8 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Review of Literature Undergraduate thesis entitled “The Analysis of Grammatical Error in Writing Skill Made by the Third Students of SMAN 2 Karangasem” was written by Widnyani (2006). This study focused on the grammatical error made by the students in writing English text. The data were from the third grade students of SMAN 2 Karangasem. This undergraduate thesis presents the analysis of English grammatical rules errors in detail by tables; it make this study has a strength point. In addition she also shows the application of the theory to classify the error. Besides, the weakness point in this undergraduate thesis is the explanations of the sources of errors occur is not clear enough. This study is relevant to this topic since it applied the same theory. Tatarani (2007) “An Analysis of Pronunciation of Some English Phonemes Made by the Balinese Employees in Santika Beach Hotel”. Her undergraduate thesis focused on the pronunciation of English phonemes made by Balinese employees in Santika Beach Hotel. This study stated that several errors occurring in pronouncing English phonemes made by the Balinese employees in Santika Beach Hotel. The errors are usually influenced by the interference of their mother tongue. The strength of her study is she gives the clear analysis of the English phonemes which are unable to pronounce by Balinese employees and give the
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
2.1 Review of Literature
Undergraduate thesis entitled “The Analysis of Grammatical Error in
Writing Skill Made by the Third Students of SMAN 2 Karangasem” was written
by Widnyani (2006). This study focused on the grammatical error made by the
students in writing English text. The data were from the third grade students of
SMAN 2 Karangasem. This undergraduate thesis presents the analysis of English
grammatical rules errors in detail by tables; it make this study has a strength point.
In addition she also shows the application of the theory to classify the error.
Besides, the weakness point in this undergraduate thesis is the explanations of the
sources of errors occur is not clear enough. This study is relevant to this topic
since it applied the same theory.
Tatarani (2007) “An Analysis of Pronunciation of Some English Phonemes
Made by the Balinese Employees in Santika Beach Hotel”. Her undergraduate
thesis focused on the pronunciation of English phonemes made by Balinese
employees in Santika Beach Hotel. This study stated that several errors occurring
in pronouncing English phonemes made by the Balinese employees in Santika
Beach Hotel. The errors are usually influenced by the interference of their mother
tongue. The strength of her study is she gives the clear analysis of the English
phonemes which are unable to pronounce by Balinese employees and give the
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clear explanation about the English sounds which are absent in Balinese language.
The weakness is the data does not supported by more examples of words. It just
mentions the phonemes and one word as an example. This undergraduate thesis is
relevant to this study since it analyzed the English phoneme; it is such as vowel,
consonant, and etc.
Undergraduate thesis entitled “An Analysis of Students‟ Errors in
Pronouncing English Vowels” written by Puspita (2007). This study focus on the
pronunciation error made by the students and specifically focuses in analyzing the
errors in pronouncing vowels. This study had shown the specific percentages of
dominant errors occur in detail and explained about the sources of errors occur
clearly, it is the strength of her study. The weakness is in the examples of the
errors are not clear enough; it is only shown by the phoneme symbols and did not
supported by the example of words. This undergraduate thesis is relevant because
it focus on the pronunciation error and the object is vowel, this thesis also applied
the same theory.
Damayanti (2008) “English Pronunciation in Fricative Consonants by
Balinese Shopkeepers at Kumbasari Market”. Her undergraduate thesis focused
on the pronunciation of English phonemes made by Balinese shopkeepers at
Kumbasari Market. This thesis stated that some errors occur in pronouncing
English phonemes made by the Balinese shopkeepers and it usually caused by the
influence of their mother tongue. The strength of this study is she gives the clear
explanation about fricative consonants which are unable to pronounce by Balinese
shopkeepers and she also give the clear explanation about the factors contributed
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to the errors even her study is not concern on it. The weakness is the data does not
supported by more examples of words. She only mentions the phonemes and one
word as an example. Damayanti‟s undergraduate thesis is relevant to this study
since it also analyzed the consonant.
Undergraduate thesis entitled “English Pronunciation Error Made by Sixth
Grade Students in SD Saraswati 2 Denpasar” was written by Mahayani (2009).
Her study focused on the error of English pronunciation made by sixth grade
students in SD Saraswati 2 Denpasar. The result of her analysis had shown in
detail by percentage, it is the strength in this study since it can present how many
percent each errors made by the students in detail. The weakness point is the
explanations of the sources of errors are not clear enough since the attention is
more focused in the percentage of errors occurring. Mahayani‟s undergraduate
thesis is relevant to this study since the focus is in the errors in pronunciation and
it used the same theory.
Wahyu (2011) in her undergraduate thesis entitled “Reducing Students‟
Anxiety to Speak English”. This study focused on the anxiety of the students to
speak English. Her thesis stated that the students usually made an error in
speaking English words when the students face several situation such as do the
presentation in front of the class. Nervous feeling when they stand in front of the
class can increase the students‟ anxiety. Consequently, it affect in how the
students say something and usually it cause some errors in pronouncing English
words. Her work is related to this study since it is concern on the sources of
errors. The clear explanation about how the students‟ anxiety can cause the errors
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in speaking English and how to reduce that anxiety is the strength in this study.
The weakness is she did not give the other way or the solution to solve the anxiety
when in case one way is not give an effect or unable to reduce the anxiety.
Article entitled The Analysis of the First Year Students’ Errors in
Pronouncing English Words was written by Mulansari, Basri, and Hastini in
English Language Teaching Society (ELTS) Vol. 2 No. 3 81-96 (2014). Their
article is focused on the errors made by the first years students in pronouncing
English words at SMAN 1 Parigi Tengah. The strength of this article is they give
the clear explanation about the factors contributing the errors such as internal and
external factors. Besides, they give the clear example of the errors produced by the
students in SMAN 1 Parigi Tengah; it is explained clearly with percentages and
tables. However; the weakness is they did not give the examples in the form of
word, they only mentioned the phoneme symbols which are the errors produced
by the students in SMAN 1 Parigi Tengah. This article is related to this study since
the concern is in the pronunciation.
2.2 Concepts
The concepts of the study are based on the ideas proposed by the experts in
the field of Linguistic. There are several concepts which would be presented in
this study. The concepts presented were: error analysis, error and mistake, vowel,
and consonant.
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2.2.1 Concept of Error Analysis
According to Richard (1985:96), the error analysis is the study and analysis
of the errors made by second and foreign language learner. Error analysis may be
carried out in order to find out how a person learns a language and to find out how
well someone knows a language.
2.2.2 Concept of Error and Mistake
A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or
„slip‟, in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly. All people make
mistakes, in both native and second language situations. Besides, mistake is a
deviation that can be self-corrected and it is not happened repeatedly. An error
refers to a deviation that cannot be self-corrected and it is happened repeatedly
(Corder, 1967: 217).
2.2.3 Concept of Vowel
According to Oxford Dictionaries, vowel means “A speech sound which is
produced by comparatively open configuration of the vocal tract, with vibration of
the vocal cords but without audible friction, and which is a unit of the sound
system of a language that forms the nucleus of a syllable.”
According to Peter (2011: 31) the word vowel comes from the Latin word
vocalis, meaning "vocal" (relating to voice). There is a conflict between the
phonetic and phonemic definition of vowel “(a) Phonetically, vowels are produced
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without any obstruction of air, and, (b) Phonologically, vowels usually occupy the
centre of a syllable”.
2.2.4 Concept of Consonant
According to Oxford Dictionaries, consonant means “A basic speech
sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be
combined with a vowel to form a syllable”. Peter (2011: 31), in his book entitled
A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology stated that consonants are sounds
that are produced by an obstruction of an air-stream either in the pharynx or in the
vocal tract.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
This research is based on several theories in linguistics. First, theory
proposed by Roach (1984 15-39) about vowels and consonants in his book
entitled English phonetics and Phonology. This theory is applied to solve the first
problem. Theory by Corder (1967: 217) about the difference between mistake and
error is applied to support the first theory. Second, Theory by Richards (1974:
174) about types and causes of error in his book entitled Error Analysis:
Perspective of Second Language Acquisition is applied to solve the second