Chapter One Chapter One Historical Influences on Historical Influences on the Evolution of Vocational the Evolution of Vocational Counseling Counseling David S. Shen-Miller Ellen Hawley McWhirter Anne S. Bartone Career Counseling: Foundations, Perspectives, and Applications edited by David Capuzzi and Mark Stauffe
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Chapter One Historical Influences on the Evolution of Vocational Counseling
Career Counseling: Foundations, Perspectives, and Applications edited by David Capuzzi and Mark Stauffer. Chapter One Historical Influences on the Evolution of Vocational Counseling. David S. Shen-Miller Ellen Hawley McWhirter Anne S. Bartone. Definitions. Work Vocation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter OneChapter OneHistorical Influences on the Historical Influences on the
Evolution of Vocational Evolution of Vocational CounselingCounselingDavid S. Shen-Miller
Ellen Hawley McWhirter
Anne S. Bartone
Career Counseling: Foundations, Perspectives, and Applications edited by David Capuzzi and Mark Stauffer
DefinitionsDefinitions
Work
Vocation
Career
Career 5 TenetsCareer 5 Tenets (1) Individualism and autonomy(2) Affluence(3) An open structure of opportunity based on
assumptions of merit(4) Work as the central role in people’s lives(5) Logical, linear, and progressive
development of work and career
(Gysbers, Heppner, Johnston, and Neville, 2003)
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning Middle 1800s to early 1900s Industrial Revolution Urbanization Labor unions grow in strength Unskilled labor Engineer Frederick Taylor
Scientific management
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning Extreme conditions of the workplace Children in Labor Women’s role in work
Gender/race/class differences
Protestant Work Ethic
Social Darwinism
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning Two Social Reform Movements
1. Progressive Movement
2. Educational Reform Movement
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning
Progressive Movement
Women’s suffrage Regulation of industry First child labor law 1908
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning Educational Reform Movement
Mass entrance into schools Child saving movement Factory and corporate schools
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning The beginnings of vocational guidance Frank Parsons Vocation Bureau in Boston
School-to-work transition
Choosing a Vocation (1909) First vocational conference in Boston
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning
The beginnings of vocational guidance
1913 National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)
1913 U.S. Department of Labor
Stage One: The Beginning Stage One: The Beginning The beginnings of vocational guidance Jesse Davis
Guidance in the schools
John Dewey (1916) Integration of two tracks
1. college preparatory2. vocational education
Diversity in education
Stage Two: Calls for Stage Two: Calls for Measurement, and Measurement, and
Vocational Guidance in the Vocational Guidance in the Schools (1914-1929)Schools (1914-1929)
WWI and its aftermath Women’s right to vote (1919) Automobiles, skyscrapers, and airplanes Large-scale immigration and legislation
Stage Two: (1914-1929)Stage Two: (1914-1929)
Vocational Instruments and Psychometrics
Army Alpha and Army Beta tests Armed Services Vocational Aptitude
Battery
NVGA’s “Principles and Practices of Vocational Guidance”
Stage Two: (1914-1929)Stage Two: (1914-1929)
Legislation Vocational Rehabilitation Act of
1918
Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
Veteran’s Administration (VA)
Stage 3: (1929-1939) Stage 3: (1929-1939) The Great Depression and the The Great Depression and the
Expectations of a NationExpectations of a Nation
Massive immigration into the U. S
1929: The U.S. stock market crashed
Roosevelt Administration’s New Deal
Organized Labor strengthened Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Stage 3: Stage 3: (1929-1939) (1929-1939)
The “child study” movement
Social Security Act, 1935
Jewish Vocational Services
The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1939)
Stage 4: World War II, More Stage 4: World War II, More Testing and Major Testing and Major
Theoretical Influences (1940-Theoretical Influences (1940-1957)1957) Military and Non-military assessment
MBTI, Strong’s Interest Inventory Occupational Outlook Handbook (OHH) The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1939)
American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) in 1952
Stage 5: 1958-1970: The Stage 5: 1958-1970: The Space Race, Civil Rights and Space Race, Civil Rights and
the Great Societythe Great Society
Boom for counseling Von Bertalanffy’s (1968) “systems theory”
Work Adjustment theory
Stage 5: 1958-1970Stage 5: 1958-1970
Legislation in general (1) Minority groups and women issues addressed
and involved in vocational legislation, along with the emergence of affirmative action
(2) Barriers to vocational success were overtly considered for the first time
(3) Vocational guidance became even more integral to legislation aimed at reducing economic or occupational woes.
Stage 5: 1958-1970Stage 5: 1958-1970
Most Significant legislation The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of
1958 Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 Civil Rights Act of 1964
Stage 5: 1958-1970 Stage 5: 1958-1970
Other Significant legislation Manpower Development and Training Act of
1962 Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Stage 6: The Boom Years Stage 6: The Boom Years Continue (1970-1979)Continue (1970-1979)
Watergate and the end of the Vietnam War Surge in popularity of vocational counseling Women’s Educational Equity Act of 1974 Equal Employment Opportunity Coordinating Council 1973 Rehabilitation Act Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1977
Stage 6: (1970-1979)Stage 6: (1970-1979)
NOICC and SOICC SIGI Plus, DISCOVER, Career Information System (CIS), Guidance Information System (GIS) Generalizability concerns of testing
Stage 6: (1970-1979)Stage 6: (1970-1979)
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model
Bandura’s Social learning theory
Krumboltz’s theory
Life Career Development theory
Stage 6: The Boom Years Stage 6: The Boom Years Continue (1970-1979)Continue (1970-1979)
Public perception of the profession National Board of Certified Counselors: National Certified Career Counselor
National Career Counselor Exam in 1983
Stage 7: 1980-1989: Stage 7: 1980-1989: Inclusion of a Wider CultureInclusion of a Wider Culture
Growing recognition of diversity Decreasing power of organized labor Women’s entry into the workplace in greater numbers Legislative focus on connecting youth with vocational training
Stage 7: 1980-1989: Stage 7: 1980-1989: Inclusion of a Wider CultureInclusion of a Wider Culture
Career decision-making Life Career Theory Theory of circumscription and compromise Theories challenged to reflect Diversity 1984: the NVGA officially changed its name to the National Career Development Association (NCDA)
Stage 8: 1990-PresentStage 8: 1990-Present
School-to-work (STW) transition Increasing diversity in the workplace Discrimination and sexual harassment
Stage 8: 1990-PresentStage 8: 1990-Present
Aid to Families with Dependent Children Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) School-to-Work Opportunity Act (STWOA) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) Secretary’s Commission for Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS)
Stage 8: 1990-2005Stage 8: 1990-2005
Revision of many theories e.g, examination of TWA and Holland’s Theory
• Multicultural contributions Contextual understanding of career choice Blustein and Spengler’s (1995) Domain-Sensitive Approach Gysbers and Moore’s (1973) Life Career Development theory
Stage 9: The Present Stage 9: The Present
World and Work Environment changing rapidly International economy and recession Downsizing, specialization, outsourcing, and increased use of temporary labor Assessment of measures across cultural groups World Wide Web and new ethical challenges Advocacy
Stage 9: The present Stage 9: The present
Cultural formulation approach Happenstance Theory Emancipatory communitarian approach Other theories related to diversity “Voids in legislation” Joint symposiums – IAEVG-SVP-NCDA
References References
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Krumboltz, J.D. (1979). A social learning theory of career decision making. In A.M. Mitchell, G.B. Jones, & J.D. Krumboltz (Eds.), Social learning and career decision making (pp. 19-49). Cranston, RI: Carroll Press.
Super, D.E. (1953). A theory of vocational development. American Psychologist, 8, 185-190.Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory: Foundation, development, application. New York: Braziller.