Chapter Thirteen Policing Trends and Issues. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights.

Chapter Thirteen

Policing Trends and Issues

Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

All Rights Reserved.2

Contemporary Trends

Labor relations Broad term that includes officers’

employment rights and the related concept of unionization and collective bargaining

Police officers’ rights Peace Officer Bill of Rights




Contemporary Trends

Common provisions1. Written notice2. Right of representation3. Polygraph examinationGrievancesUnionizationCollective bargaining




Contemporary Trends

Three models of collective bargaining1. Binding arbitration

Used in 25 states2. Meet and confer

Used in 3 statesGrants few rights to public employees




Contemporary Trends

3. Bargaining not requiredUsed in 22 states

Impasse resolution1. Mediation2. Fact-finding3. Arbitration




Contemporary Trends

Job actions1. Vote of confidence2. Work slowdown3. Work speedup4. Work stoppageFair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)




Contemporary Trends Garcia v. San Antonio Transit Authority

(1985) Brought local employees under the

coverage of the FLSA Key challenges for women Women now represent 11.3% of sworn

personnel in municipal police agencies and 12.9% of sworn personnel in county sheriff’s offices




Contemporary Trends 6.8% in state agencies 16.1% in federal agencies Underrepresented in leadership

ranks Recent survey identified 157

women serving as chiefs and 25 who were sheriffs




Contemporary Trends

Key issues1. Recruitment2. Preemployment physical testing3. Academy training4. Field training5. Assignments6. Promotion




Contemporary Trends7. Sexual discrimination and

harassment8. Mentoring9. Career and family Challenges for minorities 23.6% of sworn full-time municipal

officers 18.8% of sworn personnel in sheriff’s

offices




Contemporary Trends Griggs v. Duke Power Company

(1971) NOBLE – National Organization of

Black Law Enforcement Executives Double marginality

African-American officers feel accepted neither by their own minority group nor by white officers




Contemporary TrendsNOBLE purposes1. To unify black law enforcement

officers at executive and command levels

2. To conduct research in relevant areas of law enforcement

3. To recommend legislation relating to the criminal justice process




Contemporary Trends4. To establish means and strategies for

dealing with racism in the field of criminal justice

5. To sensitize people to the problems of the black community

6. To facilitate the exchange of information among black executives

7. To articulate the concerns of black executives in law enforcement




Contemporary Trends Private police

Those that provide protective service for profit

Pinkerton Proprietary services

In-house security services, directly hired and controlled by the company




Contemporary Trends Contract services

Those outside firms or individuals who are hired by the individual or company to provide security services for a fee

Most common security services Contract guards, alarm services,

private investigators, armored-car services




Contemporary Trends Security training has been an issue

in court cases involving claims of negligent security

Should private police be armed? Public police hired to perform

private-security work




Contemporary Trends Models used to manage off-duty

employment of officers1. Department contract model2. Officer contract model3. Union brokerage modelSan Francisco’s Patrol Special Police




Contemporary Issues

StressSeveral potential sources of stress1. Stressors originating within the

organizationPoor supervision, absence of career development opportunities, inadequate reward systems, offensive policies, offensive paperwork, poor equipment




Contemporary Issues

2. Stressors external to the organizationJurisdictional isolationism, seemingly ineffective corrections system, the courts, distorted press accounts of police incidents, unfavorable civilian attitudes, derogatory remarks by neighbors and others, adverse government actions




Contemporary Issues

3. Stressors connected with the performance of dutiesPolice work itself, role conflict, adverse work scheduling, fear and danger, sense of uselessness and inefficiency of referral agencies, absence of closure, people in pain




Contemporary Issues4. Stressors particular to the individual

officerThe fear-ridden officer, the nonconformist officer, the minority officer

5. Effects of critical incidents

Estimated that at any one time 15% of a department’s officers will be in a burnout phase




Contemporary Issues The blue plague of American policing Cops kill themselves three times more

often than other Americans As many as one in four officers have

alcohol abuse problems 8 times more likely to commit suicide

than to be killed in a homicide




Contemporary Issues The most common and debilitating

source of stress in law enforcement comes from within the agency itself

Cops rate personal stress management as their most pressing need

Solutions begin with awareness and education




Contemporary Issues Higher education Today a relatively small proportion

of officers have a college degree Of all local agencies, only 8%

require officers to have some college, 9% require a two-year college degree, and only 1% require a four-year degree




Contemporary Issues Efforts to involve college-educated

personnel in police work were first made by August Vollmer in 1917

Comments made by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice in 1967 and by the ABA in 1972 indicating a need for education




Contemporary Issues College-educated officers are more

professional, communicate better with citizens, are better decision makers, and have better written and verbal skills than less educated officers

1985 lawsuit challenging educational requirements

Supreme Court upheld the Dallas requirements




Contemporary Issues In local policing, more than 80% of all

agencies require only a GED or high school diploma

This questions professionalism of policing Abundant empirical evidence indicates the

benefits of having a college education Those against requiring a college degree

state that it will hurt minority recruits




Contemporary Issues Arlington, Texas, Police Department

has required a bachelor’s degree since about 1983

Dover Township, New Jersey has required a bachelor’s degree since 1994

Lakewood, Colorado, Police Department has required a bachelor’s degree since 1970 and many have graduate degrees




Contemporary Issues Tulsa, Oklahoma, Police Department,

required a bachelor’s degree in 1996 Redlands, California, requires 60 credit

hours, but most have a bachelor’s degree

Some studies have found negative effects Officers are more likely to become

frustrated with the job and leave early




Contemporary Issues Homelessness Problem since the early 1980s About one-third of adult homeless

are chronically mentally ill About one-half are alcoholics or

abuse drugs Poverty, declining supply of low-

income housing, lack of available public housing




Contemporary Issues What can be done? Transitional housing and support

services Appropriating adequate funds to social

services Police are caught in the middle Under COPPS, allow police to manage

significant social problems while making efficient use of police resources

Chapter Thirteen Policing Trends and Issues. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights.

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