Chapter Seven Patrol: The Backbone of Policing.

Chapter Seven

Patrol: The Backbone of Policing

*Police in America

*Patrol: The Backbone of

Policing

*Patrol: The Backbone of

Policing

Function of Patrol

Crime prevention

Maintain feelings of public safety

Available for service

*Patrol: Delivery of Police Services

Organization and Delivery of PatrolNumber of Officers

Distribution of Officers

Assignments

Location – Hot Spots

*Patrol: The Number of

Officers

*Police-Population Ratio

*Large Departments – 2.6/1,000 population

*Missouri - ?

*Patrol: The Number of

Officers

City Pop

Total lawenforcementemployees

Totalofficers

Totalcivilians    

Top Five - Missouri CitiesBellerive 250 22 21 1  84Pasadena Park 452 22 21 1  46.46Oakland 1,544 71 59 12  38.212Randolph 54 2 2 0  37.037Uplands Park 432 11 9 2  20.833                                       

Bottom Five - Missouri CitiesTipton 3,278 3 3 0  0.9152New Franklin 1,093 1 1 0  0.9149Maysville 1,120 1 1 0  0.8929

Country Club Village 2,437 2 2 0  0.8207Oran 1,247 1 1 0  0.8019

Average of Missouri Cities 3.46

*Patrol: The Number of

Officers

City Population

Total lawenforcem

entemployee

sTotal

officers

Totalcivilian

s   # Officers/1,000Kansas City 483,191 1,993 1,404 589   2.91St. Louis 355,151 1,920 1,363 557   3.84Springfield 157,110 357 285 72   1.81Independence 121,141 302 204 98   1.68Columbia 103,417 189 158 31   1.53Lee's Summit 87,707 188 132 56   1.51O'Fallon 81,851 136 107 29   1.31St. Joseph 75,922 158 115 43   1.51St. Charles 65,729 155 111 44   1.69St. Peters 56,518 110 86 24   1.52Blue Springs 56,226 119 87 32   1.55Joplin 50,346 156 111 45   2.20  Average Cities above 50,000 population   1.92

*Patrol: Officers Assigned to

Patrol

*Assigned to Patrol – 50 - 80%

*Small communities

*Larger communities

*Patrol: Distribution of

Officers

*Put officers:

*Where they are needed

*When they are needed

*Poor parts of town

*Usually more crime

*Patrol: Distribution of

Officers

*Frequent vs. Infrequent Rotation of Shifts/Beats

*Corruption Measure

*Familiarity

*“is deleterious to the physical and psychological health of the individual and to the well being of the organization.”

*Patrol: Hot Spots

*Crime is not committed randomly

*Officers should not be placed randomly

*When do you need them?

*Where do you need them?

*Types of Patrol

How effective are these?

PatrolFootAutoMotorcycleBicycle

*Foot PatrolFlagstaff, Arizona P.D.

*Bicycle PatrolPennsylvania Capital Police Bike Patrol

*Motorcycle PatrolMaumee Police Department

Maumee, Ohio

*Automobile Patrol

Carbon E7

*Patrol Car(Carbon E7)

*BMW inline-6 turbo-diesel rear wheel drive

*Six-speed automatic transmission

*Performance

0-60 mph 6.5 secs

Quarter Mile 4.5 secs@98 mph

Top Speed 155 mph

Fuel Economy 28-30 mpg

*Patrol Car(Carbon E7)

Durability 250,000 mile 75 mph rear impact crash Cockpit - fitted law enforcement equipment

ballistic protection (front doors and dash panel)

*Reverse backup camera

*360 degree surveillance

*License plate recognition Night vision interior

*Infrared system

 Chevrolet

Caprice PPV`Dodge Charger

Pursuit

Ford Police Interceptro

Sedan

Ford Crown Victoria Police

InterceptorCarbon E7

0-60 5.7 5.6 5.3 7.6 6.5Quarter Mile - Time 14.2 14.1 13.9 15.8 14.5

Quarter Mile - Speed 101 102 100.9 88.9 98

Some of you had doubts as to the accuracy of the speed of the Carbon E7.

It would help if I had placed a 1 in front of the time of 4.5, making it 14.5 seconds.

The E7 looks very competitive with the Caprice, Charger and Ford police packages.

Rumor has it that the Carbon E7 may cost around $80,000.

Don’t worry about the “worst” of these cars, it hasn’t been produced since 2008.

Carbon E7

I might even ask several questions concerning this vehicle to see who is looking at it.

*TWO OFFICER CARS?

*One Person Patrol Units

*One person patrol units – 89%

*Efficient

*2X More Area

*2X Calls

*One person

*Less resisting arrest / Assaulted less / More arrests / More crime reports

*Types of Patrol: Advantages vs. Disadvantages

Type of Patrol

Percent Used

Personal Contact

Patrol Coverage

Inclement

Weather

Automobile

84% Less Good Yes

Foot 4% Much more

Poor No

Motorcycle

5% More Moderate No

Bicycles 4% Much more

Poor No

*Style of Patrol - Individual

Dispatched Activity

Based upon call to the P.D.

Officer-Initiated Activity

Based upon officer’s initiative

*Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q.

Wilson)

Watchman Style

Emphasis on Order maintenance

Ignore “little stuff”

Tough on crime

Officer is given great latitude

*Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q.

Wilson)

Legalistic Style

Emphasis on law enforcement

More traffic tickets

Juvenile taken into custody

Use little things to find bigger things

*Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q.

Wilson)

Service Style

Often informal intervention

Deal with a broad array of problems

Community relations and public education are important

*Effectiveness of Patrol

Kansas City Preventative Patrol ExperimentControversial results

Challenged traditional assumptions about patrol

Newark Foot Patrol ExperimentCrime

Citizen attitudes

Kansas City Response Time Study

*Effectiveness of Patrol

Kansas City Response Time Study80-90% reported too slowly to help

Discovery/Reporting – Victim controlled

Processing – Dispatcher controlled

Travel – Officer controlled

Usually you’re already too late

Dis

covery

Tim

e

Report

ing T

ime

Pro

cess

ing

Tim

e

Travel ti

me

At-

scene

Tim

e

*Effectiveness of Patrol

Improving Patrol Differential Response to calls

(Immediate/delay/none)

Telephone Reporting Units (Reports over the phone)

311 Nonemergency Numbers (Reduces patrol work)

Non-English 911 Call Services

Reverse 911

Computers and Video Cameras

Police Aids or Cadets

Directed Patrol (Go where the crime is to patrol)

*The Communications Center

Modern Communications Technology

Information ProcessingPrioritizing CallsOperatorsDispatchers 911 Systems

*911 System

Only ½ of all calls to 911 result in a dispatchOperators ask questions of callersOperators assess situationOperators decide how many and which officers to

dispatch Patrol officers responding to calls experience great

uncertainty

*Police Research

Historical ContextCalls for ServiceSystematic Study of Police Patrol

Response Time