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16
CHAPTER TWO
KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK: A BRIEF OVERVIEW
2.1 Assam, the gateway of the north east region of India, is
famous all over
the world as the home of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros with
which is
almost inextricably linked the name of the Kaziranga National
Park (KNP).
The park is known for successful conservation of the great
one-horned
rhinoceros. It is also home to a number of threatened wild
animals and
migratory birds. KNP has the rare distinction of not only saving
the prehistoric
mammal from the verge of extinction but also of increasing its
population in a
spectacular manner. About 60 percent of the world population of
this species
concentrated in this park. KNP is also the natural habitat of
many other wild
animals and a large variety of birds. Kaziranga harbours 479
birds, 42 fish
and 35 mammal species out of which at least 17 species of
mammals, 23
species of birds and 10 species of reptiles are in endangered
list.
2.2 Etymology of Kaziranga:
Although the etymology of the name Kaziranga is not certain,
there exist a
number of possible explanations from local legends and records.
According
to one legend regarding how the name Kaziranga came about is
that, once
Rudra Singha, the 30th Ahom king on his way to Guwahati stopped
over at a
local chieftain Ranjit Phukan’s house for a night halt. During
his stay, the king
was highly impressed by the weaving skills of Phukan’s daughter
and asked
her to make a jacket of silk for himself. The highly skilled
daughter wove the
jacket overnight, much to the delight of the king who described
her as a kazi
(expert in work) woman. King Rudra Singha rewarded her and her
husband
Rongai with a plot of land nearby. The local people then started
referring to
this land as belonging to Kazi and Rongai which was later
shortened to
Kazirongai and subsequently to Kaziranga (Gokhale and Kashyap,
2005).
According to another legend, a girl named Ranga from a nearby
village and a
youth named Kazi from Karbi-Anglong fell in love. This match was
not
acceptable to their families and the couple disappeared into the
forest and
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17
never to be seen again. Later on the forest was named after them
as
Kaziranga.
If legend is to be believed, the word Kaziranga has been derived
from the
Karbi language1. The area was full of wild goats which used to
track the
areas to the beels and river to drink water and the local Karbi
inhabitants of
the area used to come across them very frequently. In Karbi
language the
wild goats are referred to as ‘Karjo’ and river and stream as
‘Langso’. The
fused words Karjo- langso over the year got twisted into
Kaziranga.
Another legend that is heard around Kaziranga refers to a
childless couple
Kazi and Rangai. Madhabdeva, the principal disciple of
Srimanta
Sankardeva, the sixteen century saint-scholar, once blessed this
childless
couple and asked them to dig a big pond in the region so that
their name
would live on. Later the then Ahom king Pratap Singha was
passing by the
area when the local chieftain offered him fish. The king, who
liked the taste of
the fish, enquired where it came from. Then he was told that it
came from the
pond that was dug by Kazi and Rangai. Thus the area where the
pond was
located soon came to be known as Kaziranga.
2.3 Historical Background of KNP:
The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be traced back
to 1904,
when Mary Victoria Leiter Curzon, the wife of Lord Curzon, the
then Viceroy
of India visited the area. After failing to see a single
rhinoceros, for which the
area was renowned, she persuaded her husband to take urgent
measures to
protect the dwindling species which he did by initiating
planning for their
protection. On 1st June 1905, the Kaziranga Proposed Reserve
Forest was
created with an area of 232 sq. km. Over the next three years,
the park area
was extended by 152 sq. km to the banks of the Brahmaputra
River. In 1908,
Kaziranga was designated a Reserve Forest. In 1916, it was
converted to a
game sanctuary- ‘The Kaziranga Game Sanctuary’ and remained so
till 1938,
when hunting was prohibited and visitors were permitted to enter
the park.
The Kaziranga Game Sanctuary was renamed as Kaziranga
Wildlife
1 A local tribal language
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18
Sanctuary in 1950 by P. D. Stracey, the forest conservationist,
in order to rid
the name of hunting connotations. In 1954, the government of
Assam passed
the Assam (Rhinoceros) Bill, which imposed heavy penalties for
rhinoceros
poaching. In 1968, the state government passed ‘The Assam
National Park
Act of 1968’, declaring Kaziranga a designated national park.
The 429.93
sq. km park was given official status by the central government
on 11th
February 1974. In 1985, Kaziranga National Park was declared a
World
Heritage Site by UNESCO for its unique natural environment. The
park
celebrated its centenary in 2005. In 2007 KNP has evolved into a
Tiger
Reserve.
2.4 Geographical Location of KNP:
The park is located between latitude 26°30 N to 26°45 N and
longitude 93°08
E to 93°36 E in the Kaliabor subdivision of the Nagaon district
and the
Bokakhat subdivision of the Golaghat district, in the state of
Assam, India. It
is roughly 40 kilometres long and 13 kilometres wide, with an
area of
378.22 sq. km, having lost around 51.14 sq. km to erosion by
the
Brahmaputra River. A total addition of 429 sq. km along the
present
boundary of the park has been made and notified with separate
national park
status to provide extended habitat for increasing population of
wildlife or as a
corridor for safe movement of animals to Karbi Anglong
Hills.
The southern border of the park is roughly defined by the Mora
Diphlu River.
Further south are the hills of Barail and the Mikir. The
National Highway NH-
37 was once the formal southern boundary of the park. The
Brahmaputra
River constitutes the dynamically changing Northern boundary of
the park.
The other rivers in Kaziranga are Diphlu, Mora Diphlu and Mora
Dhansiri.
Kaziranga is mostly flat expanses of fertile alluvial silt (part
of the highly fertile
Middle Brahmaputra alluvial flood plains), exposed sandbars,
riverine flood-
formed lakes called beels and elevated flats called chapories
where animals
shelter during floods. The average altitude of the park ranges
from 4040
metres (131 ft) to 80 metres (262 ft), with the Mikir Hills to
the south of the
park rising to around 1,220 metres (4,003 ft).
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19
MAP OF ASSAM
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20
MAP OF KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK
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21
2.5 Climate of KNP:
KNP experiences three seasons- summer, monsoon and winter. The
dry and
windy summer extending approximately from February to May is
hot, with
average maximum and minimum temperatures of 37°C (99°F) and
7°C
(45°F), respectively. The humid rainy monsoon season extends
from June to
September. During the monsoon, Kaziranga receives mean rainfall
of 2,220
millimeters (87 in) brought by the South West monsoon. During
the peak
months of July and August, three fourth of the western region of
the park is
submerged due to the raising water level of the Brahmaputra. The
flood
causes most of the animals to migrate to elevated and forested
region
outside the southern border of the park. However, the occasional
dry spells
create problem as well, such as food shortage for the wildlife
of the park. The
winter, extending from November to February, is mild and dry,
with the mean
maximum and minimum being 25°C (77 °F) and 5°C (41 °F),
respectively.
During this season, beels and nallahs2 dry up.
2.6 Area of KNP:
The area under KNP has been increasing since 1905 as it was
declared as
Kaziranga Proposed Reserve Forest with an area of 232 sq. km, to
429.93
sq. km when it was declared as Kaziranga National Park in 1974.
Later on
the area of the park has further increases with six new
additions including
some new areas of Golaghat, Nagaon and Sonitpur districts of
Assam to
859.42 sq. km. This total area of the KNP includes the eroded
area which
has been submerged in the Brahmaputra rive during different time
period.
The area under KNP is depicted in Table: 2.1.
2 A stream or rivulet
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22
Table: 2.1
Area of KNP
Name of National Park/ Addition Area
(sq. km)
Date of
Notification
(Preliminary)
Final
Notification
Date
Kaziranga national Park 429.93 11-02-1974
1st Addition to KNP (Burapahar) 43.79 28-09-1984 28-05-1997
2nd Addition to KNP (Sildubi) 006.47 10-07-1985 Not
Completed
3rd Addition to KNP (Panbari RF) 000.69 31-05-1985 Not
Completed
4th Addition to KNP (Kanchanjuri) 000.89 13-06-1985
03-08-1988
5th Addition to KNP (Haldibari) 001.15 13-06-1985 Not
Completed
6th Addition to KNP (Panpur RF and
stretch of Brahmaputra river on the
north)
376.50 10-09-1985 07-08-1999
Total 859.42
Source: Environment and Forest Department, Government of
Assam
The area of land cover types in KNP and its respective
percentage is given in
Table: 2.2
Table: 2. 2
Area under Different Land Cover Types in KNP
Land Cover Type Area (sq. km) % Area
Woodland 114.01 27.95
Short grass 12.30 3.01
Tall grass 248.85 61.01
Beels 24.32 5.96
Jiya Daphlu 3.96 0.97
Mora Daphlu 2.84 0.70
Sand 1.62 0.40
Total **407.90 100.00
Source: Environment and Forest Department, Government of Assam
** Eroded area excluded
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23
The distribution of area on vegetation cover under different
types in KNP is
given in Table: 2.3
Table: 2.3
The Area of Vegetation Cover under Different Types
Vegetation Cover % Area
Moist mixed deciduous forest 29.13
Grass land 51.91
Water logged/ Beels 6.62
Swampy/ Marshy area 5.21
Sand 7.13
Total 100.00
Source: Environment and Forest Department, Government of
Assam
The zonal distribution of area in KNP is shown in Table: 2.4
Table: 2.4
Zonation of KNP
Zone Area (sq. km) Remark
Core Zone 429.93 Original park area
Restoration Zone 429.49 Additional areas
Buffer Zone 29 Reserve forests
Tourism Zone 6.33
Total 894.75
Source: Director, KNP
KNP has evolved into Tiger Reserve in 2007 encompassing an area
of
1002.69 sq. km (Table: 2.5) with tiger and rhinoceros as main
flagship
species.
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24
Table: 2.5
Area of KNP with Tiger Reserve
Name Area (sq. km)
Kaziranga national Park 429.93
Six nos of addition area 429.49
Panbari Reserve forest 7.65
Kukurakata Reserve forest 15.93
Monabari Plantation 05.50
Burachapori Wildlife sanctuary 44.06
Laokhowa Wildlife sanctuary 70.13
Total 1002.69
Source: Director, KNP
2.7 Administration of KNP:
The Wildlife wing of the forest department of the Government of
Assam,
headquartered at Bokakhat, Golaghat district of Assam is
responsible for the
administration and management of KNP. The administrative head of
the park
is the director, who is a conservator-level officer. A
divisional forest officer is
the administrative chief executive of the park. He is assisted
by two officers
with the rank of assistant conservator of forests. The park area
is divided into
four ranges, overseen by range forest officers. The four ranges
are the
Burapahar, Baguri, Kohora (Central), and Agoratoli (Eastern).
They are
headquartered at Ghorakati, Baguri, Kohora, and Agoratoli,
respectively.
Each range is further sub-divided into beats, headed by a
forester, and sub-
beats, headed by a forest guard.
The park receives financial aid from the State Government as
well as the
Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India under
various
Plan and Non-Plan Budgets. Additional funding is received under
the Project
Elephant from the Central Government and Tiger Conservation
Authority. In
1997-1998, a grant of US $ 100,000 was received under the
Technical Co-
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25
operation for Security Reinforcement scheme from the World
Heritage Fund.
Additional funding is also received from national &
international NGOs and
different corporate houses.
2.8 Flora and Fauna in KNP:
2.8.1 Flora in KNP:
Four main types of vegetation exist in the park. These are
alluvial inundated
grassland, alluvial savanna woodlands, tropical moist mixed
deciduous
forest, and tropical semi-evergreen forests.
The main characteristics of flora in Kaziranga are the dense and
tall elephant
grass intermixed by small swamplands left behind by the
receding
floodwaters of the river Brahmaputra. The marshes of Kaziranga
National
Park have an abundant cover of water lilies, water hyacinth, and
lotus which
provide a beautiful look to the surroundings of the park.
The common trees and shrubs are Albizia procera, Duabanga
grandiflora,
Lagerstroemia speciosa, Crateva unilocularis, Sterculia urens,
Grewia
serrulata, Mallotus philippensis, Bridelia retusa, Aphania
rubra, Leea indica,
and Leea umbraculifera.
There is a difference in altitude between the eastern and
western areas of
the park, with the western side being at a lower altitude. The
western reaches
of the park are dominated by grasslands. Tall elephant grass is
found on
higher ground, while short grasses cover the lower grounds
surrounding the
beels or flood-created ponds. Annual flooding, grazing by
herbivores, and
controlled burning maintain and fertilize the grasslands and
reeds. Common
tall grasses are sugarcanes, spear grass, elephant grass, and
the common
reed. Numerous forbs are present along with the grasses. Amidst
the
grasses, providing cover and shade are scattered trees- dominant
species
including kumbhi, Indian gooseberry, the cotton tree (in savanna
woodlands),
and elephant apple (in inundated grasslands).
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26
Thick evergreen forests, near the Kanchanjhuri, Panbari, and
Tamulipathar
blocks, contain trees such as Aphanamixis polystachya, Talauma
hodgsonii,
Dillenia indica, Garcinia tinctoria, Ficus rumphii, Cinnamomum
bejolghota,
and species of Syzygium. Tropical semi-evergreen forests are
present near
Baguri, Bimali, and Haldibari.
There are many different aquatic floras in the lakes and ponds,
and along the
river shores. The invasive water hyacinth is very common, often
choking the
water bodies, but it is cleared during destructive floods.
Another invasive
species, Mimosa invisa, which is toxic to herbivores, was
cleared by
Kaziranga staff with help from the Wildlife Trust of India in
2005.
2.8.2 Fauna in KNP
KNP is universally acknowledged for its importance as one of the
most recent
intact habitat of the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros. It is
just because of
the efforts taken by the conservation that in 2009 domiciles
2,048 rhinoceros,
about 70% of the world's total wild population. Apart from
rhinoceros, it also
acts as a home to world’s largest population of Asiatic Wild
Buffalo. The rare
swamp deer is also found here in Kaziranga. According to a
recent census
conducted in the year 2011 Kaziranga contained as many as 1163
wild
Indian elephants. There are also near about 479 species of
wetland,
grassland, and woodland birds, of which 18 are globally
threatened. The
huge and continuously growing number of the rhinoceros in the
park is a
matter of concern for the conservationists; it is felt that an
epidemic could
smear out the entire population. Recently a few numbers of the
rhinoceros
have been shifted to the Manas National Park of Assam.
The moderate climatic conditions and the availability of food
resources
support the growth and survival of an exceptional and diverse
wildlife in KNP.
Apart from the Indian one-horned Rhinoceros, KNP also has a
sizable
population of the wild buffalo, tiger, and Indian elephants. KNP
has the rare
distinction of being one of the very few places in the world
which contain
breeding populations of three different species of tiger outside
Africa namely
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talauma_hodgsoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillenia_indicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garciniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hyacinthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_invisahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Trust_of_India
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27
the Royal Bengal Tiger, the Indian Leopard, and the Clouded
Leopard. KNP
had a population of around 40 Royal Bengal Tigers during the
1978 census,
which grew 265% to 106 in the 2010 census, distinguishing
Kaziranga with
the highest ecological density of tiger in the world. Kaziranga
formally
became a Tiger Reserve in 2007. The population of Asiatic wild
buffalo in
KNP was 610 in 1978 census, which grew 218% to 1937 in 2008
census,
and it is the largest population of Asiatic wild buffalo in the
world. KNP had
also a population of 773 wild elephants in 1978, which also grew
50.45% to
1163 in 2011 census. KNP is also home to the last surviving
population of
eastern swamp deer. According to the 1978 census the population
of the
eastern swamp deer were 697 which falls 44.19% to 389 in 1999
census and
further grew 75% to 681 in 2007 census in comparison with 1999.
The
decrease in the swamp deer population may be reflection of the
increasing
tiger population.
Other significant population of large herbivores in KNP includes
Gaur and
Samber. Smaller herbivores include Indian Muntjak, Hog Deer,
Barking Deer,
and Wild Boar.
KNP is also home to Sloth Bears, Jungle Cat, Fishing Cat, and
Leopard Cat.
There are some other mammals like Hispid Hare, Indian Gray
Mongoose,
Small Indian Mongoose, and Large Indian Civet, Small Indian
Civets, Bengal
Fox, Golden Jackal, Chinese Pangolin, Indian Pangolin, Hog
Badger,
Chinese Ferret Badger, Parti-coloured Flying Squirrel and bats
are also
found in the park.
KNP has a large variety of apes including all free roaming apes
in India with
the exception of the endemic Western Ghats apes and newly
discovered
Arunachal Macaque. This includes endangered and rare species of
Bengal
Slow Loris, Assamese Macaque, Capped Langur, Golden Langur and
the
Hoolock Gibbon.
Kaziranga National Park lies in the Himalaya biodiversity
Hotspot. Two
migratory routs of birds crisscross Kaziranga. This contributed
to its rich
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28
biodiversity in the grass land and woodland ecosystems. The
rivers, streams
and the beels inside the park are ideal habitat for the fresh
water fishes,
reptiles, and other aquatic forms of life. These include the
endangered
Gharial and the rare Assam Roofed Turtle. KNP’s rivers are also
home to the
highly endangered Ganges Dolphin. There are 60 species of
Reptiles, 24
species of Amphibians, 42 species of fishes, and 491 species of
Butterflies
has also been recorded from KNP. The census report of five major
species of
KNP is given in Table: 2.6
Table: 2.6
Census Report of KNP
Year Species
Rhinoceros Tiger Swamp
Deer
Elephant Wild Buffalo
1978 938 40 697 773 610
1984 1080 52 756 523 677
1991 1129 - - - -
1993 1164 72 - 1094 -
1997 - 80 - 945 -
1999 1552 - 389 - 1192
2000 - 86 486 - -
2001 - - - - 1431
2002 - - - 1048 -
2005 - - - 1246 -
2006 1855 - - 1293 -
2007 - - 681 - 1048
2008 - - - 1293 1937
2009 2048 - - - -
2010 - 106 - - -
2011 - - 1165 1163 -
Source: Director, KNP & Environment and Forest Department,
Govt. of Assam.
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29
Photo page:1
-
30
Photo Page:2
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31
Photo Page:3
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32
PhotoPage:4
-
33
The population of five major inhabitants of KNP is shown in
figure: 2.1, 2.2,
2.3, 2.4, and 2.5
Figure: 2.1
Figure: 2.2
Figure: 2.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1978 1984 1993 1997 2000 2010
Nu
mb
er
of
Tig
er
Year
Number of Tigers in KNP Since 1978
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1978 1984 1991 1993 1999 2006 2009
Nu
mb
er
of
Rh
ino
cero
s
Year
Number of Rhinoceros in KNP Since 1978
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1978 1984 1999 2000 2007 2011
Nu
mb
er
of
Swam
p D
ee
r
Year
Number of Swamp Deer in KNP Since 1978
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34
Figure: 2.4
Figure: 2.5
2.9 Tourism in KNP:
The history of tourism in Kaziranga began in 1937. Initially
there was no
facility to the tourist except a few elephants. In 1950 an
inspection bunglow of
P.W.D. was set up. In the same year the Divisional Forest Office
was set up
in Bagori and it extended few facilities to the tourists. In
view of the
increasing number of tourists a temporary tourist lodge was
constructed and
later on two bunglows were constructed in 1954-55 and 1960-61.
In 1963
these two bunglows were handed over to the Tourism Department
(Bora,
2005). Now there are almost sixty lodges, resorts and hotels
located in the
surrounding area of the park from Jakhalabandha to Bokakhat.
There are
also some resorts nearer to the core area of the park. A few of
them are
managed and maintained by the Tourism Department of Assam,
Assam
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1978 1984 1993 1997 2002 2005 2006 2008 2011
Nu
mb
er
of
Ele
ph
ant
Year
Number of Elephant in KNP Since 1978
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1978 1984 1999 2001 2007 2008Nu
mb
er
of
Wild
Bu
ffal
o
Year
Number of Wild Buffalo in KNP Since 1978
-
35
Tourism Development Corporation, leased by the Assam Tourism
Development Corporation, Forest department of Assam, DRDA and a
large
number of lodges and resorts belong to the private owner.
Viewing wildlife from the safety of elephant-back started in
1938 in
Kaziranga. Since then it became and still is a major attraction
as within an
hour one can see many species. In KNP jeep safari and visiting
the park
through water ways at the initiative of private sector is also
available. The
park is open to the visitors from November to April in every
year. However no
visitor is allowed to enter the park without an accompanying
representative of
the forest department. Observation towers are situated at
Sohola, Mihimukh,
Kathpara, Foliamari and Harmoti for spotting wildlife. Wildlife
watching,
including birding is the main activity inside the park. Viewing
the scenic
landscape of the park with different vegetation types
interspersed with
numerous beels constitute other attractions. Hiking in the park
is not allowed
taking into consideration the large number of potentially
dangerous wild
animals.
KNP has given rise to many local enterprises specialising in
varied activities.
Tourism benefits the people living in the fringe of the park and
helps in
empowering the local people. People from the adjoining areas own
near
about 70 vehicles, which are allowed to be taken into the park,
and most of
them act as the driver cum guide. During the peak season
privately owned
elephants are used by the forest department for elephant safari
of visitors.
Some of the residents of surrounding area of the park have
converted their
houses into hotels and resorts. Some young boys have learnt
English to
become guides for high-end tourists; several families, who
anyway wove
many of their own clothes, have moved over to a commercial
weaving
operation. There is tremendous scope for the sale of handicrafts
in and
around the park. Most of the big hotels and resorts depend on
local villagers
around Kaziranga for their day-to-day provisions (Gokhale and
Kashyap,
2005). A large number of local people are actively employed in
these hotels.
Local people do get some amount of employment from the park in
the form of
labour and allied activities. Approximately 100 to 200 people
are hired per
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36
range for removal of Mimosa3. Labour requirements for the park
include,
labour for anti poaching activities and construction of bridges,
culverts, etc.
The park has developed a very good network of intelligence
throughout the
villages surrounding the park. There are key informants in every
village,
which reports about the movement of poachers and are
monetarily
compensated for information they provide to the park
authorities.
KNP is open for the visitors from November to December and from
January
to April every year. In this period Kaziranga witness an
unprecedented rush
of tourists. The number of visitors and revenue collection in
KNP is shown in
Table: 2.7
Table: 2.7
Number of Visitors and Collection of Revenue of KNP Year Number
of Visitors Total
Visitors Total
Revenue (Rs.)
Indian Foreigner
1986-1987 61207 403 61610 224493
1987-1988 65273 614 65887 303914
1988-1989 52160 841 53001 285686
1989-1990 50021 454 50475 275381
1990-1991 22704 463 23167 310298
1991-1992 26827 526 27553 613811
1992-1993 27943 659 28602 849428
1993-1994 55560 892 56452 799583
1994-1995 53243 1392 54635 880951
1995-1996 24897 3199 28088 880951
1996-1997 16715 1677 18382 170062
1997-1998 17117 2408 19523 2197068
1998-1999 18157 1091 19248 1802856
1999-2000 37496 1623 39319 2229291
2000-2001 50498 1838 52336 3038258
2001-2002 44162 2144 46306 3494084
2002-2003 59811 2055 61866 5360425
2003-2004 57864 3772 61636 6138657
2004-2005 68412 5147 73559 6675037
2005-2006 49116 5210 54326 7615169
2006-2007 67968 5748 73716 7980949
2007-2008 53640 6106 59746 8734185
2008-2009 100384 5767 106051 11220698
2009-2010 105264 7580 112844 12167974
2010-2011 112392 7447 119839 13673482 Source: Director KNP
3 A weed which is harmful for the herbivores
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37
Figure: 2.6
Figure: 2.7
Figure: 2.8
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
19
86
-87
19
87
-88
19
88
-89
19
89
-90
19
90
-91
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
Nu
mb
er
of
Vis
ito
rs
Year
Total Number of Visitors to KNP Since 1986-87
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
19
86
-87
19
87
-88
19
88
-89
19
89
-90
19
90
-91
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
Nu
mb
er
of
Do
me
sti
c V
isit
ors
Year
Number of Domestic Visitors to KNP Since 1986-87
010002000300040005000600070008000
19
86
-87
19
87
-88
19
88
-89
19
89
-90
19
90
-91
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
Nu
mb
er
of
Fore
ign
To
uri
sts
Year
Number of Foreign Tourists to KNP Since 1986-87
-
38
Table: 2.8
Conservation Expenditure of KNP
Year Expenditure on Conservation of
KNP (Rs.)
Expenditure on Salary (Rs.)
Total Expenditure (Rs.)
2006-07 13119847 38912506 52032353
2007-08 21459453 45000000 66459453
2008-09 42986207 54310000 97296207
2009-10 46072991 66070000 112142991
2010-11 140490147 92450000 232940147 Source: Director KNP
2.10 Problems of KNP
KNP, a name known worldwide for its success in the history of
one horned
Indian rhinoceros, providing habitat for a number of endangered
species and
migratory birds is going through some serious problems.
Flood
Floods are always considered to be a dreaded period for KNP and
its animal
life. Since last decade the increasing level of multi wave flood
is really
threatening the future of the park. During the flood, most of
the animals
including the rhinoceros have to migrate from the park and to
take shelter on
the adjacent high grounds of Karbi Anglong Hills or wherever
they may find
suitable shelter. These areas are densely populated and hence
the protection
of the animals during the period of migration (from and back to
the park)
becomes an uphill task as enforcement network is almost
non-existent in
such areas. It kills, maim, or distress animals in the park.
Flood in KNP also
dislocate the infrastructure such as roads, bridges, camps,
poles etc. in the
park. Floods in its wake leave the entire park in a state of
disarray and
confusion.
But the flood in KNP is a boon as well as a curse. It brings
silt in the park
which is very essential to maintain the biodiversity. It also
sanitizes the
habitat by removing the debris and other foreign materials
cluttering the park.
-
39
Erosion
The Brahmaputra River, along the northern boundary of KNP, is
infamous for
the ravaging erosion during the annual floods. The land area of
the park
eroded by floods has already been reduced considerably,
especially during
the last three decades. The intensity of erosion is heavy near
Erasuti and
Moklong camp of the park.
The National High Way 37
The 54 km length of the National Highway (NH) 37 running
parallel on the
southern boundary of Kaziranga National Park, between Bokakhat
to
Ghorakati range divides the landscape between the low-lying
grasslands in
the north and the elevated Karbi Anglong hills in the south.
During flood in
KNP the wild animals have no way out but to move southwards to
elevate
grounds, many wild animals are killed by vehicles while
attempting to cross
NH-37. The park authority have identified crucial animal
crossing corridors on
the NH-37 and have implemented several measures to reduce
animal
mortality including road signage, terrain easements, rumble
strips, road
awareness campaigns, and intensive night patrolling and
regulation of
vehicular traffic.
Land use Change
KNP is surrounded by 23 villages and at least four tea gardens
with around
30, 000 people towards the south, east, and south-west. Another
30 villages
with more than 40, 000 people are very close by. As a result of
the acute
poverty present among its residence, the villagers often enter
the park for
illegal fishing and for firewood. Threat from overgrazing by the
domestic
livestock is ever present. During the dry season the villagers
often push their
livestock into the park for fodder which affects the amount of
food available to
the huge number of herbivorous animal living in the park. Such
infiltration of
domestic cattle increases the risk of spread of diseases among
the wild
animals as most of the cattle are not properly immunized. There
is also a risk
of losing genetic distinctness among the wild buffaloes due to
entry of
domestic buffaloes. The riverine stretch towards north has a
large number of
-
40
khutis4 and temporary fishing camps on the chaporis or char5
(Choudhury,
A., 2004). The Karbi Plateau to the south of the park is an
important area of
high ground. Large scale habitat changes in the plateau include
conversion
to tea gardens, settlement, logging, and jhum6. The impact is
that the gap
between the park and the plateau is increasing, as suitable
habitat is
destroyed. The tea gardens close to the park boundaries also
pose a threat
through pesticide run-off. Tea gardens also increase the
potential for invasive
exotic species, such as mimosa, wild rose, water hyacinth, and
lantana, to
colonise the park. The threat of invasive species has so far
been controlled
by the hard efforts of park staff and the regular flushing of
the park from flood
waters. Pesticide run-off is harder for park staff to
control.
Habitat Degradation
Consequent to recurrent flood, several water bodies, or beels in
the Park
have shrunk in size due to siltation. Besides, deposition of
sand in short
grass areas has also degraded the suitability of such areas for
the
herbivores. The grasses growing in such areas have to emerge
through the
sandy deposits and are coarse, thick, and not very palatable to
the foraging
animals. The invasion of weeds like water hyacinth in water
bodies and
mikenia, mimosa in prime grassy areas is also a serious threat
to the park
and its denizens. Since siltation of the water bodies is one of
most, prominent
contributory factors towards Habitat degradation, desiltation of
the water
bodies in Kaziranga National Park needs to be taken up on a
priority basis.
Poaching
Poaching of rhinoceros for its horn has been a serious problem
to the KNP.
This evil practice still continues as the superstitious belief
regarding the
aphrodisiac and medicinal value attributed to its horn persists.
From 1965 to
2005 the park lost 647 rhinoceros to the poachers. Figure: 2.9
shows the
numbers of rhinoceros lost due to poaching in KNP during this
period.
4 Temporary suitable shelters for keeping cattle for milk
production
5 Small river island
6 Shifting cultivation
-
41
Figure: 2.9
Source: UNESCO-IUCN Enhancing Our Heritage Project: Monitoring
and Management for Success in
Natural World Heritage Sites (Technical Report No. 04), 2005
Shortage of Staff and Infrastructure
There is shortage of existing sanctioned staff for managing the
KNP. Further,
with more areas added to the KNP, additional staff and
infrastructure is
needed for effective control over the additional areas.
Threat from Numaligarh Refinery
The Numaligarh refinery, situated nearby the KNP in Golaghat
district has
already been identified as a possible threat, being positioned
upstream from
the park on the Dhansiri River. The oil exploration activity
around the park
thus poses a tremendous challenge to conserving the values of
this World
Heritage Site.
18
5
1210
8
2
8
0
3 35
1
0
32
11
24 25
37
28
4445
2324
44
35
23
48
40
14
2726
12
8 4
4
84
3
42
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Nu
mb
ers
of
Rh
ino
cero
s
Year
Numbers of Rhinoceros Lost due to Poaching
-
42
Encroachment
The park does not suffer from any recorded instance of
encroachment on its
initial core area, while some of the new additions to the park
are burdened
with encroachment shown in Table: 2.9
Table: 2.9
Encroachment Area of KNP
Area Encroachment Area
in Hect.
Remarks
KNP (initial core area) Nil -
1st Addition Area 650 7H/H evicted during
May/June, 2002
6th Addition Area
including Panpur R.F.
7100 162H/H evicted during
May/June, 2002
4th Addition Area 40 Encroached by tea
garden
Source: UNESCO-IUCN Enhancing Our Heritage Project: Monitoring
and Management for Success in Natural World Heritage Sites
(Technical Report No. 04), 2005
2.11 Summing Up
Despite all odds in the last 100 years Kaziranga National Park
has been able
to secure the habitat of several endangered species. The park
managers,
frontline staff, local communities, and the civil society
representatives have
played a vital role in achieving this conservation success.