CHAPTER 9 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
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CHAPTER 9
REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Human
Reproductive
System
Male reproductive organ
Female reproductive organ
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
MALE
FEMALE
Role of hormones in spermatogenesis
Role of hormones
in ovarian cycle &
menstrual cycle
+ve & -ve feedback
mechanism in the
cycles
9.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: MALE
Learning outcomes:
•Overview male reproductive organ (testis) and the structure of spermatozoa [C1]•Explain the structure of spermatozoa [C2]•Explain the role of hormones in spermatogenesis: GnRH, LH, FSH and Testosterone [C2]•Explain the stages in spermatogenesis and its hormonal control [C2]
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
9.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: FEMALE
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Overview female reproductive organ (ovary) and the structure of
secondary oocyte [C1]
Explain the structure of the secondary oocyte [C2]
Explain the role of hormones in female reproductive cycle:
GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen and Progesterone [C2]
Explain the stages in oogenesis [C2]
Explain female reproductive cycle and its hormonal control [C2]
i. Ovarian cycle
ii. Uterine / menstrual cycle
Human reproductive system
• Human reproductive system consists of:
– a pair of primary reproductive organs, or gonads
that produce gametes in a process called
gametogenesis
Male gonads
Female
gonads
Testes (pl) : produce sperms
/ spermatozoa by
spermatogenesis
Ovaries : produce ovum
(pl:ova) by oogenesis
testis
sperms
ovary
eggs (ova)
zygote
embryo
foetus
baby
mitosis
meiosis
fertilization
meiosis
Male Reproductive Organ
Male Reproductive Organ
Site of sperms
production
Male Reproductive Organ
Scattered between
tubules
- Produce
testosterone
• Nourish the deve-
loping and mature
sperm cells
• Produce inhibin
Structure of Sperm
- Consist of a nucleus
- Part of the nucleus
is covered by
acrosome
- Contains lots of
mitochondria
🡪 provide ATP
energy
- Has 9 + 2
arrangement of
microtubules
- Provide movement
Organs Structure Function
Testes Produce sperms and sex hormones
Epididymis Site of sperm maturation and some storage of
sperm
Vas deferens 2 ducts that run from scrotum around and
behind urinary bladder
Conduct and store sperm
Seminal
vesicle
A pair of glands that contributes 60% of
semen total volume (semen – thick,
yellowish, alkaline and contain mucus,
fructose, coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid
& prostaglandin
Contain
- fructose - nourish the sperm and
- prostaglandin - stimulate contraction of female
reproductive tract & help the semen up the
uterus
Prostate gland Secrete an alkaline fluid (neutralize the acidic
environment of vagina)
Bulbourethral
gland
Secrete mucus
- neutralize any acidic urine
remaining in the urethra
- lubricates the penis, facilitating its
penetration into vagina
Urethra Drains both urine and semen
Penis
Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis
Hormone Function
Gonadotropin-Releasing
Hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete
FSH and LH
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete
testosterone
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
Promotes spermatogenesis by
• stimulating Sertoli cells to synthesize
Androgen binding protein (ABP)
• Stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete
inhibin
Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis
Hormone Function
Testosterone
Stimulate Primary Sex Characteristics
• Growth of reproductive organs
• Spermatogenesis
Stimulate Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Growth of facial and body hair
• Muscle development
• Voice deepening
Inhibin Inhibits FSH secretion
Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis
Androgen
binding protein
(ABP)
Spermatogenesis
The formation and development of sperm
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
SpermiogenesisThe maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa
Female Reproductive Organ
Female Reproductive Organ
Structure of Secondary Oocyte
Released during ovulation
Structure of Secondary Oocyte
Granulosa cells
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Secondary Oocyte
Plasma membrane cytoplasm
Granulosa cell
- Secretory cells in
Graafian follicle that
surrounds the oocyte
- Supply nutrients to
the developing oocyte
Zona Pellucida
- A layer of
glycoprotein that
surrounds the
plasma
membrane of a
mammalian egg
cell.
- It develops as a
jelly coat.
First Polar Body
one small cell that
is produced
during the
development of an
oocyte (in the first
of meiotic division)
and finally
degenerates.
- The membrane of
ovum
Roles of Hormones in Female Reproductive Cycle
Hormone Secreted by Function
Gonadotropin-
Releasing Hormone
(GnRH)
Hypothalamus Stimulates anterior pituitary gland
to secrete FSH and LH
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone(FSH)
Anterior pituitary
gland
- Stimulates follicle
development
Luteinizing
Hormone
(LH)
- Assist FSH in stimulating the
follicles
- Stimulates ovulation
- Stimulates development of
corpus luteum
Roles of Hormones in Female Reproductive Cycle
Hormone Secreted by Function
Estrogen
Ovaries (developing
follicles) and
corpus luteum
- Repair and thickening of
endometrium wall
Progesterone Corpus luteum
- Thicken and maintain the
thickening of endometrium wall/
double thickening
Oogenesis
The development of mature oocytes in the ovaries
• Oogenesis
starts during
embryonic
development
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
Female Reproductive Cycles1. The Ovarian Cycle 🡪 The cyclic events occur in ovaries
2. The Uterine/Menstrual Cycle 🡪 The changes in endometrial wall of uterus.
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
(Day 1 – 14)
Luteal Phase
(Day 15-28)
Uterine/Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Phase
(Day 1-5)
Proliferative Phase
(Day 6-14)
Secretory Phase
(Day 15-28)
Female Reproductive Cycles
Ovarian Cycle Uterine / Menstrual Cycle
Female Reproductive Cycles
• Regulated by
positive and
negative feedback
mechanisms.
• Ovarian cycle
hormones controls
the uterine cycle
endometrial growth
and loss.
Female Reproductive Cycles
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