CHAPTER TWO Approaches to Administration. Objectives, 1 §1. Name the first great leader that drew attention to the study of administration. §2. Name and.

CHAPTER TWO

Approaches to Administration

Objectives, 1

1. Name the first great leader that drew attention to the study of administration.

2. Name and describe the five major approaches to administration.

3. Explain what is meant by the Hawthorne Effect.

4. Explain the McGregor X Y theory as it relates to administration.

Objectives, 2

5. List and describe the 7 principles of TQM.6. List the four central elements that

administrators must understand if they are to have a successful approach to administration.

7. Explain the concept of a learning organization and why it offers possibilities for the adult administrator.

The Beginning of the Study of AdministrationPresident Woodrow Wilson1887 wrote an essay called:

“The Study of Administration” Advocated development of principles

associated with the administration to lead to more efficiency and reduce confusion

The Five Approaches to Administration

Classical Human RelationsOrganizational BehaviorContingencySystems Approach

Approach 1: The Classical ApproachScientific Management.

Three prominent names;Taylor, the Gilbreths & Gantt Industrial revolution spurred Taylor’s “principles of

scientific management”. Division between management & workers Gilbreths applied time & motion studies to own children Gantt introduced quota & bonus system for workers “Us” and “Them” mentality.

Bureaucratic ManagementProposed by Max Weber(1947)Overall organizational structureEnsured efficiency, fairness & predictabilityDivision of labor based on specialization & personal

expertiseComprehensive system of rules providing guidelines

for behavior of employeesClearly defined hierarchy ranking jobs according to

power and authority

Impersonality ( the minimization of personal & emotional factors in the workplace, requiring that rules & standards be the basis for hiring, evaluation & promotion)

Weber warned against the dangers of the proliferation of bureaucracy beyond a workable level

This approach is still used where many routine tasks must be performed within timelines and with a high degree of accuracy

Bureaucratic Management, Continued

Administrative ManagementFocuses on the manager as key to increased efficiency &

productivity rather than the worker or the organization as a whole

Unity of command; workers receive instructions about a particular function from only one person

Unity of direction; employees working on a project should be directed by only one manager

Scalar principle; one uninterrupted line of authority traceable from bottom to top

Disagreements over this approach working in education. (see text, ch2 p27)

Approach 2: The Human Relations Approach

Recognized human factors in the workplaceWorkers reacted to abuse of early industrial era by banding

together to demand reasonable pay & better working conditions

Research showed that maximum efficiency did not mean maximum production

Three major influences on humanistic concern in management theory,

The rise of labor unions The Hawthorne experiment Authors focusing on social & psychological factors in productivity

The Hawthorne ExperimentNamed due to experiments conducted by National

Research Council at the Western Electric plant in Hawthorne, Illinois

Initial experiment was to determine the ideal level of lighting to maximize productivity

Learned that productivity increased regardless of light level, from bright to near-twilight

Led to a conclusion called “Hawthorne Effect” When workers are given special attention, performance is

likely to increase regardless of working conditions

Impact of social & psychological factors on humans

McGregor X Y TheoryTHEORY XHumans are basically lazyLack ambitionSeek security while

avoiding work & responsibility

Must be controlled, directed, coerced & even threatened to complete work

THEORY Y Humans internally

motivatedView work as a

natural part of lifeSeek responsibilityCommitted to goals Innovative

Approach 3: The Organizational Behavior Perspective

Two aspects Interaction between individual &

organization Interaction between informal organization

& formal, or office, organizationFor organization maximally, needs &

expectations of workers & needs & purposes of organization must be met

Approach 4: The Contingency Approach

Organizational structure & management approach based upon: goals of organization type of technology involved composition of workforce type of task stability of environment

Approach 5: Systems Approach

Likened to a living organism( Ludwig von Bertalannffy)

Organization - an association of interrelated & independent parts working together

Inputs transformed into outputsFeedback allows adjustments to insure desired

outputLayers of systems working within other systems

Systems Approach, continued

Interdependence with external environment essential to success of adult, community and continuing education administrator

Ensures needs of target population being metAll parts of the system are importantAll impact each other and are impacted upon

by external forcesAll interact to create the image and actuality

of the institution

Seven Principles of TQM1. Focus is on delivering customer value2. Continuously improves the system & its process3. Manages processes, not people4. Locates root causes to solve & prevent problems5.Collects data and uses science for analysis6. Remembers that people are the organization’s

primary resource7. Promotes teamwork to execute processes

efficiently and effectively

Four Central Elements of Any Approach to Administration

1. A proactive stance based on a clear understanding of organization: its mission, values, goals, strengths and weaknesses

2. A recognition of the adult, community and continuing education organization as a system within a system, which implies a continuous cycle of needs assessment and evaluation to determine if individual needs are being met.

Central Elements of Approach, continued3. Use of a collaborative approach which

simultaneously taps and develops human resources, both within the organizational system and in relation to all other parts of the system

4. A recognition of the constant need for organizational change and renewal for continuous improvement

Summary Questions, 1

1 What American leader first brought attention to the study of administration?

2. Compare and contrast the five major approaches to administration.

3. Explain what is meant by the Hawthorne Effect.

4. Explain the McGregor X Y theory as it relates to administration.

Summary Questions, 2

5 What are the 7 principles of TQM.6. What are the four central elements that

administrators must understand if they are to have a successful approach to administration?

7. What is a learning organization?