Page | 186 CHAPTER – V ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter deals with the descriptive and statistical analysis and interpretation of the primary data collected from the members of the Self Help Groups functioning in Chennai District of Tamil Nadu. The hypotheses framed are tested with the help of the relevant statistical tools, results are interpreted and inferences are drawn Socio Economic back ground of the Respondents This section provides useful insight in to the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and the various dimensions of socio- economic empowerment and also the analysis of the opinion towards the functioning of SHGs in empowering women, resulting in awareness to the members of the SHGs.
146
Embed
CHAPTER V ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATAshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4865/14/14_chapter 5.pdf · CHAPTER – V ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ... The table
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
P a g e | 186
CHAPTER – V
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the descriptive and statistical analysis and
interpretation of the primary data collected from the members of the Self
Help Groups functioning in Chennai District of Tamil Nadu. The
hypotheses framed are tested with the help of the relevant statistical
tools, results are interpreted and inferences are drawn
Socio Economic back ground of the Respondents
This section provides useful insight in to the socio-economic
characteristics of the respondents and the various dimensions of socio-
economic empowerment and also the analysis of the opinion towards
the functioning of SHGs in empowering women, resulting in awareness
to the members of the SHGs.
P a g e | 187
The table given below depicts age wise classification of the
respondents
Table 5.1
Age wise classification of the respondents
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Below 30years 196 32.7
2 31 to 40years 210 35
3 41 to 50years 146 24.3
4 Above 50 years 48 8
Source: Primary Data
The above table shows that out of the total number of
respondents 35 per cent belong to the age group of 31-40 years of age,
followed by 32.7 per cent belonging to the age group of below 30 years.
24.3 per cent are in the age group of 41-50 years and only 8 per cent
belongs to the age group of above 50 years.
It is clear that respondents in the age group of 31-40 years of age
constituting 35 per cent is the highest where as respondents in the age
group of above 50 years constitute only 8 per cent which is the lowest
per cent. It is also inferred that members who are below 40 years are
interested in their socio economic improvement prompted in joining and
promoting SHGs.
P a g e | 188
Chart 5.1a
Age wise classification of the respondents
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Below 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 years & above
32.7% 35%
24.3%
8%
Per
cen
ta g
e
Age of the respondents
P a g e | 189
The table given below indicates the religion wise classification of the
respondents.
Table 5.2
Religion wise classification of the respondents
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Hindu 306 51
2 Muslim 84 14
3 Christian 210 35
Source: Primary Data
The above data shows that 51 per cent of the sample
respondents belong to Hindu religion, 35 per cent belong to Christianity
and 14 per cent belong to Islam. Thus, the highest percentage of the
respondents belongs to Hindu religion exhibiting 51 per cent.
It is inferred that Christian members are relatively higher in
percentage than Muslim members in Chennai district which is a peculiar
feature. For all categories of religion, respondents are interested in
joining and promoting SHGs.
P a g e | 190
Chart 5.2a
Religion wise classification of the respondents
51%
14%
35%
Religion wise classification of the respondents
Hindu Muslim Christian
P a g e | 191
The table given below depicts mother tongue wise classification of the
respondents.
Table 5.3
Classification based on mother tongue
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Tamil 466 77.7
2 Telugu 118 19.7
3 Others 16 2.7
Source: Primary Data
The above table reveals that out of the total number of
respondents 77.7 per cent of the respondents’ mother tongue is Tamil,
19.7 per cent of the respondents’ mother tongue is Telugu and 2.7 per
cent of the respondents belongs to other mother tongue. Thus, the
highest number of respondents’ mother tongue is Tamil.
P a g e | 192
Chart 5.3a
Mother Tongue wise classification of the respondents
P a g e | 193
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
Community.
Table 5.4
Community wise classification of the respondents
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 OC 88 14.7
2 BC 284 47.3
3 MBC 44 7.3
4 SC/ST 184 30.7
Source: Primary Data
The above table reveals that out of the total number of
respondents, 47.3 per cent belong to BC, followed by 30.7 per cent
belonging to SC/ST category, 14.7 per cent belonging to OC category
and 7.3 per cent belonging to MBC category. Thus, the highest
number of respondents belongs to BC category and the lowest number
of respondents belongs to MBC category indicating 47.3 per cent and
7.3 per cent respectively.
P a g e | 194
Chart 5.4a
Community wise classification of the respondents
OC14.7%
BC47.3%
MBC7.3%
SC/ST30.7%
Community wise classification of the respondents
P a g e | 195
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
educational qualification.
Table 5.5
Classification based on the educational qualification
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Illiterate 155 25.8
2 Primary 234 39
3 High School 171 28.5
4 H.Sec.School 27 4.5
5 Graduate 13 2.2
Source: Primary Data
The above table indicates that 39 per cent of respondents have
completed Primary School education; 28.5 per cent of respondents
have completed High School education; 25.8 per cent of respondents
are illiterate; 4.5 per cent of respondents have completed Higher
Secondary School education and only 2.2 per cent of respondents have
completed Under Graduation.
It is clear that 39 per cent of respondents are possessing primary
school education which is the highest among various other
qualifications and 2.2 per cent of respondents are Under Graduates
which is the least of all.
It is observed that SHG members who are qualified less than
under graduation are interested in the formation and management of
SHGs resulting in empowerment.
P a g e | 196
Chart 5.5a
Classification based on the educational qualification
Illiterate
Primary
High school
Hsc
Graduate
25.8%
39%
28.5%
4.5%
2.2%
Percentage
Edu
cati
on
al Q
ual
ific
atio
n
Classification based on the Educational Qualification
P a g e | 197
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
marital status.
Table 5.6
Classification of the respondents based on marital status
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Married 573 95.5
2 Unmarried 9 1.5
3 Separated 18 3
Source: Primary Data
The above table reveals that 573 respondents are ‘married’
constituting 95.5 per cent. There are 18 per cent of the respondents
who are separated and a meagre 9 per cent of the respondents are
unmarried.
It is inferred from the above table that the majority of the
respondents (95.5 per cent) are married. Therefore, it could be
interpreted that members who are married are largely interested in the
formation and promotion of SHGs, since the responsibility of married
members is relatively higher than that of the unmarried members.
P a g e | 198
Chart 5.6a
Classification of the respondents based on marital status
Married, 95.5%
Unmarried, 1.5% Separated, 3%
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
No
. of
Re
spo
nd
en
ts
Classification of the respondents based on marital status
P a g e | 199
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
Nativity.
Table 5.7
Classification of the respondents based on Nativity
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Chennai 540 90
2 Near Chennai 43 7.2
3 Other part of TN 9 1.5
4 Other 8 1.3
Source: Primary Data
It is clear from the above table that out of the total number of
respondents, 540 respondents’ nativity is Chennai itself constituting 90
per cent; 43 respondents have come from nearby Chennai constituting
7.2 per cent; 9 respondents have come from other parts of Tamil Nadu
constituting 1.3 per cent and only a meagre 8 per cent of the
respondents’ nativity comes under the head “others”. Thus, the highest
number of respondents’ nativity is Chennai and the lowest number of
respondents’ nativity belongs to other parts of Tamil Nadu or other
state.
It is observed that there are members whose native is Chennai,
need more improvement economically and socially, and this influenced
them in joining and promoting SHGs resulting in empowerment.
P a g e | 200
Chart 5.7a
Classification of the respondents based on nativity
90%
7%
2%1%
Classification of the respondents based on nativity
Chennai
Near Chennai
other part of TN
Other
P a g e | 201
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
family type.
Table 5.8
Classification of the respondents based on family type
S. No. Particulars No. of respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Nuclear 441 73.5
2 Joint 159 26.5
Source: Primary Data
From the above table it is evident that 441 respondents
constituting 73.5 per cent belong to nuclear families and the remaining
159 respondents who constitute 26.5 per cent belong to joint families.
Thus the highest numbers of respondents are in the nuclear type
families.
It is observed from the above table that the members of both
nuclear family and joint family are interested in SHG formation.
A peculiar feature is more membership of nuclear family members;
these members are also showing interest in SHGs because of their
interest in socio economic empowerment.
P a g e | 202
Chart 5.8a
Classification of the respondents based on family type
Nuclear
Joint
73.5%
26.5%
Percentage
Fam
ily t
ype
Classification of the respondents based on family type
P a g e | 203
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
the size of the family.
Table 5.9
Classification of the respondents based on the size of the family
S. No Particulars
No. of
respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Single 9 1.5
2 2 to 4 377 62.8
3 5 to 7 179 29.8
4 8 & above 35 5.8
Source: Primary Data
The above table shows that out of the total number of
respondents, 377 respondents constituting 62.8 per cent which is the
highest, have family members ranging from 2 to 4, followed by 179
respondents constituting 29.8 per cent, with 5 to 7 family members; 35
respondents constituting 5.8 per cent with 8 and above family members
and only 9 respondents constituting 1.5 per cent are not having any
other member in their family except themselves.
P a g e | 204
Chart 5.9a
Classification of the respondents based on the size of the family
P a g e | 205
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
the type of house.
Table 5.10
Classification of the respondents based on the type of house
S. No. Particulars
No. of
respondents
(n=600)
Percentage
(100%)
1 Thatched 348 58
2 Asbestos 140 23.3
3 Concrete house 76 12.7
4 Others 36 6
Source: Primary Data
The above table reveals that out of the sample respondents 58
per cent are residing in thatched type of the houses; 23.3 per cent of the
respondents are residing in asbestos type houses; 12. 7 per cent of the
respondents are residing in concrete houses and only 6 per cent of the
respondents’ are living in other type of houses like shed.
Therefore it is crystal clear that the highest percentage of the
respondents depicting 58 per cent live in thatched houses and only 12.7
per cent of the respondents live in concrete houses, which is
comparatively low. It is important to note, that 6 per cent of the
respondents are living in temporary shed. From the nature of houses
where the respondents are living, it is crystal clear that respondents are
economically backward and are in need of measures to improve their
socio-economic conditions. They ascertained SHGs as the best module.
P a g e | 206
Chart 5.10a
Classification of the respondents based on the type of house
58%
23.3%12.7%
6%0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Thatched Asbestos Concrete house Others
Per
cen
tage
Type of house
Classification of the respondents based on the type of house
P a g e | 207
The table given below shows classification of the respondents based on
their family income.
Table 5.11
Classification of the respondents based on their family income
S. No. Particulars No. of
respondents (n=600)
Percentage (100%)
1 Below 5000 189 31.5
2 5001 to 10000
317 52.8
3 10001 to 15000
59 9.8
4 15001 & above
35 5.8
Source: Primary Data
The above table reveals that out of the total number of
respondents’ family, 52.8% belong to 5001 - 10000 income group;
31.5% belong to below 5000 income group; 9.8% belong to 10001 to
15000 income group and the remaining 5.8% of the respondents
belong to 15001 & above income group. Thus, the maximum number of
respondents belongs to the income group of 5001 to 10000
constituting 52.8%.
So it is inferred that respondents who are member of SHGs, on
an average, are getting very low income which stimulated them to
become the members of the SHGs with an aim to improve their socio
economic condition and attain empowerment.
P a g e | 208
Chart 5.11a
Classification of the respondents based on their family income
31%
53%
10%
6%
16%
Classification of the respondents based on their family income
Below 5000
5001 to 10000
10001 to 15000
15001 & above
P a g e | 209
Functioning and Working of SHGs
The table given below emphasizes the satisfactory level of the
respondents towards the functioning and working of SHGs.
Table 5.12
Satisfactory level of the respondents towards the functioning and
working of SHGs
Functioning and Working of SHGs in terms of Conduct of Meeting, Record of Proceedings, Transparency and Formation and Management of SHGs
S.No. Statements Variables Nature of the responses
Strongly Agree
Agree No
opinion Disagree
Strongly Disagree
a) Meeting is conducted regularly
Conduct of Meeting
154 (25.7%)
131 (21.8%)
125 (20.8%)
121 (20.2%)
69 (11.5%)
b)
Members Attend meeting with spirit and involvement
207 (34.5%)
138 (23%)
131 (21.8%)
79 (13.2%)
45 (7.5%)
c)
There is no absenteeism in attending the meeting
215 (35.8%)
180 (30%)
118 (19.7%)
68 (11.3%)
19 (3.2%)
d)
Proper action is taken against the default to fails to attend the meeting
192 (32%)
177 (29.5%)
168 (28%)
56 (9.3%)
7 (1.2%)
e) I am attending meetings regularly
202 (33.7%)
176 (29.3%)
127 (21.2%)
75 (12.5%)
20 (3.3%)
a) Documentation is done in order
Record of Proceedings
243 (40.5%)
141 (23.5%)
89 (14.8%)
83 (13.8%)
44 (7.3%)
b) Minutes are recorded
238 (39.7%)
169 (28.2%)
144 (24%)
37 (6.2%)
12 (2%)
c)
There is a checking and review of Accounts
225 (37.5%)
115 (19.2%)
105 (17.5%)
90 (15%)
65 (10.8%)
d)
Recording of Accounts as per the guidelines
292 (48.7%)
138 (23%)
126 (21%)
26 (4.3%)
18 (3%)
P a g e | 210
e) I am involved in recording of proceedings
239 (39.8%)
163 (27.2%)
105 (17.5%)
50 (8.3%)
43 (7.2%)
a)
There is an access to the Document of the group
Transparency
359 (59.8%)
127 (21.2%)
50 (8.3%)
37 (6.2%)
27 (4.5%)
b)
Exercise of duties and responsibilities is in order
248 (41.3%)
115 (19.2%)
99 (16.5%)
94 (15.7%)
44 (7.3%)
c)
Calculations and computation is clear and understandable
257 (42.8%)
141 (23.5%)
80 (13.3%)
65 (10.8%)
57 (9.5%)
d) Objectives of the SHGs are clearly explained
228 (38%)
172 (28.7%)
155 (25.8%)
21 (3.5%)
24 (4%)
e)
I am capable of answering the questions related to SHGs
185 (30.8%)
184 (30.7%)
140 (23.3%)
47 (7.8%)
44 (7.3%)
a)
I have knowledge on initiating the formation
Formation and
Management of
SHGs
152 (25.3%)
136 (22.7%)
132 (22%)
99 (16.5%)
81 (13.5%)
b) I know the procedures for formation
258 (43%)
166 (27.7%)
112 (18.7%)
33 (5.5%)
31 (5.2%)
c)
I am very much clear about the regulations of SHGs
223 (37.2%)
165 (27.5%)
104 (17.3%)
88 (14.7%)
20 (3.3%)
d) I am aware of general function of SHGs
265 (44.2%)
144 (24%)
138 (23%)
35 (5.8%)
18 (3%)
e) Procedure for repayment is well understood
212 (35.3%)
165 (27.5%)
110 (18.3%)
68 (11.3%)
45 (7.5%)
Source: Primary Data
The table describes the respondents’ opinion on the functioning
and working of SHGs. In order to extract information and analyze the
Functioning and Working of SHGs, the researcher constructed
statements which are grouped such as Conduct of Meeting, Record of
Proceedings, Transparency and Formation and management of SHGs.
Views of the respondents are summarized which are closely and
directly associated with Functioning and Working of SHGs.
P a g e | 211
1. Conduct of Meeting;
a) Out of the total sample respondents, 25.7 per cent of the
respondents strongly agreed that the meeting is
conducted regularly; another 21.8 per cent of the
respondents agreed with the regularity of the meetings.
Only 11.5 per cent of the respondents expressed
“strongly disagreed” for the regularity of the conduct of
meeting. Therefore, it is very much clear that meeting is
conducted regularly.
b) Among the total respondents, 34.5 per cent of the
respondents “strongly agree” followed by 23 per cent of
the respondents who “agree” that members attend
meeting with their spirit and involvement. Only 7.5 per
cent of the respondents strongly “dis- agree” to the
statement “Members attend meeting with spirit and
involvement”.
c) The highest percentage of respondents (35.8 per cent)
strongly agrees and another 30 per cent of the
respondents agree that there is no absenteeism. Only
3.2 per cent of the respondents viewed “strongly
disagreed” for the no absenteeism in attending the
meeting. Therefore, it is very much clear that meeting is
conducted with fewer absentees regularly.
d) The highest percentage of the respondents (32) strongly
agrees and 29.5 per cent of the respondents agree with
the statement that proper action is taken against the
defaulters from attending the meeting.
P a g e | 212
e) Of the total, 33.7 per cent of the respondents “strongly
agree” and 29.3 per cent of the respondents agree that
they are attending meeting regularly.
2. Record of proceedings;
a) Among the total, 40.5 per cent of the respondents
strongly agree which is the highest and 23.5 per cent of
the respondents agree with the statement that
documentation is done in order.
b) 39.7 per cent of the respondents strongly agree and
28.2 per cent of the respondents agree with the
statement that minutes are recorded properly. Only 2
per cent of the respondents strongly disagree with the
proper recording of minutes.
c) For the statement “There is a checking and reviewing
of the accounts”, 37.5 percentage of the respondents
strongly agree which is the highest and 19.2 per cent
agree and only 10.8 per cent of the respondents
strongly disagree.
d) The highest percentage of the respondents (48.7%)
strongly agrees and 23% per cent of the respondents
agrees with the statement that accounts are recorded as
per guidelines. Only 3 per cent of the respondents
strongly disagree with the proper recording of minutes.
e) 39.8 per cent of the respondents “strongly agree” and
27.2 per cent of the respondents “agree” that they are
involved in recording of proceedings.
P a g e | 213
3. Transparency
a) 59.8 per cent of the respondents “strongly agree” and
21.2 per cent of the respondents “agree” with the
statement that they have an access to the Document of
the group. Only 4.5 per cent of the respondents strongly
disagree with the statement an access to the Document
of the group.
b) The highest percentage of the respondents (41.3%)
strongly agrees and 19.2% per cent of the respondents
agrees with the statement that exercise of duties and
responsibilities is in order. Only 3 per cent of the
respondents strongly disagree with the view that the
exercise of duties and a responsibility is in order.
c) 42.8 per cent of the respondents “strongly agree” and
23.5 per cent of the respondents “agree” that
calculations and computation are clear and
understandable.
d) For the statement “Objectives of the SHGs are clearly
explained”, 38 percentage of the respondents strongly
agree which is the highest and 28.7 per cent agree and
only 10.8 per cent of the respondents strongly disagree.
e) 30.8 per cent of the respondents strongly agree and
30.7 per cent of the respondents agree with the
statement “I am capable of answering the questions
related to SHGs”.
P a g e | 214
4. Formation and Management of SHGs
a) 25.3 per cent of the respondents “strongly agree” and
22.7 per cent of the respondents “agree” with the
statement “I have knowledge on initiating the formation”.
b) 43 per cent of the respondents strongly agree and 22.7
per cent of the respondents agree with the statement “I
know the procedures for formation”.
c) 37.2 per cent of the respondents “strongly agree” and
27.5 per cent of the respondents “agree” with the
statement “I am very much clear about the regulations of
SHGs”. Only 3.3 per cent of the respondents strongly
disagree with their clarity about the regulations of SHGs.
d) The highest percentage of the respondents (44.2%)
strongly agrees and 24% per cent of the respondents
agrees with the statement “I am aware of general
function of SHGs”. Only 3 per cent of the respondents
strongly disagree with the awareness of general function
of SHGs.
e) For the statement “Procedure for repayment is well
understood”, 35.3 percentage of the respondents
strongly agree which is the highest and 27.5 per cent
agree and only 7.5 per cent of the respondents strongly
disagree.
P a g e | 215
Monthly Income and Expenditure of the Respondents
The given below table shows monthly income of the respondents
before and after their membership in SHGs.
Table 5.13
Monthly income of the respondents before and after their
membership in SHGs
S. No.
Range of Income Before Membership
% of Respondents
Range of Income After Membership
% of Respondents
1 Below 2000 381 (63.5%) Below 3000 101 (16.8%)
2 2001 to 3000 160 (26.7%) 3001 to 4000 212 (35.3%)
3 3001 to 4000 43 (7.2%) 4001 to 5000 155 (25.8%)
4 Above 4000 16 (2.7%) Above 5000 132 (22%)
Source: Primary Data
Out of the total respondents, before membership 63.5 per cent of
the respondents which is the highest earned the monthly income below
2,000, whereas after membership the highest percentage of the
respondents (35.3%) earned income ranging from 3001 to 4000.
Likewise before membership, 2.7 percentage of the respondents earned
monthly income above 4000, which is the lowest whereas after
membership the lowest 16.8 per cent of the respondents earned
monthly income below 3000.
Similarly the second largest per centage of the respondents
earned income ranging from 2001 to 3000 constituting 26.7 per cent.
On the other hand after membership, the second largest percentage of
the respondents earned monthly income ranging from 3001 to 4000
constituting 35.3 per centage. Therefore, it is crystal clear that
respondents’ income has increased after their membership reasonably
in comparison with economic condition before membership, resulting in
economic empowerment.
P a g e | 216
The given below table shows monthly expenditure of the respondents
before and after their membership in SHGs on Basic Needs.
Table 5.14
Monthly expenditure of the respondents before and after their
membership in SHGs on basic needs
Before Membership After Membership
Basic Needs
Range of Income % of Respondents
Range of Income % of Respondents
1 Food
Below 2000 333 (55.5%) Below 2000 122 (20.3%)
2001- 3000 125 (20.8%) 2001- 3000 170 (28.3%)
3001- 4000 94 (15.7%) 3001- 4000 206 (34.3%)
Above 4000 48 (8%) Above 4000 102 (17%)
2 Housing
Below 2000 333 (55.5%) Below 2000 142(23.7%)
2001- 3000 162 (27%) 2001- 3000 93(15.5%)
3001- 4000 57(9.5%) 3001- 4000 210 (35%)
Above 4000 48 (8%) Above 4000 155(25.8%)
3 Clothing
Below 2000 340(56.7%) Below 2000 146(24.3%)
2001- 3000 108 (18%) 2001- 3000 104(17.3%)
3001- 4000 75(12.5%) 3001- 4000 198 (33%)
Above 4000 77(12.8%) Above 4000 152(25.3%)
Source: Primary Data
1. Food:
Out of the total respondents, 55.5 percent of the respondents
were able to spend less than 2000 per month on food which is the
highest before their membership; where as 34.3 per cent of the
respondents are spending ranging from 3001 to 4000 on food after
their membership which is the highest of all. Similarly, 20.8 per cent of
the respondents, the second largest were able to spend ranging from
2001 to 3000 before their membership. On the other hand, 28.3 per
cent, the second largest number of the respondents, were spending on
food ranging from 2001 to 3000. Before membership, only 8 per
cent of the respondents which is the lowest of all spent above 4000
P a g e | 217
on food. But after membership, the members spending on food above
4000 constitute 17 per cent which is the lowest of all. Therefore, it is
crystal clear that SHG members after their membership could spend
sufficiently higher than what was spent before membership.
2. Housing:
Out of the total sample respondents, 55.5 percent of the
respondents were able to spend less than 2000 per month on housing
which is the highest before their membership, where as 35 per cent of
the respondents are spending ranging from 3001 to 4000 on housing
after their membership which is the highest of all. Similarly, 27 per cent
of the respondents, the second largest were able to spend ranging from
2001 to 3000 before their membership. On the other hand, 25.8 per
cent, the second largest number of the respondents, were spending on
housing, ranging from above 4000 after membership. Before
membership, only 8 per cent of the respondents which is the lowest of
all spent above 4000 on housing. But after membership, the members
spending on housing, ranging from 2001 - 3000 constitute 15.5 per
cent which is the lowest of all. Therefore, it is crystal clear that SHG
members after their membership could spend sufficiently higher than
what was spent before membership.
3. Clothing:
Out of the total sample respondents, 56.7 percent of the respondents
were able to spend less than 2000 per month on housing which is the
highest before their membership; where as 33 per cent of the
respondents are spending ranging from 3001 to 4000 on clothing
after their membership which is the highest of all. Similarly, 12.8 per
cent of the respondents, the second largest were able to spend ranging
P a g e | 218
from 4000 and above before their membership. On the other hand,
25.3 per cent, the second largest number of the respondents, were
spending on clothing ranging from above 4000 after membership.
Before membership, only 18 per cent of the respondents which is the
lowest of all spent ranging from 2001 to 3000 on clothing. But after
membership, the members spending on clothing ranging from 2001 -
3000 constitute 17.3 per cent which is the lowest of all. Therefore, it is
crystal clear that SHG members after their membership could spend
sufficiently higher than what was spent before membership.
Chart 5.14 a
Monthly expenditure of the respondents before and after their
membership in SHGs on basic needs
P a g e | 219
The table given below focuses the satisfactory level on the attribute of
expenditure incurred on other needs by the SHG members.
Table 5.15
Satisfactory level towards the attribute of expenditure incurred on
other needs by the Respondents
S.No.
Attribute of Eexpenditure incurred on other
needs
Responses
SA A N D SD
1
Education ( Become capable to spend on education)
150 (25%)
238 (39.7%)
130 (21.7%)
39 (6.5%)
43 (7.2%)
2
Entertainment ( Become Capable to spend on Entertainment)
166 (27.7%)
146 (24.3%)
147 (24.5%)
96 (16%)
45 (7.5%)
3
Use of Transport (Become Capable to use Transport)
135 (22.5%)
175 (29.2%)
152 (25.3%)
113 (18.8%)
25 (4.2%)
4 Scope for increase in expenditure on clothing
195 (32.5%)
186 (31%)
154 (25.7%)
43 (7.2%)
22 (3.7%)
5
Asset creation is possible (Housing)
217 (36.2%)
170 (28.3%)
99 (16.5%)
89 (14.8%)
25 (4.2%)
Source: Primary Data
SA – Strongly Agree, A – Agree, N – No opinion, D – Disagree, SD – Strongly
Disagree.
1. Education;
The highest percentage of respondents (39.7 per cent) agrees
and another 25 per cent of the respondents strongly agree that they
have become capable to spend on education. Only 3.2 per cent of the
respondents “strongly disagreed” with the capability to spend on
education. Therefore, it is very much clear that that they have become
capable to spend on education.
P a g e | 220
2. Entertainment;
For the statement “SHG members are capable to spend on
entertainment”, 27.7 percentage of the respondents strongly agree
which is the highest and 24.3 per cent agree and only 7.5 per cent of
the respondents strongly disagree. Therefore, it demonstrates that they
have become capable to spend on entertainment.
3. Use of Transport
Out of the total sample respondents, 29.2 per cent of the
respondents agree that the use of transport has become possible,
another 22.5 per cent of the respondents strongly agree with the
capability to use transportation. Only 4.2 per cent of the respondents
“strongly disagreed” with the capacity of using transportation. Therefore,
it is very much clear that they are capable of using transportation.
4. Scope for increase in income generation in future:
The highest percentage of the respondents (32.5) strongly
agrees and 31 per cent of the respondents agrees with the statement
that there is a scope for increase in income generation in future.
5. Asset creation is possible:
Among the total respondents, 36.2 per cent of the respondents
“strongly agree” followed by 28.3 per cent of the respondents who
“agree” that members’ Asset creation is possible. Only 4.2 per cent of
the respondents strongly “disagree” with the statement “Members Asset
creation is possible”.
P a g e | 221
The table given below explains the satisfactory level on the attribute of
social empowerment by the SHG members.
Table 5.16
Satisfactory level towards the attribute of social empowerment by the
SHG members
S.No Attribute of Social
Empowerment
Responses
SA A N D SD
1 Community Participation
a) Knowledge for Community Participation
266 (44.3%)
127 (21.2%)
83 (13.8%)
90 (15%)
34 (5.7%)
b) Ability to move with society
124 (20.7%)
138 (23%)
162 (27%)
142 (23.7%)
34 (5.7%)
2 Social Reasoning
a) Understanding Expectations
207 (34.5%)
114 (19%)
115 (19.2%)
147 (24.5%)
17 (2.8%)
b) Living by Reasoning
204 (34%)
116 (19.3%)
127 (21.2%)
93 (15.5%)
60 (10%)
3 Social analysis
a) Knowledge for Social Analysis
220 (36.7%)
130 (21.7%)
100 (16.7%)
88 (14.7%)
62 (10.3%)
b) Knowledge for the optimum use of resources
178 (29.7%)
182 (30.3%)
124 (20.7%)
93 (15.5%)
23 (3.8%)
4 Health and Hygienic Practice
a) Knowledge on Health and Hygienic Practices
153 (25.5%)
238 (39.7%)
89 (14.8%)
42 (7%)
78 (13% )
b) Sense of Possessing Essentials for living (Toilet Facilities, Drinking water, Electricity, Drainage facilities)
192 (32%)
128 (21.3%)
115 (19.2%)
69 (11.5%)
96 (16%)
P a g e | 222
5 Culture and Civilization
a) Sense of ideal understanding of different culture and Civilization
319 (53.2%)
125 (20.8%)
102 (17%)
34 (5.7%)
20 (3.3%)
b) Knowledge on Cultural and Civilization
226 (37.7%)
128 (21.3%)
134 (22.3%)
80 (13.3%)
32 (5.3%)
Source: Primary Data
The above table demonstrates that to assess the social
empowerment of self help group members, the researcher framed two
variables each under five factors namely Community participation,
Social Reasoning, Social analysis, Health and Hygienic Practice and
Culture and Civilization.
1. Community participation:
a) Knowledge for Community Participation:
Out of the total sample respondents, 44.3 per cent of the
respondents strongly agreed that they are knowledgeable for
Community Participation; another 21.2 per cent of the
respondents agree with being knowledgeable for Community
Participation. Only 5.7 per cent of the respondents “strongly
disagreed” with Knowledge for the Community Participation.
Therefore, it is very much clear that they are knowledgeable
for Community Participation.
b) Ability to move with society:
For the statement “Ability to move with society”, 27 percentage
of the respondents have not registered any opinion about the
ability to move with society which is the highest and 23.7 per
cent of the respondents disagree and only 23 per cent of the
P a g e | 223
respondents agree. Therefore, it demonstrates that majority of
the respondents have to improve their ability to move with
society.
2. Social Reasoning:
a) Understanding Expectations:
The highest percentage of the respondents (34.5) strongly
agrees and 19 per cent of the respondents agrees with the
statement that they are Understanding Expectations.
b) Living by reasoning:
Among the total respondents, 34 per cent of the respondents
“strongly agree” followed by 21.2 per cent of the respondents
who have no opinion on the view that they are living by
reasoning. Only 10 per cent of the respondents strongly
“disagree” with the statement “Living by reasoning”.
3. Social analysis:
a) Knowledge for social Analysis:
The highest percentage of respondents (36.7 per cent)
strongly agrees and another 21.7 per cent of the respondents
agrees that they have Knowledge for social Analysis. Only
10.3 per cent of the respondents “strongly disagreed” with
their knowledge of social Analysis. Therefore, it is very much
clear that that they have become knowledgeable for social
analysis.
P a g e | 224
b) Knowledge for the optimum use of resources:
Among the total, 30.3 per cent of the respondents agree and
29.7 per cent of the respondents strongly agree with the
statement that they are knowledgeable for the optimum use of
resources.
4. Health and Hygienic Practice:
a) Knowledge on health and hygienic practices:
Of the total, 39.7 per cent of the respondents “agree” and 25.5
per cent of the respondents “strongly agree” that they have
Knowledge on health and hygienic practices.
b) Sense of Possessing Essentials for living (Toilet
It reveals from the above table with regard to the distribution of
the respondents and overall opinion on services of the banks, that
58.8% of the respondents are in low level and 41.2% of the respondents
are in high level of overall opinion on services of the banks such as
adequacy of loan, timeliness, days taken for sanctioning, flexibility and
Duration for repayment.
The overall mean score for both levels (High and Low) is 20.14,
Median score is 22.00 and Standard Deviation is 5.639. The minimum
admitted count level from the given five point scale questions is 5 and
the maximum admitted count by the respondents is 25.
P a g e | 287
Table 5.41
Distribution of the respondents based on their activities involved
in SHGs
S. No
Particulars No. of
respondents (n=600)
Percentage (100%)
1 Embroidering 158 26.3
2 Fish Vendor 114 19
3 Confectionary(Snacks) 19 3.2
4 Masaala Preparation and Sales
20 3.3
5 Consignment of saree sales 12 2
6 Jute basket spinning 26 4.3
7 Fruits Vendor 29 4.8
8 Share Auto Business 4 .7
9 Waste paper Mart 6 1
10 Juice Centre 10 1.7
11 Iron scrap collection and sales 4 .7
12 Cane water sales 20 3.3
13 Napkin Making and Sales 9 1.5
14 Bamboo Basket Making 11 1.8
15 Painting 14 2.3
16 Centering Work 45 7.5
17 Flower Vendor 53 8.8
18 Vegetable Vendors 35 5.8
19 Creches 5 .8
20 Others 6 1
Source: Primary Data
The table demonstrates that the respondents are doing various
nature of the trade activities like Embroidering, Fish Vendor,
Confectionary (Snacks), Masala Preparation and Sales, Consignment of
saree sales, Jute basket spinning, Fruits Vendor, Share Auto Business,
Waste paper Mart, Juice Centre, Iron scrap collection and sales, Cane
P a g e | 288
water sales, Napkin Making and Sales, Bamboo Basket Making,
Painting, Centering Work and Flower Vendor.
It is clear that out of the total number of respondents, 26.3 per
cent of the respondents are of the Embroidering nature of trade activity;
19 per cent of the respondents doing as Fish Vendors, 8.8 per cent of
the respondents doing flower vending business, 7.5 per cent of the
respondents doing centring work, 5.8 percent of the respondents doing
vegetable vending, 4.8 per cent doing fruits vending, 4.3 per cent doing
jute basket spinning, 3.3 per cent doing cane water business and
masala preparation and sales, 3.2 per cent doing confectionary
(snacks) sales, 2.3 per cent doing painting work, 2 per cent doing
consignment of sari sales, 1.8 per cent Bamboo Basket Making
business, 1.7 per cent doing Juice Centre, 1.5 doing Napkin Making and
Sales, 1 per cent of the respondents doing very rare trade activities like
Waste paper Mart and others , 0.8 per cent running the crèches and
only 0.7 per cent doing Iron scrap collection and sales and Share Auto
Business.
P a g e | 289
Chart 5.41a
Distribution of the respondents based on their activities involved in
SHGs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Emb
roid
eri
ng
Fish
Ve
nd
or
Co
nfe
ctio
nar
y(Sn
acks
)
Mas
ala
Pre
par
atio
n a
nd
Sal
es
Co
nsi
gnm
en
t o
f sa
ree
sal
es
Jute
bas
ket
spin
nin
g
Fru
its
Ve
nd
or
Shar
e A
uto
Bu
sin
ess
Was
te p
ape
r M
art
Juic
e C
en
tre
Iro
n s
crap
co
llect
ion
an
d s
ale
s
Can
e w
ate
r sa
les
Nap
kin
Mak
ing
and
Sal
es
Bam
bo
o B
aske
t M
akin
g
Pai
nti
ng
Ce
nte
rin
g W
ork
Flo
we
r V
en
do
r
Ve
geta
ble
Ve
nd
ors
Cre
che
s
oth
ers
26.3
19
3.2 3.3 24.3 4.8
0.7 1 1.7 0.73.3
1.5 1.8 2.3
7.5 8.85.8
0.8 1
P a g e | 290
TEST OF HYPOTHESES
In this section, the hypotheses formulated are verified and tested
using the various statistical techniques and inferences are drawn based
on results.
One-way ANOVA TEST
The hypothesis given below is tested using One Way ANOVA test.
Hypothesis – 1
Research Hypothesis
H1: There is significant difference between educational qualification of
the respondents and their overall functioning and working of SHGs.
Null Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant difference between educational qualification
of the respondents and their overall functioning and working of SHGs.
Table 5.42
One-way ANOVA difference between Educational qualification of
the respondents and Overall Functioning and Working of SHGs
S.No Educational Qualification
Mean S.D SS Df MS Statistical inference
1 Conduct of Meeting F = 2.933 P > 0.05
Not Significant
Between Groups
104.187 4 26.047
G1(n=155) 18.27 3.155
G2(n=234) 18.37 2.952
G3(n=171) 18.58 2.841
G4(n=27) 18.89 2.044
G5(n=13) 15.77 4.475
Within Groups
5283.932 595 8.881
P a g e | 291
2 Record of Proceedings
F = .814 P > 0.05
Not Significant
Between Groups
31.759 4 7.940
G1(n=155) 19.00 2.810
G2(n=234) 19.40 3.193
G3(n=171) 19.40 3.026
G4(n=27) 18.89 3.826
G5(n=13) 18.38 4.770
Within Groups
5802.741 595 9.753
3 Transparency
F = .589 P > 0.05
Not Significant
Between Groups
26.711 4 6.678
G1(n=155) 19.32 3.417
G2(n=234) 19.63 3.301
G3(n=171) 19.18 3.353
G4(n=27) 19.00 3.340
G5(n=13) 19.69 4.151
Within Groups
6744.674 595 11.336
4 Formation and management of SHGs
F = .816 P > 0.05
Not Significant
Between Groups
34.723 4 8.681
G1(n=155) 18.56 3.428
G2(n=234) 18.87 3.129
G3(n=171) 19.05 3.212
G4(n=27) 18.07 3.980
G5(n=13) 18.92 2.465
Within Groups
6329.462 595 10.638
5 Overall Functioning and Working of SHGs
F = 1.201 P > 0.05
Not Significant
Between Groups
286.510 4 71.628
G1(n=155) 75.15 7.525
G2(n=234) 76.26 7.416
G3(n=171) 76.20 7.733
G4(n=27) 74.85 9.646
G5(n=13) 72.77 10.639
Within Groups
35477.408 595 59.626
G1 = Illiterate/ G2 = Primary / G3 = High school / G4 = Hsc/ G5 = Graduate
P a g e | 292
P = .020/ .516 / .671 / .515 / .309 Source: Computed from Primary Data Not Significant at 5 percent level Inference The calculated value is F = 1.201 and P > 0.05. Hence, the calculated
value is greater than table value. Therefore, the research hypothesis is
rejected and the null hypothesis is accepted.
Findings
The above table shows that there is no significant difference between
educational qualification of the respondents and their overall functioning
and working of SHGs. It is further inferred that respondents have to
have proper educational facilities which would improve their overall
functioning and working of SHGs.
P a g e | 293
Chi - Square Test
The hypothesis given below is tested using Chi – Square test.
Hypothesis – 2
Research hypothesis
H1: There is a significant association between activity of the respondents
and their reasons for joining and continuing in SHGs.
Null hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant association between activity of the
respondents and their reasons for joining and continuing in SHGs.
Table 5.43
Association between activity of the respondents and their reasons