CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The Muslim Empires World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The Muslim Empires World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007,
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CHAPTER TWENTY-ONEThe Muslim Empires
World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire BuildersBuildersII. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsII. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsIII. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in IndiaIndia
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Ottomans: Ottomans: Frontier Warriors Frontier Warriors Empire Empire
BuildersBuildersMid-1200s, Mongols defeat Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat
Seljuks –allows Ottomans to Seljuks –allows Ottomans to emerge dominantemerge dominant
Ottoman expansionOttoman expansion-Balkans -Balkans 1414thth -15 -15thth C C
1453 - conquer 1453 - conquer ConstantinopleConstantinople
dominate Mediterraneandominate Mediterranean Military dominanceMilitary dominance Turkic horsemen become Turkic horsemen become
warrior nobilitywarrior nobility JanissaryJanissary infantry infantry
Conscripted youth from Conscripted youth from conquered peoples conquered peoples
converted/educated converted/educated become powerful force in become powerful force in
empireempire
Sultans & their CourtSultans & their Court VizierVizier – powerful - oversee – powerful - oversee
large bureaucracylarge bureaucracy Sultan Succession - No Sultan Succession - No
clear rulesclear rules
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Constantinople RestoredConstantinople Restored Sultan Suleymaniye mosque - 16th Sultan Suleymaniye mosque - 16th
centurycentury Commercial centerCommercial center Government control of trade, craftsGovernment control of trade, crafts Artisan guildsArtisan guilds
Turkish language Turkish language prevailsprevails
Ottoman Decline – long termOttoman Decline – long term Strong until late 1600sStrong until late 1600s Infrastructure insufficientInfrastructure insufficient Dependent on conquestDependent on conquest End of conquest = deficienciesEnd of conquest = deficiencies Regional leaders divert revenueRegional leaders divert revenue Sultans less dynamicSultans less dynamic
Reasons for decline of Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sultan Selim II receives the Safavid ambassador in 1567
Vizier
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Sultan Suleymaniye’s mosque - Istanbul
Court Harem
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Military Reverses and the Military Reverses and the Ottoman RetreatOttoman Retreat JanissariesJanissaries
ConservativeConservative Stop military, technological reformStop military, technological reform
LepantoLepanto, 1571, 1571 Defeated by Spain & VeniceDefeated by Spain & Venice
Effect - Turks lose control of E. Effect - Turks lose control of E. MediterraneanMediterranean
Portuguese outflank Middle East Portuguese outflank Middle East tradetrade Sail around Africa into Indian OceanSail around Africa into Indian Ocean Victories over Muslim naviesVictories over Muslim navies Inflation - Caused by New World Inflation - Caused by New World
bullion & lost revenue from control of bullion & lost revenue from control of tradetrade
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Safavid Empire
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Shi’a Challenge The Shi’a Challenge & control Safavids& control Safavids
Safavid familySafavid family Sufi preachers, mysticsSufi preachers, mystics Sail al-Din - leads revivalSail al-Din - leads revival 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz - 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz -
named named shahshah 1514 -1514 -ChaldiranChaldiran - Safavids - Safavids
defeated by Ottomansdefeated by Ottomans
Politics and War under the Politics and War under the Safavid ShahsSafavid Shahs Abbas I (1587- 1629) Abbas I (1587- 1629) Persians as bureaucratsPersians as bureaucrats
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
State and ReligionState and Religion Adopt Persian after Adopt Persian after ChaldiranChaldiran Adopt Persian court traditionsAdopt Persian court traditions Shi'ism modified - spreads to entire empireShi'ism modified - spreads to entire empire
Elite Affluence and Artistic Elite Affluence and Artistic SplendorSplendor Abbas I supports international trade, Abbas I supports international trade,
Islamic cultureIslamic culture Building projects - mosques in IsfahanBuilding projects - mosques in Isfahan
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Mosque in IsfahanMosque in Isfahan
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Society and Gender Roles: Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid ComparisonsOttoman and Safavid Comparisons Warrior aristocracies - win rural Warrior aristocracies - win rural
estates after conquestestates after conquest Central power difficult to establishCentral power difficult to establish Imperial artisan workshops supportedImperial artisan workshops supported International trade encouragedInternational trade encouraged Women lose freedom – elite women Women lose freedom – elite women
strictly controlledstrictly controlled Subordinate to fathers/husbandsSubordinate to fathers/husbands
Rapid Demise of the Safavid Rapid Demise of the Safavid EmpireEmpire Abbas I - removes heirs; weak Abbas I - removes heirs; weak
grandson inherits – leads to declinegrandson inherits – leads to decline
Internecine conflict, outside threatsInternecine conflict, outside threats 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
Nadir Khan Afshar, shah-1736Nadir Khan Afshar, shah-1736
Similarities between Ottoman & Safavid
Reasons for decline of Safavid Empire
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Mughals - Apex of Muslim The Mughals - Apex of Muslim Civilization in IndiaCivilization in India
BaburBabur driven from Afghanistandriven from Afghanistan invaded India in 1526invaded India in 1526 Turkic invadersTurkic invaders
1. Panipat – 1526 - defeats Muslim Lodi 1. Panipat – 1526 - defeats Muslim Lodi dynastydynasty
2. Khanua – 1527 - defeats Hindu 2. Khanua – 1527 - defeats Hindu confederationconfederation
Succeeded by Humayn; flees to PersiaSucceeded by Humayn; flees to Persia Mughal rule restored by Humayn circa Mughal rule restored by Humayn circa
15561556
Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting EmpireEmpire AkbarAkbar - Humayun's 13-year-old son - Humayun's 13-year-old son Reconciliation with HindusReconciliation with Hindus Din-i-Ilahi - bDin-i-Ilahi - blend of Islam & Hinduismlend of Islam & Hinduism Purpose - toleration – end to civil conflict Purpose - toleration – end to civil conflict
between Hindus & Muslims & Sikhsbetween Hindus & Muslims & Sikhs
The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
WomenWomen Position improvedPosition improved Widows encouraged to remarryWidows encouraged to remarry Child marriages discouragedChild marriages discouraged SSatiati prohibited prohibited Seclusion undermined by women's market daysSeclusion undermined by women's market days
Early European ContactsEarly European Contacts Death of Akbar - reforms don't surviveDeath of Akbar - reforms don't survive Cotton textiles to Europe increaseCotton textiles to Europe increase Especially among laboring and middle classesEspecially among laboring and middle classes
Artistic Achievement in the Mughal EraArtistic Achievement in the Mughal EraJahangir and Shah Jahan - 17th centuryJahangir and Shah Jahan - 17th century
Continue tolerationContinue toleration Less energetic for running their empireLess energetic for running their empire Support arts - Taj MahalSupport arts - Taj Mahal
Guru Amar Das
&
King Akbar
Taj Mahal
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Court Politics / Position of Elite Court Politics / Position of Elite & Ordinary Women& Ordinary Women Nur JahanNur Jahan
Wife of Jahangir - head of powerful factionWife of Jahangir - head of powerful faction brother – Grand Vizierbrother – Grand Vizier
Mumtaz Mahal – powerful wife of Shah JahanMumtaz Mahal – powerful wife of Shah Jahan Ordinary women - position declinesOrdinary women - position declines SatiSati spreads among upper classes spreads among upper classes Other of Akbar's reforms die outOther of Akbar's reforms die out
The Beginnings of Imperial DeclineThe Beginnings of Imperial Decline AurangzebAurangzeb - succeeds Shah Jahan - succeeds Shah Jahan
Rule all IndiaRule all India Cleanse Islam of Hindu taintCleanse Islam of Hindu taint
1707 - controls most of India1707 - controls most of India Expensive empire to runExpensive empire to run
Revolt - Central power diminishes - Autonomy of Revolt - Central power diminishes - Autonomy of local leaders increaseslocal leaders increases Hindus exluded from high officeHindus exluded from high office Non-Muslims taxedNon-Muslims taxed Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule
Nur Jahan
Reasons for decline of Mughal Empire
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chart for 3 Muslim Empires
Political developmentEconomic activitiesSocial & Cultural changes (religion & treatment of women)
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