122 Chapter-V PROFILE OF THE KOPPAL DISTRICT 5.1 Introduction: The development process is influenced by numerous factors such as physical, demographic, socio and economic etc. Therefore, it is essential to describe the background of the Koppal district with reference to the previously mentioned factors to analyse finances of the Panchayats in the district. This chapter presents a brief profile of the Koppal district in Karnataka state. Map-1: Karnataka State Map
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122
Chapter-V
PROFILE OF THE KOPPAL DISTRICT
5.1 Introduction:
The development process is influenced by numerous factors such as physical,
demographic, socio and economic etc. Therefore, it is essential to describe the
background of the Koppal district with reference to the previously mentioned factors
to analyse finances of the Panchayats in the district. This chapter presents a brief
profile of the Koppal district in Karnataka state.
Map-1: Karnataka State Map
123
Map-2: Koppal District Map
5.2 Location and Boundaries:
Koppal, a newborn district of Karnataka state, carved out of Raichur district,
came into existence on 01-04-1998. It is situated between 150 17' to 16
0 10' North
latitude and 750 45’ to 76
0 45’ East longitude. It is known to be a backward district
among the northern part of the state and situated in the old Hyderabad Karnataka
region.
The North-East of the district is surrounded by Raichur district, East by Gadag
district, South by Bellary district and South-East by Bagalkot district. The Koppal
district headquarters is closest to the world heritage Hampi. It consists of four talukas
namely Koppal, Gangavathi, Kushtagi and Yelburga.
Gangavathi taluk is bounded by Sindhanur taluk of Raichur district and
Kushtagi in the North, Raichur and Bellary districts in the East, Hospet taluk of
124
Bellary district in the South, Koppal and Yelburga talukas in the West. As a part of
Koppal district Gangavathi taluk lies within North latitude 15o 09' 00" to 16
o 03' 30"
and East longitude 75 o 47' 30" to 76
o 48' 10".
Yelburga taluk is surrounded by Kushtagi, Gangavathi and Koppal talukas in
the North and Gadag district in the South. The taluk lies between North latitude
15o.10’ to 16
o.05’ and East longitude 75
o.46’ to 76
o.47’.
5.3 Historical Background of the District:
The history of Koppal can be traced back to the kingdoms of Shathavahanas,
Gangas, Hoysalas and Chalukya Dynasties. The name of the district i.e., "Koppal" is
found in the poetic work of the great poet Kavirajamarga (During King Nrupathunga's
time of 814-878 A.D.) as “Viditha Maha Kopana Nagara.” During Ashoka's period,
the Jainism gained greater momentum in this region. Therefore, it was called
"Jainkashi." In twelfth century A.D. Veerashaivaism of social reformer Basaveshwara
became popular. The present Gavi Math of Koppal has great attraction.
Anegundi of Gangavathi taluk was the first capital of great Vijayanagara
Dynasty. The old palace and fort still exist where annual festival called "Anegundi
Utsava" is being celebrated in a befitting manner every year. The other important
historical places of Koppal district are Itagi, Kukanoor, Madinoor, Indrakeela
Parvatha, Kanakagiri, Pura, Chikkabenakal, Hirebenakal and Huligi.
Before independence, Koppal was under the Nizam of Hyderabad. India got
independence on 15th August 1947, since Koppal was part of Hyderabad region, the
people of the region had to struggle further to attain independence from the clutches
of Hyderabad Nizam. On 18th September 1948, the Hyderabad-Karnataka region got
independence from Nizam. Since then until 01-04-1998, Koppal district was in
Raichur district of Gulbarga revenue division. On 01-04-1998, Koppal district
consisting of four taluks viz. Koppal, Gangavathi, Kushtagi and Yelburga came into
being.
125
5.4 Salient Features of the District
5.4. (i) Soil:
The Koppal district is having partly red sandy and black soil suitable for
agriculture and horticulture crops. Majority of Gangavathi taluk is having black soil.
The taluk is also having very few hills with xerophilous vegetation. The partly red
sandy soil and black soil of mixed geographical origin are found in the Yelburga
taluk.
5.4. (ii) Rivers:
The Tungabhadra river is formed by union of two rivers, viz., the Tunga and
the Bhadra, both of which rise at Gangamula in the Varaha Parvata of the Western
Ghats. This is also a perennial river, very deep in certain places and almost
unaffordable even in the dry season. This river enters the district near Kesalapur
village at the south-western tip of Koppal taluk. The general slope of the land in the
district being north-west to south-east, the Tungabhadra has a large number of rivulets
and streams serving as tributaries. However, none of these streams is of any great
importance by itself and they generally go dry during the summer. There is
Tungabhadra reservoir at Munirabad, which is in the border of Koppal taluk.
Downstream of Tungabhadra dam, Tungabhadra River flows in the south-east border
of Gangavathi taluk; Yelburga taluk does not have river.
5.4. (iii) Climate and Rainfall:
The Koppal district comes under the north dry agro climatic zone. The climate
of the district is very hot and dry. Hot season starts from middle of the February to
end of May. South-west monsoon ranges from June to end of September. Post
monsoon is furing in the months of October and November. Cold season is from
December to middle of February. The normal rainfall of the district is 571.92 mm and
rainy days are 40. However, during 2008 actual average rainfall was 557.70 mm and
rainy days were 32 (see table-5.1).
126
Table-5.1: Distribution of Rainfall in Koppal District
(As on 31-03-2009)
Sl.
No. Taluk
Normal Rainfall
(mm)
Actual Average
Rainfall (mm)
(2008)
Average Rainy Days
Normal
(1901-70)
Actual
(2008)
1 Gangavathi 523.20 453.70 31 25
2 Koppal 599.90 573.30 47 37
3 Kushtagi 571.40 611.50 37 40
4 Yelburga 593.20 592.20 43 29
5 District Total 571.92 557.70 40 32
Source: Koppal District at a Glance, 2008-09.
The day temperature of Gangavathi taluk varies from 29o C in the winter to
42o C in the summer. The normal rainfall in the taluk has been 523.20 mm and normal
rainy days are 31 days. However, during 2008 the actual rainfall has been less than
the normal rainfall i.e., 453.70 mm. As for Yelburga taluk, the temperature is
minimum 26o
C to 28o
C during November and December; maximum 42o
C to 44o
C
during April and May. The normal rainfall has been 593.20 mm.
5.4. (iv) Area and Population:
Koppal district has a geographical area of 5559 sq. kms and total population of
1196089. The table-5.2 provides taluk-wise area and population of the district
according to 2001 census.
As shown in the table-5.2 total population of the district is 1196089. Out of
this, male population is 603312 (50.45 per cent) and female population is 592777
(49.55 per cent). Among the all talukas, highest population is in Gangavathi taluk i.e.,
406334 (33.97 per cent), next comes Koppal taluk i.e., 314051 (26.26 per cent). The
lowest population is in Yelburga taluk i.e., 236373 (19.76 per cent).
The population of the district has been predominantly scattered over the rural
belt. Though the villages have been densely populated, the district as a whole has
127
been populated sparsely. The vast majority of the people of the district hail from the
rural sector. The rural and the traditional character of the population has been the
hallmark of the whole district. Out of the total population, 997797 (83.42%) from
rural area and 198292 (16.58%) from urban area. Highest and lowest rural population
is found in Yelburga and Gangavathi talukas respectively in the district.
Table-5.2: Area and Population of Koppal District
(According to 2001 Census)
Sl.
No
.
Ta
luk
Are
a (
sq.
km
s)
Ma
le
Fem
ale
To
tal
Ru
ral
Urb
an
To
tal
Den
sity
Per
sq
. k
ms
Sex
Ra
tio
Per
10
00
Men
Literacy
Rate
(%)
Ma
le
Fem
ale
To
tal
1
Ga
ng
av
ath
i
1328
(23.89)
204356
(50.29)
201978
(49.71)
406334
(33.97)
304942
(75.05)
101392
(24.95)
406334
(33.97) 305 988 65.9 40.3 53.1
2
Ko
pp
al
1375
(24.74)
159071
(50.65)
154980
(49.35)
314051
(26.26)
249776
(79.53)
64275
(20.47)
314051
(26.26) 228 974 71.4 44.0 57.8
3
Ku
shta
gi
1366
(24.57)
120621
(50.40)
118710
(49.60)
239331
(20.01)
218148
(91.15)
21183
(8.85)
239331
(20.01) 175 984 67.7 34.6 51.3
4
Yel
bu
rga
1490
(26.80)
119264
(50.46)
117109
(49.54)
236373
(19.76)
224931
(95.16)
11442
(4.84)
236373
(19.76) 159 982 69.7 37.6 53.7
5
Dis
tric
t T
ota
l
5559
(100)
603312
(50.45)
592777
(49.55)
1196089
(100)
997797
(83.42)
198292
(16.58)
1196089
(100) 216 982 68.4 39.6 54.1
Source: Koppal District at a Glance, 2008-09.
Note: Figures in bracket indicate percentage to the respective totals.
The density of population in the Koppal district is 216 per sq. km., which is
lower than the state average of 276 per sq. km. The sex ratio of the Koppal district is
982, which is higher than state average of 965. Among the all talukas of the district,
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Gangavathi taluk has a highest sex ratio i.e., 988 and Koppal taluk has a lowest sex
ratio i.e., 974.
Literacy rate is an index of the development of education. The literacy rate and
levels of educational attainment of the population refers to the number of children
studying in various courses and associated indicators. Koppal district comes under the
list of backward districts and also has the lowest literacy level. The literacy rate of the
district as per 1991 census was 35.96%. However, this was far below the literacy rate
of the whole state of Karnataka that was 56.04%. With this poor background,
relentless efforts were made to introspect for the low literacy rate and ever since then
developmental programmes were initiated with all seriousness and earnestness
towards the up-liftment in the field of education. One such programme was the
District Primary Education Programme (DPEP), which was successfully launched and
was pursued to the benefit of the children. Since the inception of the DPEP in 1994-
1995 in the district, the rate of literacy is showing upward trend and is yielding
positive results. The literacy rate of the district as per 2001 census is 54.10%. Once
again one has to bear in mind that the overall literacy rate of the state is remarkably
higher i.e., 66.60%. Out of total literacy rate of the district, male literacy rate consists
68.40% and female literacy rate consists 39.60%, which are comparatively less than
the state literary rate i.e., 76.10% and 56.90% respectively. Male literary rate is higher
than female literacy rate in the all four blocks.
5.4 (v) Work Participation Rate:
The work participation rate is defined as percentage of total worker to total
population. According to 2001 census, the working population of Koppal district is
47.07% of the total population. The main worker population comprises of 35.65% of
the total population and 11.42% is the marginal workers. The non-working population
of the district is 52.93%. The highest and lowest working population is found in
Yelburga and Gangavathi talukas respectively. These revelations are presented in the
table-5.3.
129
Table-5.3
Percentage of Working Population to Total Population in Koppal District
(According to 2001 Census)
Sl.
No Taluk
Main
Workers
Marginal
Workers
Working
Population
(3+4)
Non-Workers Total
(5+6)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Gangavathi 33.00 10.10 43.10 56.90 100
2 Koppal 36.10 8.80 44.90 55.10 100
3 Kushtagi 34.90 12.70 47.60 52.40 100
4 Yelburga 38.60 14.10 52.70 47.30 100
5 District Total 35.65 11.42 47.07 52.93 100
Source: Census of India-2001, Series-30, Directorate of Census Operations, Karnataka, 2005, p.5.
5.4 (vi) Occupational Structure:
The analysis of the occupational structure indicates that the district is still
economically backward with a large proportion of population engaged in agriculture.
The following table-5.4 provides the occupational structure in the district according to
2001 census.
Table-5.4: Occupational Structure in Koppal District (Percentage)
(According to 2001 Census)
Sl.
No. Taluk Cultivators
Agricultural
Labourers
Household
Industries Others Total
1 Gangavathi 23.20 45.40 2.30 29.10 100
2 Koppal 25.30 39.60 4.40 30.70 100
3 Kushtagi 41.60 36.90 4.00 17.50 100
4 Yelburga 35.90 46.30 2.90 14.90 100
5 District Total 31.50 42.05 3.40 23.05 100
Source: Census of India-2001, Series-30, Directorate of Census Operations, Karnataka, 2005, p.5.
Out of the total working population, 31.50% and 42.05% are cultivators and
agricultural labourers respectively. The workers population in the district indicates
that cultivators and agricultural labourers dominate the total working population.
130
5.4 (vii) Land Utilisation Pattern:
It shows the area of hectares of land used for different purposes. The land
utilisation pattern of the Koppal district can realise by the following table-5.5.
Table-5.5: Land Utilisation Pattern of Koppal District in Hectares