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CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
I had to work with my head veiled. During the rains, my clothes
would become drenched
with excrement. They would not dry. The house would smell. I
started to get skin disease
and even to lose my hair.
----Badambai, Neemuch district, Madhya Pradesh, January
Badambai, Neemuch district, Madhya Pradesh, January Badambai,
Neemuch district, Madhya Pradesh, January Badambai, Neemuch
district, Madhya Pradesh, January
2014201420142014
I. INTRODUCTION:-
In India, there are constitutional and legislative prohibitions
on “untouchability”
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and manual scavenging. However, women and men continue to be
engaged in
manually cleaning human excrement from private and public dry
toilets, open
defecation sites, septic tanks, and open and closed gutters and
sewers. They
usually embark upon manual scavenging because of traditional
caste-based roles
that leave them few, if any, alternate employment options, a
situation perpetuated
by poor implementation of laws and policies prohibiting this
practice.
Historically, civil, social, and economic life in India has been
regulated by the
caste system—a system of social stratification that designates
ranked groups
defined by descent and confined to particular occupations.
Caste-based social
organization is governed by custom and is enforced socially and
economically.
Irrespective of the religion practiced by an individual, caste
in India is hereditary
in nature. A community’s caste designation has long had a
significant impact on
the ability of members of that community to control land and
other productive
resources, establishing broad congruence between caste and
class.
Dalits are relegated to the bottom of the caste hierarchy. They
have been
traditionally limited to livelihoods viewed as deplorable or
deemed too menial by
higher caste groups— including as manual scavengers, leather
workers, and
cobblers, among others. Their caste designation also renders
them socially
“polluted” or “untouchable” and is used to justify
discriminatory practices. As a
result, in parts of India, Dalit communities are still denied
access to community
water sources, denied service by barbers, served tea in separate
cups, barred from
entering shops, excluded from temples, and prevented from taking
part in
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community religious and ceremonial functions.
While India’s constitution and other laws guarantee equal status
for all citizens
and outlaws untouchability practices, various forms of
discrimination persist.
Even under existing law, Muslim and Christian Dalits are not
included as
Scheduled Castes and thus are not eligible for the same
protections as Hindu
Dalits under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Prevention of Atrocities
Act, 1989. 13 The persistence of untouchability has been
condemned by many
Indian leaders, including then-Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,
who likened
caste discrimination to apartheid.
In several developing countries, a notorious proportion of the
urban poor,
known as scavengers or waste-pickers, are involved in waste
collection and
recycling as a means of income generation. This activity
generates a positive
social externality as production costs in some sectors have been
reduced and
landfills’ lifetime has been lengthened. In addition, virgin
materials are used less
intensively, lengthening the availability of natural resources.
The purpose of this
research study is to show that scavengers in developing
countries generate a
positive externality on society and therefore their activity
should be encouraged
through economic incentives that lead them to increase the
amount of solid waste
up to optimal levels. This study incorporates the role of
waste-pickers in an
integrated dynamic model of production, consumption and discard
of waste,
subject to either disposal or recycling.
Street sweepers play an important role in maintaining the health
and
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hygiene in the cities. This job exposes street sweepers to a
variety of risk factors
such as dust, bioaerosols, volatile organic matter and
mechanical stress, which
make them susceptible to certain occupational diseases. The
important morbid
conditions detected in these workers include the diseases of the
respiratory system
and eye, accidents, injuries, cuts and wounds, skin infections,
animal bites, etc. At
present, the standards and norms for the management of municipal
solid wastes in
industrialized countries have substantially reduced the
occupational health
impacts. However, in developing countries, the health related
underpinnings of
solid waste management still need to be addressed. Workers
manually collect the
wastes. There is little, if any, protection to workers from
direct contact and injury
and virtually no dust control at the workplaces. Solid waste
collectors are exposed
to significantly large amount of dusts, microorganisms, toxins
and diesel exhaust
pollution than the recommended norms. In India, the traditional
culture has
stigmatized street sweeping as a filthy and lowly occupation.
The medical
problems of these workers are further compounded by various
socioeconomic
factors such as poverty, lack of education, poor housing
conditions and poor diet.
Similarly, very few studies have been carried out in India to
study the morbidity
profile of these workers. With this background, and fortified by
the fact that no
such study has been carried out in Southern India, the
researcher decided to carry
out the present research in a form of doctoral course to study
the prevalence of
various morbidities in this occupational group.
The physical characteristics of Third World cities, their rapid
expansion,
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and the lack of resources to provide for necessary
infrastructure and urban
services, translates into an insufficient collection of the
waste generated, as well as
its improper disposal on the streets, vacant lots and, at best,
in municipal open
dumps. Most Third World cities do not collect the utility of
waste they generate.
Despite spending 30 to 50% of their operational budgets on waste
management,
Third World cities only collect between 50 and 80% of the refuse
generated
(Bernstein, 1993). Sustainable approaches to waste management
emphasize waste
reduction from the generation point, recycling of materials and
recovery of
nutrients, chemicals, and energy values from the waste. These
approaches
substantially reduce the volume of the waste stream requiring
final disposal in a
sanitary landfill, which implies reduced waste-transport cost
and a prolonging of
the life span of the sanitary landfill site. Lower waste volume
reaching disposal
sites also means less resulting pollution.
The recycling of recovered materials from the waste stream
implies less
demand for raw materials to manufacture new products (Kaseva and
Gupta, 1996).
An important characteristic of waste recovery and recycling in
developing
countries is the participation of the informal sector
(Ojeda-Benitez et al., 2002).
This informal sector operates in parallel with formal waste
collection authorities,
and is mainly guided by market forces. Since such waste recovery
is labor
intensive, it provides a livelihood for many new immigrants and
marginalized
people in metropolises. These self-employed workers are often
called
“scavengers”, “waste pickers” or “rag pickers” in English
speaking areas, but they
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also receive different names depending on the local language, on
the place they
work, and on the materials they collect (Medina, 1997).
Scavengers have been
defined in many ways. Hogland and Marques (2000) state that
scavengers are
usually people who treat waste as “ore” i.e., a source from
which valuable material
can be extracted. Ojeda-Benítez et al. (2002) define waste
pickers as persons that
literally live on waste and are completely dependent on it for
their food and
clothing.
Scavengers often live either on or beside landfills in order to
await the
arrival of waste filled trucks. They sort the waste with their
bare hands, sticks or
simple hooks. Sometimes entire families work at a landfill in
this way (Hogland
and Marques, 2000). However, waste pickers are not always
located at dumps. In
some parts of the world, waste picking is done near the source,
that is after
collection has taken place at the generating sources but, before
being transported
to the dump or landfill (Ojeda-Benitez, et al., 2002). So,
scavengers can be
classified as itinerant waste pickers and landfill/ dump waste
pickers. The
existence of scavenging as a distinct occupation is based on:
markets for recovered
materials; waste in sufficient quantity and quality to meet
industrial demands and
people who are willing or compelled to do work that is poorly
paid, hazardous and
of a low status (Hogland and Marques, 2000). Scavenging is a
common
occurrence in the Third World countries, because of high
unemployment,
widespread poverty and the lack of a safety net for the poor
(Medina, 2001).
Definitions
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"Manual Scavenger" means a person engaged in or employed whether
by an
individual or an urban local body or any other public or private
agency, for
manually cleaning carrying or disposing or dealing in any manner
with human
excreta in a latrine, a tank, a drain or a sewer line or open
spaces including railway
tracks, and the expression "manual scavenging" shall be
construed accordingly.
"Inhuman practice" means above-mentioned work of manual
scavenging carried
by human being. Manual scavenging in itself a dehumanize
practice as it violated
human rights of those who carry it.
"Liberate" means get freed from practice of manual scavenging or
leave the
work.
"Rehabilitation" means provide socio-economic security to those
who liberated
from the work of manual scavenging. It means ensuring social
security by
providing economic resources, which includes permanent resources
for livelihood,
education, land and housing.
"Manual scavenging" means carrying human excreta and dumping
from one
place to another. Thus, if a person manually cleaning carrying
or disposing or
dealing in any manner with human excreta in a latrine, a tank, a
drain or a sewer
line or open spaces including railway tracks.
"Released manual scavenger" means people or family members
including
mother, father, son daughter, daughter-in law and Grand parents
who earlier
engaged in manual scavenging defined under sec 2(a) and left
doing so any point
of time before enactment of this Act.
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"Dry latrines" means a latrine such as a bucket or Uthau type of
latrine involving
manual removal of untreated human excreta daily or
periodically.
Benefits from scavengers activity: The role of waste pickers in
developing
country cities is essential for both environmental and economic
reasons. It is
difficult to quantify the total contribution of the informal
sector to urban waste
management. The informal nature of this sector inherently
implies a lack of
official statistical data. Quantification of informal recovery
is, therefore, scarce
and uncertain (Van Beukering and Gupta, 2000). Several authors
show in their
earlier studies how scavenging provides various social, economic
and environment
benefits: Recycling of solid wastes reduces air and water
pollution, saves energy,
reduces waste from industrial processes compared with the use of
virgin materials,
and in many cases reduces imports of raw materials (Medina,
1997).
II. NEED OF THE STUDY:
Caste System in India since ages based on inequality,
discrimination and
Injustice, in which the most cruel and inhuman is the one that
pertains to Manual
scavenging, a degrading ‘slavery’ for the lowermost rungs
amongst the Caste
system, where people are coerced to carry night soil
manually.
Manual scavengers have been deprived of basic rights by the
feudal society.
They have been forced to do dehumanized practice by clearing,
carrying, handling
and disposing human excreta. Women are mostly engaged in manual
scavenging.
Manual scavengers are yet to be liberated from historical
injustices even after
independence of India. Fundamental rights of people are violated
due to
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continuation of manual scavenging. Therefore, on the basis of
Article 15, 17 and
21 of the Indian Constitution following legislation has been
enacted.
Whereas Article 15 of the Indian constitution prohibits
discrimination to
any citizen on the ground of religion, race, caste, sex or place
of birth. However,
manual scavengers are discriminated in the society due to their
caste and nature of
work. Whereas Article 17: Untouchability in any form is
prohibited under article
17 of the constitution and any disability arising out of
untouchability shall be an
offence punishable in accordance with law. However, those who
are employed in
manual scavenge and those who released from manual scavenging
are still facing
untouchability.
Whereas Article 21 of the constitution provides right to life to
every citizen,
but the human rights of the manual scavengers are violated at
such extent that their
right to life has been violated. However, the directive
Principle of State Policies
under part 4 of the Indian constitution stated that State shall
secure a social order
for the promotion of welfare of the people. Thus, the state is
duty bound to liberate
and rehabilitate manual scavengers from the practice of manual
scavenging and to
rehabilitate those who have released from the practice of manual
scavenging but
manual scavengers has been deprived of opportunity for
development due to
discrimination by the society. Among them, people who work as
manual
scavenger have been deprived of social justice.
Sweeper who has been dedicating their lives for cleaning our
community
for ever and a day treated as untouchable caste here. Mahatma
Gandhi honored
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them with the title "Harijan" which means children of God.
Unfortunately the
sweeper one of the 44 schedule Hindu caste communities is the
most neglected
part of the society. The people of this community said that
their grandparents were
bought by British Empire from Hyderabad to do physical work.
Their language
remains Madraji, Teluga or Hindhi not in Bangla. Still now,
their cultures are
different from upper caste Hindu and similar family also.
Historically, this
community has been employed in sweeping and cleaning city
garbage. Habitually,
they think themselves as sweeper for generation by generation.
According to the
international convention on the elimination of all forms of the
racial
discrimination (CEDR) agreement, the government is bound to
fullfill the basic
needs of the employment houses, education, healthcare services
of lower caste
people. The community is isolated in terms of political,
economical and mental
aspect from the mainstream community. They are not allowed to
eat in the hotel,
read in the school, or sit in the public place of mainstream
society. Their
livelihood have not yet been changed a little.
Moreover, the traditional job becoming more competitive to them
because
the government and semi government agency have been recruiting
non-
professional sweeper from other upper caste community. Being
they are not
capable for other profession and a part of poor they always have
been enduring in
the vicious cycle of poverty. Some local and international
organization has formed
with a view to protect they their rights. Donor, International
and local NGOs have
been working for the sector for couple of years. most of the
contry and United
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Nations are committed to reduce the racial discrimination also.
There are a number
of challenges and constraints which effect Dalit communities
rights and equal
opportunities to enjoy fundamental human rights. Most notably,
this concern the
lack of access to education, poverty issue health and housing
problem, unequal
access to work, discrimination against women, bonded labour and
child labour
(IDSN, 2009).
III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
Many communities throughout the world are battling with the
problem of
how to safely and effectively manage their municipal solid
waste. Solid waste
recycling is now becoming a common practice in the developed
countries as
people become more conscious of pollution problems caused by
uncontrolled
waste generation and disposal (Morris and Dickey 1991). Through
proper
legislation, coupled with education and intensive citizen
participation, relevant
agencies at local, state, and federal government levels, have
been able to reduce
the amount of waste disposed of in incinerators and landfills by
adopting
appropriate recycling program (Kelley 1992).
In order to reduce the possibility of contamination and increase
the rate of
capture of the recyclables, sorting at the source is emphasized.
The recyclables are
placed in a special container at the curbside, separate from
another container
where the non-recyclables are kept. Well-planned and
well-implemented recycling
programs have been very successful at reducing waste and costs.
In Wilkes-Barre,
Pennsylvania, it resulted in a savings of $500,000 in landfill
avoidance costs
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within the period between 1988 and 1991. A 60–70% reduction in
waste was
achieved in Leeds, England in 1991. Apart from cities,
university communities are
also increasingly involved in recycling programs. At the
University of Colorado,
the reduction in waste as a result of implementation of a
recycling program was
30%. The corresponding values for Stanford University, the
University of
Michigan, and the University of Minnesota were 28%, 15%, and
25%,
respectively. The landfill avoidance costs for Colorado,
Stanford, and Michigan
were 50%, 20%, and 25%, respectively.
Planned recycling does not exist in India as it does in
developed countries.
In India the problem of solid waste management has become more
complex in
recent times due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and
industrialization
and the rising standard of living. Both the quantity and
diversity of waste now
being generated have increased. This problem is further
complicated by political,
economical, and sociological factors. Solid waste is managed at
the municipal
level by either the state government agency or contractors who
are involved in
waste collection, transfer and transport, and disposal. Usually,
waste collection
and disposal is restricted to the urban areas and has not been
extended to the rural
areas. Urban waste management is still fraught with many
problems like lack of
financial resources, collection and transportation facilities,
poorly developed
dumping grounds that are potentially threatening to public
health and
environmental health, and poor management. In the eighties, when
the economy
was booming, technological, socio-economic, and marketing
considerations
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encouraged more people to buy the new goods and discard the old.
There was
general disregard for the potential reuse and recycling of waste
material. In recent
times, however, the bad national economy has forced some people
into reusing
their old materials. In some homes, waste paper, cans, and glass
are stored
separately and sold to scavengers when they visit.
IV. OBJECTIVES:
1. To know the socio-economic status of scavengers in Gulbarga
City.
2. To assess the nature and magnitude of the problem of
scavengers in the
study area.
3. To assess the family livelihood condition including financial
and
nonfinancial part of scavengers.
4. To find out the trend and attitudes of scavenging
profession.
5. To trace the impact of socio and economic conditions on
sweeper at
work.
6. To attain the expected social relations and health
hazards.
7. To access their social status and professional
recognisation.
8. To suggest policy measures to removal of social disorders of
scavengers
in Gulbarga city.
V. HYPOTHESIS:
1. Child enters into Scavengers at an early age.
2. Majority of Scavengers come from large family.
3. Majority of Scavengers belongs to Schedule Caste and Schedule
Tribes.
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4. Higher the broken family, higher the number of
Scavengers.
5. There is inverse relationship between parents� education and
Scavengers.
6. Majority of Scavengers belongs to poor family.
7. There is significant relationship between occupations and
social status
8. There is significant association between caste and age at
entry into
Scavengers.
9. Educations of Scavengers are associated with type of job.
VI. METHODOLOGY:
The present study being an exploratory and diagnostic one, thus
it has been
decided to carry out in Gulbarga City. However, due to the poor
political will
from the State Governments, the Gulbarga District remained
economically and
industrially most backward district in Karnataka State. But with
its heterogenetic
culture it ideally serves the purpose to undertake the present
research study in this
area only.
Method of Data Collection:-
The present study is basically an empirical in nature. The
secondary
sources like books, journals, government manuals, websites and
published and
unpublished works related to the subject were also used. The
primary data is
collected with the help of structured questionnaire along with
interview method.
The primary data is collected with the help of structured
questionnaire
along with interview method. The interview schedule consists of
seven parts.
They are
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Personal identification of child rag pickers:
In this part demographic variable such as age, sex, religion,
caste, mother tongue,
level of respondent education, reasons for dropping out of
school, etc, are
included.
Family background:
This part is devoted to the family background of scavengers. The
aspects covered
under this dimension are type of house, size of family,
structure of family, type of
family, father and mother educational background, father and
mother occupation,
total family income, facilities of house have etc, comes under
this section.
Working conditions:
This part is deals with working conditions of child scavengers
comprises of
duration of work, nature of work, using separate clothes and
equipments during
waste collecting, kind of job, monthly earnings, utilization of
money, exploitation
of child scavengers, etc,.
Group identification:
This part consists of group identification of scavengers. It
throws light on
working in group, number of persons in group, sex wise
distribution of group
members, location of frequent of waste picking activities. The
study also traces to
find out number of visits to particular location, timing to
visit etc,.
Personal behaviour:
The part gives the details of the personal behaviour of
scavengers in the study
area. The study focuses on intensity of hunger among scavengers.
It analyses the
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bad habits developed scavengers and their involvement in the
anti-social activities
etc.
Health of child rag pickers:
This part consists of sickness during the work, sickness of the
last time, type of
illness, injury during the work, type of injury, consultation
for the illness or injury
etc,.
Perception of child rag pickers:
This part focuses on role of NGOs in development of scavengers,
awareness of
the child rights among scavengers, reasons for not taking
benefits of government
schools, requirements of scavengers, aspiration to have good
education and
foresee about future life etc,.
Universe / Sample:
In order to collect the primary data from the respondents, the
Random
sampling design have been adopted i.e., by using house listing
and sampling
method. Further the sample size of 438 questionnaires served
while interviewing
the study respondents.
Analysis of Data:
Moreover, for the detail investigation, qualitative research
techniques has
been used (case study or focus group discussion) and lastly,
necessary multiple
statistical tools has been applied with the help of computer to
analyze the data in
a scientific way.
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Further we used some statistical tools for data analysis of the
study such as tabular
analysis and chi-square test in this research.
In the present study, the qualitative information obtained
during the interviews,
using a pre-coded questionnaire. Quantities information obtained
from the
structured interview schedule was edited carefully. The data
were processed by
SPSS package. Analysis of quantitative information consisted of
producing simple
frequency. In order test the hypothesis statistical technique of
Chi-square is
calculated.
VII. LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY:
1) Present research is delimited to study of Karnataka.
2) It is delimited to study of Gulbarga city.
3) It is restricted to the study of 438 Scavengers Gulbarga city
only
VIII. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS:
The present Research “Traditional Profession and Livelihood: A
Study on
Scavengers” is spread over 9 chapters:
CHAPTER–I: This is about introduction, which presents the
details of historical
background, types of scavengers, characteristics of scavengers,
constitutional
safeguards for scavengers and conceptual frame work of the
study. Research
methodology of the problem, need for the study, which discusses
objectives,
hypothesis, sample, data collection and analysis methods.
CHAPTER–II: This chapter gives an account of review of
literature related to
scavengers.
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CHAPTER–III: Discuss the profile of the Study area
CHAPTER–IV: This chapter is devoted to the family background of
scavengers.
CHAPTER–V: This chapter reflects upon scavenger’s livelihood
condition and
standard of life.
CHAPTER–VI: This chapter presents scavengers professional trend
attitude and
job satisfaction.
CHAPTER–VII: This chapter deals personal behavior and
perceptions of
scavengers.
CHAPTER–VIII: this chapter deals with scavengers professional
health hazards
CHAPTER–IX: This chapter devoted to the summary, findings,
conclusion and
suggestions for further studies.
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