produce one standard cubic foot of gas at the surface (Res. cuft/scf).
• Bg is the ratio of the volume occupied at reservoir temperature and pressure by a certain weight of gas to the volume occupied by the same weight of gas at standard conditions.
Isothermal Gas CompressIbIlIty CoeffiCient (Cg)
• Defined as the change in volume per unit volume for a unit change in pressure.
For real gas
• The Law of Corresponding states can be used to express the above equation in another form:
Combining this
equati
on with
equati
on above yiel
ds:
(cpPpc) is called pseudo reduced compressibility (cpr)
Viscosity of Gas (µg)
• Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow.• The viscosity term is called dynamic viscosity
whereas kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density.
• It is given in units of centipoise. A centipoise is a gm/100 sec.cm
• Kinematic viscosity has units of cm2/100 sec and the term is called centistoke.
HEATING VALUE
• Heating value of a gas is the quantity of heat produced when the gas is burned completely to carbon dioxide and water.
• Unit: British thermal unit per standard cubic foot of gas (BTU/scf).
• Terms in Heating value:1. Wet (gas saturated with vapor about 1.75%V).2. Dry or bone dry (gas contain no vapor before heating).3. Gross heating value or total heating value (heat produced
in complete combustion under constant pressure with the combustion products cooled to standard conditions & the water in the combustion products condensate to the liquid state).
4. Net heating value (similar but no water of the combustion remains vapor in standard conditions).
• In petroleum the gross heating value (dry) is frequently used. Means complete combustion of a bone-dry gas with the water produced during combustion condensed to liquid.
Heating value (Lc) calculation
• For ideal gases:
• For natural gases (real gases):
• Compressibility factor (z) calculated from Appendix A.