CHAPTER Kinds ofSentence Structure › teacherweb › brinkevich › rinkevichwebpage › … · 440 Chapter 16 Kinds of Sentence Structure GRAMMAR Reference Note For information

438 Kinds of Sentence StructureChapter 16

C H A P T E RC H A P T E R

A. Identifying and Classifying ClausesIdentify each clause in the following sentences. Then, classifyeach clause as an independent clause or a subordinate clause.

EXAMPLE 1. Students who are interested in attending the sciencefair at the community college should sign up now.

1. Students should sign up now—independent clause;who are interested in attending the science fair at thecommunity college—subordinate clause

1. We did warm-up exercises before we practiced the routine.2. The musical West Side Story is a modern version of the story

of Romeo and Juliet.3. The first poem in the book is about spring, and the second

one is about autumn.4. Molasses, which is made from sugar cane, is a thick brown

liquid used for human food and animal feed.5. Before the test we studied the chapter and did the chapter

review exercises.6. While our teacher discussed the formation of the African

nation of Liberia, we took notes.

Kinds of SentenceStructureSimple, Compound, Complex, andCompound-Complex Sentences

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7. It rained Saturday morning, but the sun came out in time forthe opening of the Special Olympics.

8. The player whose performance is judged the best receives theMost Valuable Player Award.

9. Not all stringed instruments sound alike, for their shapes andthe number of their strings vary.

10. The tourists that we saw wandering up Esplanade Avenuewent to the Japanese ceramics exhibit after they had reachedthe museum.

B. Identifying Simple, Compound, Complex, andCompound-Complex Sentences

Identify each of the following sentences as simple, compound,complex, or compound-complex.

EXAMPLE 1. The Museum of Science and Industry, which is inChicago, features a German submarine capturedduring World War II.

1. complex

11. Either Ana or Lee will sing the opening song for the fair.12. We visit the Liberty Bell whenever we go to Philadelphia.13. Have you chosen a topic for your report yet, or are you still

making your decision?14. When George Washington Carver was working on soil

improvement and plant diseases, the South was recoveringfrom the Civil War, and his discoveries gave planters acompetitive edge.

15. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, which was written by Betty Smith,is one of my favorite books.

16. The call of a peacock sounds very much like that of a personin distress.

17. Although it was warm enough to go swimming on Monday,snow fell the next day.

18. The student whose photographs of American Indian cliffdwellings won the contest was interviewed on the local news.

19. The house looked completely empty when I first saw it, yet aparty was going on in the backyard.

20. The game was tied at the top of the ninth inning, but thenEarlene hit a home run.

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The Simple Sentence16a. A simple sentence contains one independent clauseand no subordinate clauses.

S VEXAMPLES A good rain will help the farmers.

V SUp for the rebound leaped Reggie.

V SWhere are my keys?

VPlease put that down near the table in the corner. [The understood subject is you.]

A simple sentence may have a compound subject, a com-pound verb, or both.

S S VEXAMPLES Chalupas and fajitas are two popular Mexican dishes.

[compound subject]

S V VKelly read The Planet of Junior Brown and reported onit last week. [compound verb]

S S V VThe dog and the kitten lay there and napped.[compound subject and compound verb]

Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Simple Sentences

Identify the subjects and the verbs in each of the followingsentences.

EXAMPLE 1. I enjoy urban life but need to escape from the city once in a while.

1. I—subject; enjoy, need—verbs

1. My favorite escape from city life is the green world of CentralPark in New York City.

2. Its beautiful woods and relaxing outdoor activities are justa few minutes from our apartment.

Exercise 1


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Reference Note

For information onindependent andsubordinate clauses,see Chapter 15.

Reference Note

For information on theunderstood subject,see page 331.

H E L P

Some sentences in Exercise 1 have acompound subject, acompound verb, or both.


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3. The enormous size of the park, however, can sometimesbe a problem.

4. Often, I take this map with me for guidance.5. Using the map, I can easily find the zoo, the band shell,

and the Lost Waterfall.6. In the summertime my brothers and I row boats on the

lake, climb huge rock slabs, and have picnics in theSheep Meadow.

7. I also watch birds and often wander around the park insearch of my favorite species.

8. Last month a pair of purple finches followed me along the pond.

9. Near Heckscher Playground, the birds tired of the gameand flew off.

10. In Central Park my family and I can enjoy a little bit ofnature in the middle of a bustling city.

The Compound Sentence16b. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses.

INDEPENDENT Melvina wrote about her mother’s CLAUSE aunt

INDEPENDENT Leroy wrote about his cousin from CLAUSE Jamaica

COMPOUND Melvina wrote about her mother’s aunt, and SENTENCE Leroy wrote about his cousin from Jamaica.

The independent clauses of a compound sentence are usuallyjoined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but,for, nor, or, so, or yet).

EXAMPLES A variety of fruits and vegetables should be a part ofeveryone’s diet, for they supply many importantvitamins.

Kathryn’s scene is in the last act of the play, so she must wait in the wings for her cue.

No one was injured in the fire, but several homes weredestroyed, and many trees burned down.

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16a, b

TheLake

LoebBoathouse

LostWaterfall

ShakespeareGarden

HarlemMeer

Loch

GreatHill

Boathouse

ThePool

EastMeadow

NorthMeadow

TennisCourt

SouthGate

House

JacquelineKennedyOnassis

Reservoir

American Museum of

Natural History

MetropolitanMuseum

of Art

TheGreatLawn

BelvedereCastle

BelvedereLake

SummitRock

WollmanRink

ThePond

HeckscherPlayground

Ballfields Zoo

Columbus Circle

Fift

h A

ve.

Fift

h A

ve.

W 90th St.

W 70th St.

Central Park South

E 90th St.

E 80th St.

E 70th St.

E 60th St.W 60th St.

E 59th St.

SheepMeadow

NaumbergBandshell

Cen

tral

Par

k W

est

Cen

tral

Par

k W

est

W 100th St.

W 105th St.

Central Park North

R

Douglass Circle Frawley Circle

BridgeMonumentBuilding

FoodRestroomPlayground

Reference Note

For more about usingcommas in compoundsentences, see page 605.


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The independent clauses of a compound sentence may bejoined by a semicolon.

EXAMPLES Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St. Augustine,the first permanent European settlement in the United States; he also established six other colonies in the Southeast.

My favorite places are Miami, Florida, and Aspen,Colorado; Bernie’s favorites are San Diego, California,and Seattle, Washington.

Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Compound Sentences

Identify the subject and verb in each independent clause. Then,give the punctuation mark and coordinating conjunction (ifthere is one) that join the clauses.

EXAMPLE 1. A newspaper reporter will speak to our class nextweek, and we will learn about careers in journalism.

1. reporter—subject; will speak—verb; we—subject; willlearn—verb; comma + and

1. Ruth Benedict was a respected anthropologist, and MargaretMead was one of her students.

2. An area’s weather may change rapidly, but its climate changesvery slowly.

3. Linh Phan lived in Vietnam for many years, so he could tellus about Vietnamese foods such as nuoc mam.

4. Students may prepare their reports on the computer, or theymay write them neatly.

5. Our apartment manager is kind, yet she will not allow pets inthe building.

6. Daniel Boone had no formal education, but he could readand write.

7. Sofia’s favorite dance is the samba; Elena enjoys the merengue.8. Benjamin Franklin is known for his inventions, and he

should also be remembered for his work during theConstitutional Convention.

9. Sheena did not play soccer; she had sprained her ankle.10. They did not watch the shuttle take off, nor did they watch

it land.

Exercise 2


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Reference Note

For more about usingsemicolons in com-pound sentences, seepage 618.


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Simple Sentence or Compound Sentence?A simple sentence has only one independent clause. It may havea compound subject or a compound verb or both.

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses.Each independent clause has its own subject and verb. Any of theindependent clauses in a compound sentence may have a com-pound subject, a compound verb, or both.

S S VSIMPLE Kim and Maureen read each other’s short stories

SENTENCEV

and made many suggestions for improvements.[compound subject and compound verb]

S S VCOMPOUND Kim and Maureen read each other’s stories,

SENTENCES V

and they gave each other suggestions for improve-ments. [The first independent clause has a compoundsubject and a single verb. The second independentclause has a single subject and a single verb.]

When a subject is repeated after a coordinating conjunction,the sentence is not simple.

S VSIMPLE We studied the artist Romare Bearden and

SENTENCEV

went to an exhibit of his paintings.

S VCOMPOUND We studied the artist Romare Bearden, and

SENTENCES V

we went to an exhibit of his paintings.

Distinguishing Compound Sentences from Sentences with Compound Subjects or Compound Verbs

Identify the subjects and verbs in each of the sentences on thefollowing page. Then, identify each sentence as either simpleor compound.

Exercise 3

N O T E

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EXAMPLES 1. A rain forest is a tropical evergreen forest and has heavy rains throughout the year.

1. rain forest—subject; is, has—verbs; simple

2. The trees and other plants in a rain forest grow closetogether, and they rise to different heights.

2. trees, plants—subjects; grow—verb; they—subject;rise—verb; compound

1. The Amazon River is located in South America and is one ofthe longest rivers in the world.

2. The Amazon begins in Peru, and it flows across Brazil to theAtlantic Ocean.

3. This river carries more water than any other river and drainsabout one fifth of the earth’s entire freshwater supply.

4. The Amazon is actually a network of several rivers, butmost people think of thesecombined rivers as only one river.

5. These rivers drain the largestrainy area in the world, andduring the flood season, themain river often overflowsits banks.

6. In the photo at the left, theAmazon does twist and curve.

7. Generally, it follows a fairlystraight course and flows atan average rate of about oneand one-half miles an hourduring the dry season.

8. The Amazon rain forest is only two hundred miles widealong the Atlantic, but it stretches to twelve hundred mileswide at the foot of the Andes Mountains in Peru.

9. The variety of plant life in the Amazon rain forest is remark-able; in fact, of all rain forests in the world, this area maycontain the greatest number of plant species.

10. Raw materials are shipped directly from ports deep in therain forest, for oceangoing ships can sail more than twothousand miles up the Amazon.


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The Complex Sentence16c. A complex sentence contains one independent clauseand at least one subordinate clause.

Two kinds of subordinate clauses are adjective clauses andadverb clauses. Adjective clauses usually begin with relativepronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, and that. Adverbclauses begin with subordinating conjunctions such as after, as,because, if, since, and when.

EXAMPLES Patricia Roberts Harris, who served as PresidentCarter’s secretary of housing and urban develop-ment, was the first African American woman to be aCabinet member. [complex sentence with adjectiveclause]

When I hear classical music, I think of Aunt Sofia.[complex sentence with adverb clause]

One interesting annual event that is held in theSouthwest is the Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial, whichinvolves many different American Indian peoples.[complex sentence with two adjective clauses]

Identifying Subordinate Clauses

Identify the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences.Then, underline the relative pronoun or the subordinating con-junction that begins the subordinate clause.

EXAMPLES 1. Helen Keller, who overcame severe physicalimpairments, showed great determination.

1. who overcame severe physical impairments

2. Keller was fortunate because she had such askillful and loving teacher.

2. because she had such a skillful and lovingteacher

1. Helen Keller, who is shown in the photograph atright, became very ill as a small child.

2. After she recovered from the illness, she could nolonger see or hear.

3. Because she could not hear, she also lost her abilityto speak.

Exercise 4

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16c

Reference Note

For information onusing commas withsubordinate clauses,see page 607.

Reference Note

For more information onadjective clauses, seepage 427. For more aboutadverb clauses, see page430. For more about rela-tive pronouns, see page344. For more about sub-ordinating conjunc-tions, see page 431.


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4. Helen’s parents asked Alexander Graham Bell, who trainedteachers of people with hearing impairments, for his adviceabout the child’s education.

5. Upon Bell’s suggestion, a special teacher, whose name wasAnne Sullivan, stayed at the Kellers’ home to teach Helen.

6. Sullivan spelled words into Helen’s hand as the child touchedthe object represented by the word.

7. From this basic understanding of language, Helen went on tolearn Braille, which is the alphabet used by people with visualimpairments.

8. Sullivan, whose own vision had been partly restored bysurgery, remained with Helen for many years.

9. Because she had triumphed over her impairments, HelenKeller was awarded the Medal of Freedom.

10. Keller’s autobiography, which is titled The Story of My Life,tells about her remarkable achievements.

Classifying Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences

Classify each of the following sentences as simple, compound, orcomplex.

EXAMPLE 1. The Mississippi River, which begins in the town of Lake Itasca, Minnesota, is the setting for many of Mark Twain’s stories.

1. complex

Review A


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1. I drew an illustration for a poem that was written by RobertHayden.

2. The Olympic skaters felt anxious, but they still performedtheir routine perfectly.

3. Kamehameha Day is an American holiday that honors theking who united the islands of Hawaii.

4. For the first time in his life, Luke saw the ocean.5. If you had a choice, would you rather visit China or Japan?6. The bull was donated to the children’s zoo by the people who

bought it at the auction.7. Lookout Mountain, which is in Tennessee, was the site of a

battle during the Civil War.8. The guide led us through Mammoth Cave; she explained the

difference between stalactites and stalagmites.9. Wilhelm Steinitz of Austria became famous after he was offi-

cially recognized as the first world champion of chess.10. Amy Tan is the author of the book The Joy Luck Club.

The Compound-ComplexSentence16d. A compound-complex sentence contains two or moreindependent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

In the examples below, independent clauses are underlined once. Subordinate clauses are underlined twice.

S V S VEXAMPLES The band began to play, and Clarissa was pulled onto

S Vthe floor for a dance that was starting. [compound-

complex sentence with adjective clause]

S V S VWhenever we go on vacation, our neighbors mow our

S Vyard, and they collect our mail. [compound-complex sentence with adverb clause]

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16d

Reference Note

For more about adjectiveand adverb clauses, seepages 427 and 430.

S T Y L E T I P

Simple sentences are bestused to express singleideas. To describe morecomplicated ideas and toshow how the ideas fittogether, use compoundand complex sentences.

SIMPLE SENTENCESWe went camping in thenational park. Darla saw asnake. At first she wasafraid. Then she lookedmore closely at it. [Thesentences are choppy, andthe ideas seem unrelated.]

COMPLEX ANDCOMPOUND SENTENCES

When we went campingin the national park, Darlasaw a snake. At first shewas afraid, but then shelooked more closely at it.


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Identifying Compound, Complex, andCompound-Complex Sentences

Identify each of the following sentences as either compound,complex, or compound-complex.

EXAMPLE 1. I’ll sweep the porch, and Ben will start supper beforeMom gets home.

1. compound-complex

1. If you’ve never tried Indian curry, try some of Usha’s.2. The disk drive light went on, and the drive motor whirred,

but the computer would not read the disk.3. Although the river appeared calm, crocodiles lay motionless

beneath the surface.4. Several small herds of mustangs roam these hills; we’re going

to find them.5. An antique wagon, whose wheels once rolled along the

Chisholm Trail, stood next to the barn.6. You can talk to me whenever you have a problem, or you can

talk to your mom.7. Since daylight saving time started, the sky doesn’t get dark

until late, and that just doesn’t seem right to me.8. The plaster, which had been given a rough texture, cast

shadows on itself.9. They don’t have the book that we need, so let’s go to the library.

10. Did you really live in Nairobi, or are you just kidding?

Classifying Simple, Compound, Complex,and Compound-Complex Sentences

Classify each of the following sentences as simple, compound,complex, or compound-complex.

EXAMPLE 1. The Iroquois people traditionally held a Green CornFestival in August when their crops were ready forharvesting.

1. complex

1. For the early Iroquois, the Green Corn Festival was a celebra-tion that included many events, so it often lasted several days.

2. During the celebration, all children who had been born sincemidwinter received their names.

Review B

Exercise 5


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COM P UTE R T I P

A computer can help youfocus on sentence lengthand structure in your writ-ing. Programs are nowavailable that can tell youthe average number ofwords in your sentences.Such programs can also tellyou how many differentkinds of sentences you used.You can compare your num-bers with the averages forstudents at your gradelevel. Using these programs,you can easily see whichsentence structures youhave mastered and whichones need work.


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3. Iroquois leaders made speeches, and adults and childrenlistened to them carefully.

4. In one traditional speech, the leader would give thanks forthe harvest.

5. After they had heard the speeches, the people sang and danced.6. On the second day of the festival, the people performed a

special dance; during the dance they gave thanks for the sun,the moon, and the stars.

7. On the third day, the Iroquois gave thanks for the helpfulnessof their neighbors and for good luck.

8. The festival ended on the fourth day when teams of youngpeople would play a bowling game.

9. During the festival the people renewed their friendships, andthey rejoiced in their harmony with nature.

10. This Iroquois festival resembles the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday,which has its roots in similar American Indian celebrations.

Writing Simple, Compound, Complex, andCompound-Complex Sentences

Write ten sentences of your own, following the guidelines givenbelow.

EXAMPLE 1. Write a simple sentence with a compound subject.

1. Jorge and Pilar gave me their recipe for guacamole.

1. Write a simple sentence with a compound verb.

Review C

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The Corn Dance


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2. Write a simple sentence with a compound subject and acompound verb.

3. Write a compound sentence with two independent clausesjoined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction and.

4. Write a compound sentence with two independent clausesjoined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction but.

5. Write a compound sentence with two independent clausesjoined by a semicolon.

6. Write a compound sentence with three independent clauses.7. Write a complex sentence with an adjective clause.8. Write a complex sentence with an adverb clause.9. Write a compound-complex sentence with an adjective

clause.10. Write a compound-complex sentence with an adverb clause.


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C H A P T E RC H A P T E R

Chapter Review

Chapter Review 451

A. Identifying Independent andSubordinate Clauses

Identify each clause in the following sentences. Then, classifyeach clause as an independent clause or a subordinate clause.

1. Yvette raked the leaves, and Tito mowed the lawn.

2. Lupe and Ben went to the park so that they could watch thefireworks display.

3. Carl and I chose enchiladas instead of sandwiches from thecafeteria’s menu.

4. The new camp that offers instruction in computer program-ming will be in session from August 17 through August 28.

5. The rain changed to snow that was mixed with sleet.

6. Practice your tai chi exercises when you go to the beach.

7. My grandparents, who enjoy exciting vacations, visited Nepallast year.

8. Since last year Simone has grown three inches, but she stillcan’t reach the top shelf in the kitchen.

9. Will Martin loan me this book by Jamaica Kincaid when he isthrough with it?

10. Aretha hopes to be a veterinarian because she likes to bearound animals.

B. Identifying Simple and CompoundSentences

Classify each of the following sentences as simple or compound.

11. Do Nathan and Shenille read only science fiction or fantasyshort stories?

12. My sister and brother-in-law live in Colorado, and they raisesheep and grow fruit trees.

13. Chai wants to walk to the theater, but I want to take the bus.

14. Aunt Evelyn and Uncle Michael are both surgeons and workat Riverside Hospital.

15. The good queen pardoned the jester, for he had meant noreal harm.

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452 Chapter 16

16. Taking the train, Mei-Ling and her parents can be in Chicagoin two hours.

17. Blair is interested in becoming an astronaut, so she wrote toNASA for information.

18. Tate laid out the patio and built it himself.

19. After eating, Marcia’s cat Bartinka likes to take a long nap.

20. Mike designed and contructed the sets for the play, and MaryAnne designed the costumes and makeup.

C. Identifying Compound and ComplexSentences

Identify each of the following sentences as compound or complex.If the sentence is compound, write the comma and coordinatingconjunction or the semicolon that joins the clauses. If the sen-tence is complex, write the relative pronoun or subordinatingconjunction that joins the clauses.

21. Nineteenth-century shopkeepers often attracted customersby placing a carved wooden figure, which was called a shopfigure, outside their shops.

22. The shop figures were usually carved by ship carvers, whohad learned to carve figures by creating ship figureheads.

23. The figures cost a great deal to make, and they were expen-sive to maintain.

24. Many shopkeepers were upset because the figures were sovery costly.

25. Many of the wooden figures were of politicians and baseballplayers; others represented American Indians.

26. One surviving figure represents Father Time, and anotherone represents a New York City firefighter.

27. The firefighter, which commemorates Columbian EngineCompany 14, now stands in the New York City Fire Museum.

28. The figures were popular between the 1840s and the 1890s,and during that time they actually became a fad.

29. By the end of the century, the carved shop figure was nolonger widely used since new types of advertising hadbecome available.

30. People saw shop figures as old-fashioned, so shopkeepersstopped using them.

Kinds of Sentence Structure

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453Chapter Review

D. Classifying Compound, Complex, andCompound-Complex Sentences

Classify each of the following sentences as compound, complex, orcompound-complex.

31. Islam, which originated in Arabia, is the religion of theMuslims, and it is based on a belief in one God.

32. Most Muslims live in Africa, the Middle East, and Malaysia;in recent years many have come to the United States and havebrought their religion with them.

33. Some American Muslims are members of the Nation ofIslam, which was founded in the United States after WorldWar II.

34. When a mosque was opened in New York in May 1991, reli-gious leaders and other Muslims went there to pray.

35. Some worshipers wore the traditional clothing of theirhomelands; others were dressed in typical American clothes.

36. Muslims were particularly pleased that the new mosqueopened in the spring.

37. The Muslim month of fasting, which is called Ramadan, hadjust ended, so the holiday after Ramadan could be celebratedin the new house of worship.

38. Although Muslims share a common religion, their languagesdiffer.

39. Many Muslims speak Arabic, but those in Iran, Turkey, andneighboring countries, for example, speak other languagesas well.

40. Of course, Muslims who were born in the United Statesgenerally speak English, and many Muslims who are recentimmigrants are learning it as a new language.

E. Classifying Sentences by StructureClassify each of the following sentences as simple, compound,complex, or compound-complex.

41. Easter Island, which is also known as Rapa Nui, is a smallPolynesian island in the South Pacific.

42. The island is the most remote inhabited place on the planet.

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43. The Polynesians were among the most accomplished sailorsin the world; they are especially known for their skill atnavigation.

44. The earliest evidence of people on Easter Island dates fromaround A.D. 700, but the island may have been inhabited ear-lier than that.

45. The island is best known for its giant stone statues with longnoses and pursed lips.

46. The statues, which are called moai, were carved out ofvolcanic rock, and some of them were placed upright onplatforms called ahu.

47. The moai that were set up on platforms were transportedas far as six miles from the quarry, but no one knows forcertain how the islanders moved them.

48. Several theories have been proposed, yet no single theoryexplains all the evidence.

49. When the British explorer Captain Cook visited the islandin 1774, he noticed that many of the statues had beenoverturned.

50. The oral tradition of the islanders speaks of a civil war thatbroke out between two peoples on the island, the HanauEepe and the Hanau Momko.

Writing ApplicationWriting a Letter

Using a Variety of Sentence Structures Anyone canenter the “Win Your Dream House” Contest. All you have to do isdescribe your ideal house. Write a letter to the contest judges,describing where your dream house would be and what it wouldlook like. Use a variety of sentence structures to make your letterinteresting for the judges to read.


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455Chapter Review

Prewriting Make a list of the special features of the houseyou want to describe. To help you think of ideas, you may wantto look through magazines or books to find pictures of interest-ing homes. You may also find it helpful to draw a rough diagramof the rooms, yard, and other features you would want to add.Take notes on the details you want to include.

Writing As you write your first draft, use your notes toinclude vivid details that will give the contest judges a clear pic-ture of your dream house.

Revising Read your letter to make sure it is interesting andclear. Also, check to see whether you can combine similar ideasby using either compound or complex sentences. Ask an adult toread your letter. Does he or she think your description wouldimpress the contest judges?

Publishing Check the grammar and spelling in your letter.Also, make sure that you have used commas correctly in com-pound sentences and complex sentences. You and your class-mates may want to create a bulletin board display of the picturesor diagrams you used in designing your dream house and to postyour descriptions next to the display.

Reference Note

For information onusing commas, seepage 602.

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CHAPTER Kinds ofSentence Structure › teacherweb › brinkevich › rinkevichwebpage › … · 440 Chapter 16 Kinds of Sentence Structure GRAMMAR Reference Note For information

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