Chapter Four Nutrition II. Objectives Understand the guidelines for food labeling and how they describe the nutritional values of food Identify problems.

Chapter Four

Nutrition II

Objectives Understand the guidelines for food

labeling and how they describe the nutritional values of food

Identify problems associated with fast food dining

Understand the issues related to supplement use

Define the 4 styles of vegetarianism

Objectives cont… Explain the guidelines for a successful

weight-loss program Define eating disorders and understand

their risk factors, underlying issues, problems associated with each, and what can be done to help

Vegetarianism Are vegetarians able to meet their nutritional

needs through their daily food intake? 4 types of diets:

Vegans: no animal products are consumed Lactovegetarians: eats dairy products, but do not

consume any other animal products Ovolactovegetarians: eats eggs and dairy products, but

do not consume any other animal products Semivegetarian: eats a small selection of poultry, fish,

and other seafood in addition to eggs and dairy products

Reading Labels Ingredients are listed by % of total

weight, in order from highest to lowest Law requires the following on a label:

# of servings per container # of calories per serving % of total fat (including saturated fat),

cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrates (including fiber & sugars), protein, vitamin, and minerals

Reading Labels cont… Daily Value

Based on 2,000 to 2,500 calorie/day If you eat more or less, your personal daily

value will change For total carbohydrates, dietary fiber,

vitamins, and minerals, your daily value goal is to reach 100%

Choose foods with a low % daily value for fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium

Key Words & Health Claims on Product Labels

Key words on product labels Fat free Low fat Lean Light

Health claims about: Heart disease & Fats Blood pressure & Sodium Heart disease and fruits, vegetables, and

grain products

Healthy Food Shopping Read labels while shopping

Serving sizes # of servings per container Compare the total # of calories in similar products

Shop for quick, low fat food items and lower calorie staples

Fast Food / Eating Out Quick service & low prices High in fat and calories Low in many essential nutrients and

dietary fiber Is it possible to make healthy choices at

fast food restaurants??? Look at the nutritional info at restaurants Broiled, baked, roasted vs. Fried Look at the portion size

Dietary Supplements Is it necessary to take a dietary

supplement??? The best and most preferred method is to

eat a healthy diet Dietary supplements are often less effective

in delivering these nutrients to your body More does not mean better

Dietary Supplements cont… Taken in concentrations higher than

the RDA, may result in the following: undesirable side effects toxicity interfere with the absorption of other vital

nutrients

Certain conditions and lifestyles may require supplementation (anemia, pregnancy, & vegetarianism)

Weight Loss Products Appetite Suppressants

Metabolism Boosters

Programs

Appetite Suppressants

Description: Suppresses the appetite by increasing a feeling of fullness, resulting in a reduction of food intake

Cautions: deficiencies of important nutrients

Example: dexatrim

Metabolism Boosters

Description: Increases your basal metabolic rate Increases the building of lean muscle mass &

decreases the production of fat They are intended to be used with a sound exercise

program

Caution: long term effects are not known

Examples: creatine phosphate & metabolite

Programs Design:

Utilizes a reduced-calorie diet Some are pre-packed foods Others replace meals with shakes Many have maintenance plans once you have

reached your weight loss goal

Cautions: “yo-yo” dieting, BMR drops

Examples: Slim Fast & Jenny Craig

Problems Associated with Fad Diets

Programs are based on unsound information, and may have no basis in scientific fact

Severe caloric restriction Nutritional deficits “yo-yo” effect Weight loss is water & muscle, not fat Does not teach healthy behavior modification

and a healthy lifestyle

Red Flags when Considering a Weight Loss Plan

Claims that no exercise or calorie reduction is necessary

Costly

Emphasizes a particular food

Extreme results over little time

Does not include behavior modification

Harmful Aspects of Dieting Considered severe caloric restriction

when ingesting less than 800 calories/day 50% of the weight loss is muscle loss Heart muscle can be affected Problems with blood pressure dropping

Dizziness, lightheaded, and fatigue Problems with nausea and abdominal pain

Body Composition 1 of the 5 components of health related

fitness % of body fat in relationship to an

individual’s lean body mass Better indicator of overall health and

fitness than a person’s actual body weight

Current ideal standards Males: 7-15% Females: 18-23%

Weight Management

Proper nutrition Choose a healthy assortment of food that

are low in fats and sugars (vegetables, fruits, whole grains, skim milk, fish, lean cuts of meat, and beans)

Choose sensible portion sizes Check product labels for calories, number of

servings, & fat grams

Regular physical activity

What is a Healthy Body Weight?

Best indicator is body composition

Body Mass Index Based on the

notion that weight is proportional to height

Ideal Weight vs. Natural Weight

“Ideal weight” is often unrealistic

Natural weight is achieved when a person eats healthy portions of a variety of foods

Determining Caloric NeedsCaloric needs are different for every individual

Method #1 Target body weight

Females: 100 + (inches over 5ft X 5lbs) Males: 106 + (inches over 5ft X 6lbs)

Target weight X 10 = Calories for weight

Calories for weight + Activity level = Daily Calorie Allowance

Method #2 Multiply your body weight by the activity factor that

applies to you

Caloric Needs cont… Visit the Nutrition Analysis Tool to

determine your caloric needs

Guidelines for a Successful Weight Loss Program

• Mild caloric restriction• Dynamic aerobic exercise• Realistic weight loss: 2 lbs/week• Learn healthy behavior modification• Lifetime commitment to healthy eating and

regular exercise, one you can follow for alifetime, anywhere at anytime

• Portion sizes, maintain nutritionally sound meals

Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are potentially life threatening, mental health conditions related to obsessive eating patterns

Types of Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Fear of Obesity Activity Nervosa

Eating Disorders – Underlying Issues

A distorted body image Always striving for perfection A need to be in control Low self-esteem Depression There is a conflict between a desire for

perfection and feelings of personal inadequacy

Causes of Eating Disorders

Causes are numerous and complex Psychological factors Chemical imbalances Emotional disorders Family pressure Culture Society Media

Who’s at Risk? More women than men, but it is believed

to be underreported in men Individuals living in economically

developed nations College campuses Upper middle class women Certain female sports Certain male sports

Anorexia Nervosa A state of starvation resulting from

severe dieting and excessive exercise Symptoms:

Major weight loss Loss of menstrual periods Dry skin Excessive hair on the skin Thinning of scalp hair Gastrointesinal problems Orthopedic problems

Anorexia Nervosa cont… Complications:

Damaged bones, organs, muscles, immune system, digestive system, nervous system

Suicide Heart disease Possible sterility Nerve damage Possible seizures Anemia GI problems

Bulimia Nervosa

State of bingeing and purging Symptoms:

Secretive behavior Preoccupation with food Frequent weight fluctuations due to

alternating binges & fasts Cuts and calluses on the finger joints Broken blood vessels around their eyes Damaged tooth enamel

Bulimia Nervosa cont…

Complications: Tooth erosion, cavities, and gum

problems Abdominal bloating Possible sterility Dehydration Low potassium levels Heart damage

Fear of Obesity & Activity Nervosa

Fear of Obesity Over concern with thinness precursor to anorexia or bulimia

Activity Nervosa Compulsion to exercise, regardless of

illness or injury

Helping Someone with an Eating Disorder

How can I help? Don’t ignore the problem Learn more about the problem Be supportive, not accusatory Be patient Offer help

Helping Someone with an Eating Disorder cont…

Medical Treatment: Necessary Resistance and denial on behalf of the patient Need support from friends and family Interdiscplinary approach:

Counseling (family therapy, support groups) nutritional therapy drug therapy hospital stays

Summary Fast food choices are often high in fat and

calories, and low in many essential nutrients and dietary fiber

Dietary supplements are often less effective in delivering nutrients to your body

Fad diets are often based on unsound information, and may have no basis in scientific fact

Guidelines for a successful weight loss program include healthy behavior modification and lifetime commitment to healthy eating and regular exercise

Summary cont… Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are

potentially life threatening, mental health conditions related to obsessive eating patterns

Causes are numerous and complex Medical treatment is necessary and will require

medical intervention from a team of specialists

Contacts & Websites American Dietetic Association

www.eatright.org General Nutrition Site

www.healthy.net/index.html Food and Drug Administration

www.fda.gov Food and Nutrition Service

www.usda.gov/fcs National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated

Disorders www.injersey.com/Living/Health/anad.index.html

Local Contacts-Eating Disorders

Texas A&M University Student Counseling 845-2700 (Help line) Dr. Mary Ann Covy 845-4427 Dr. Reed 845-1566