7 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Definition of Strategies At this stage, as a teacher we have set overarching of goals, organized content, and developed a course plan with ideas for how to give students the practice that will make it possible for them to achieve the course goals. It is the duty of the teacher to consider about the teaching strategy then apply it in the classroom based on the appropriateness of the teaching strategy. According to Gagne strategy is an internal one‟s ability to think, problem solving making decision 1 .That means is the learning process will cause students to think uniquely to be able to analyze, solve problems in making decisions. Learners will have executive control or high level control, the analysis of sharp, precise, and accurate. Those are some explanations or definition about the strategy on this research According to Gulo teacher professional is not only to think about what to teach and how to teach, but also about who is to accept the lesson, what is the meaning of learning for students, and the ability of what is on learners in following the activities of learning. 2 That means a teacher should know and master various learning strategies in the learning process. The teachers have to choose the right strategy so that learners can learn effectively and efficiently and achieve the expected goals. 1 Iskandar Wassid, Strategy Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. (Bandung : Pt. Remaja Rosda Karya, 2008), p. 7 2 Iskandar Wassid, Strategy Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris, p. 23
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Definition of Strategies
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of Strategies
At this stage, as a teacher we have set overarching of goals, organized
content, and developed a course plan with ideas for how to give students the
practice that will make it possible for them to achieve the course goals. It is
the duty of the teacher to consider about the teaching strategy then apply it in
the classroom based on the appropriateness of the teaching strategy.
According to Gagne strategy is an internal one‟s ability to think, problem
solving making decision1.That means is the learning process will cause
students to think uniquely to be able to analyze, solve problems in making
decisions. Learners will have executive control or high level control, the
analysis of sharp, precise, and accurate. Those are some explanations or
definition about the strategy on this research
According to Gulo teacher professional is not only to think about what
to teach and how to teach, but also about who is to accept the lesson, what is
the meaning of learning for students, and the ability of what is on learners in
following the activities of learning.2 That means a teacher should know and
master various learning strategies in the learning process. The teachers have
to choose the right strategy so that learners can learn effectively and
efficiently and achieve the expected goals.
1 Iskandar Wassid, Strategy Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. (Bandung : Pt. Remaja
Rosda Karya, 2008), p. 7 2 Iskandar Wassid, Strategy Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris, p. 23
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Learning strategy is an activity chosen by the teacher or lecturer in the
learning process that can help and facilitate the learners towards the
achievement of specific teaching.
In teaching English there are some the strategies of teaching according
to classification:
a. Learning strategy based on suppression components in teaching
program, in this strategy, there are 3 kinds of learning strategies,
namely: 1. The strategy centered teaching faculty. 2 Teaching strategies
centered on the learner.3 Teaching strategies centered on teaching
materials.
b. Learning strategies based message processing activities or materials. On
this strategy can be divided into two types: expository learning
strategies and teaching and learning strategies.
c. Learning strategies based on the way the discovery process. Based on
the way the discovery process, a learning strategy consists of expository
strategy and strategy discovery. 3 from the theory above it‟s mean that
there are three of strategies in learning proces nameli : Learning
strategy based on suppression components in teaching program and also
Learning strategies based message processing activities or materials and
Learning strategies based on the way the discovery process, all above
are the strategies in teaching english language.
3 Iskandar Wassid, Strategy Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris, p. 32
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1. The Type of Teaching Strategies
There are three formal strategies that have evolved from the
effective-teaching research and emphasize on higher students
achievement.4 They are as follows:
a. The Direct Teaching Strategy
Direct teaching strategy is kind of teaching strategy that is teacher
centered and the teacher here should make a belief that her/his students are
involved inside of its teaching strategy. 5 Direct teaching refers to
academically focus, teacher-directed classroom using sequenced and
structured materials. It also refers to teach the classroom activities in
which goals are clear to students, sufficient time is allowed for instruction,
coverage of content is extensive, performance of the students is monitored,
and feedback is academically oriented.
In direct instruction, teachers are actively involved by introducing
content, demonstrating skills, directing large-group experiences with the
content, checking the students‟ understanding and monitoring individual or
small-group work, as well as providing review.
Direct instruction is examined here as a key strategy because it
emphasizes on meeting specific objectives keyed to learning outcomes and
is particularly effective for acquisition of basic skills. This approach
continuous to be widely used today because it helps to increase on-task
4 Richard, Kindsvatter,et al, Dynamics of Effective Teaching. (New York: Longman
Publishers USA, 1996), p. 169 5 Ibid
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learning time that contributes to students‟ achievement. This teaching
strategy also can be called as systematic teaching or active teaching.
2. The Mastery-Learning Teaching Strategy
The mastery-learning strategy focuses on the students‟ ability
through providing enough time and the right conditions using diagnostic-
prescriptive approach to determine instructional decisions. Mastery
learning is not constructivist approach. 6 it means that in mastery learning
teaching strategy, the students should pay attention and mastery about the
lesson that learned for them.
The similar opinion came from Majid stated that mastery-
learning teaching strategy is a learning strategy which asserts on the
“mastery”, thus all members of the class should master the materials based
on the period of time that is stated. The prominent phases in this mastery
learning are identify prerequisite, making test to measure the students‟
progress and students‟ competence achievement. It does provide an
individualized instruction or small-group approach using a structured
curriculum divided into small groups of knowledge and skills to be
learned. The strategy is taught with the belief that all students, given
enough time can reach reasonable instructional objectives. Mastery
learning is a key instructional component in the Outcomes-Based
Education model that is being adopted in many states. It also widely used
in many other countries.
6 Ibid. p. 302
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3. The Cooperative-Learning Teaching Strategy
This cooperative learning strategy emphasizes on students
working together in cooperative-learning projects, engaging in peer-
tutoring, and possibly receiving a grade based on the group‟s performance
as well as individual performance. 7 It means that Cooperative learning is
one of the most heavily researched instructional strategy. In a review of
students‟ achievement, they also can incorporate group goals and
individual accountability when they work in a cooperative way.
B. The Meaning of EFL
EFL is an abbreviation for "English as a Foreign Language".8 This is
mainly used to talk about students (whose first language is not English)
learning English while living in their own country. For example, a Indonesian
person learning English in Indonesia.
Geoffrey stated that English is a foreign language. That is, it is
taught in schools, often widely, but it does not play an essential role in
national or social life. 9 It means English as a world language, is taught
among in foreign language situations of this kind, therefore, the hundreds of
thousands of learners of English tend to have an instrumental motivation for
learning the foreign language. The teaching of modern languages in schools
7 Ibid, p. 306
8https://www.englishclub.com/esl-forums/viewtopic.php?t=27300 (uploaded on 2
nd
of February 2016, at 17:20). 9 Geoffrey Broughton, et al. English as a Foreign Language, (New York: Routledge