Chapter Sixteen The Eighteen Century: From Rococo to Revolution.

Chapter SixteenChapter Sixteen

The Eighteen Century:The Eighteen Century:From Rococo to RevolutionFrom Rococo to Revolution

Chapter SixteenChapter Sixteen

The Eighteen Century:The Eighteen Century:From Rococo to RevolutionFrom Rococo to Revolution

Age of DiversityAge of DiversityAge of DiversityAge of Diversity

Unqualified optimism, extreme discontent

Trust in science and human reason

Conscious engagement with social issues

Revolutionaries and conservatives

Enlightened despots Welfare of citizenry Duty and responsibility

Above: David’s “Oath of the Horatii”

Right: Gainsborough’s “HaymakerAnd Sleeping Girl”

The RococoThe Rococo

fantasy life of the last fantasy life of the last European aristocratsEuropean aristocrats

The RococoThe Rococo

fantasy life of the last fantasy life of the last European aristocratsEuropean aristocrats

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

The Rococo StyleThe Rococo StyleThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

The Rococo StyleThe Rococo Style

Escapism, anti-baroque Frivolity, lightheartedness Art as entertainment for aristocracy Eroticism, voluptuous beauty (a la Rubens)

Jean Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) Fetes galantes Return from Cythera (1717)

Watteau, Return from Cythera (1717)

Boucher, Cupid a Captive (1754)

Fragonard, Love Letters (1773)

Fragonard’s “The Bolt”

Note how the hunky fellow in short pants is bolting the door.

What will happen next???

Carriera, Anna Sofia d’Este, Princess of Modena (1730)

The use of pastels makes this rococo portrait look especially dreamy

The Englishman Gainesborough’s “Mrs.Peter William Baker”

The tres rococo Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubise, Paris

The ultra rococo nave and high altar of Vierzehnheiligen Pilgrim Church, Bamberg, Germany (1743-1772)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArtNeo-Classical ArtThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArtNeo-Classical ArtArcheological inspiration New awareness of classical art Inspired by discoveries at Pompeii and

Herculaneum Appealed to revolutionaries in France and America

Roman Republic, French Revolution Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) United opposition to tyranny Modeled on ideals of Roman Republic

Austere poses, orderly decoration Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)

David’s neo-classical Oath of the Horatii (1784)

David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1800)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArchitectureNeo-Classical ArchitectureThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArchitectureNeo-Classical Architecture

Classical models of architecture Austere public buildings Thomas Jefferson’s State Capitol (1785-

1796)

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Intellectual DevelopmentsIntellectual DevelopmentsLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Intellectual DevelopmentsIntellectual Developments

Systematic examination of society Pessimistic views vs. Optimistic views

Renewed interest in Classical culture Translations, themes, forms, references

Rise of Feminism Mary Wollstonecraft, “Vindication of the

Rights of Women” (1792)

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Hatred for human race“Savage indignation” Animals capable of reason

Gulliver’s Travels Satire of human behavior

A Modest Proposal “Man’s inhumanity to man” Inevitability of human suffering

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyRational Humanism: The EncyclopedistsRational Humanism: The Encyclopedists

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyRational Humanism: The EncyclopedistsRational Humanism: The Encyclopedists

Encyclopédie Denis Diderot (1713-1784) System for the classification of knowledge Compendium of human rationality Freedom of conscience and belief

The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:

Time of RevolutionTime of RevolutionThe Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:

Time of RevolutionTime of RevolutionTechnological improvementsIncreased literacy, circulation of ideasGovernmental abuses Louis XV: “Après moi le déluge”

The Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) Essentiality of constitutional government

The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:

Time of RevolutionTime of RevolutionThe Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:

Time of RevolutionTime of Revolution

American Revolution Inspired revolution in France

Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Optimistic, rational view Political and social freedom Equality and justice Universality of man and nature

The Feminist RevolutionThe Feminist Revolution

Mary Wollstonecraft (1739-1797)Mary Wollstonecraft (1739-1797)The Feminist RevolutionThe Feminist Revolution

Mary Wollstonecraft (1739-1797)Mary Wollstonecraft (1739-1797)

“Vindication of the Rights of Women”Similar sentiments to French declaration of rights of man and American declaration of independence, both of which excluded womenFirst statement of women’s inherent rights Women not subservient objects for men, but

free, rational beings possessed of strength and dignity and deserving of respect

Here ends our lecture upon the 18th Century

This is George Washington, sculpted in 1778 and looking very neo-classical. He is standing next to a fasces, a bundle of rods bound together around an ax with the blade projecting. Fasces were carried before ancient Roman magistrates as an emblem of authority. Note the symbolism of how Washington has covered and softened the ax blade with his hand and a piece of cloth..