Chapter 9 Adolescence: Ages 11 through 19 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Analyze the.

Chapter

9Adolescence: Ages

11 through 19

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Objectives• Analyze the physical development of

adolescents ages 11 through 19.• Analyze the cognitive development of

adolescents ages 11 through 19.• Analyze the socio-emotional development

of adolescents ages 11 through 19.

continued


Objectives• Compare and contrast various

developmental theories relating to adolescents.

• Identify developmentally appropriate guidance techniques for adolescents.

• Examine factors contributing to independence.


Physical Characteristics and Growth• Adolescence is the stage in life when

humans change from children to adults• Changes occur in height, weight, muscle

development, and reproductive organs• The brain also changes in form and function• Physical changes are the most apparent

continued


Physical Characteristics and Growth• Puberty is a period of development marked

by growth spurts and sexual maturation• These changes are signaled by the body’s

pituitary gland• The onset of puberty and the changes that

occur during puberty happen at different times for everyone

continued


Physical Characteristics and Growth• Growth spurts are rapid changes in both

height and weight• Following the growth of hands and feet, the

arms and legs increase in size• This uneven timing of growth is asynchrony• Many other physical changes also occur

during puberty

continued


Physical Characteristics and Growth• Females increase in weight considerably and

often reach their full height during the middle years of adolescence

• Males typically do not experience a growth spurt until around the age of 14

• A male’s voice changes during the early teen years and frequent voice cracking occurs

continued


Physical Characteristics and Growth• Adolescents are more responsible for their

own food choices than in earlier life• Eating regularly and following MyPlate can

help adolescents maintain proper nutrition• The Physical Activity Guidelines for

Americans suggest adolescents participate in 60 minutes of vigorous activity per day

continued


Physical Characteristics and Growth• To maintain a healthy body weight, people

must be in energy balance• Maintaining a healthy body weight through

proper nutrition and physical activity positively affects physical and socio-emotional well-being

continued

Energy Intake

Energy Balance

Energy Output


Physical Characteristics and Growth• An eating disorder is a serious condition

that involves abnormal eating patterns that can cause severe or life-threatening physical problems

• People who have eating disorders need professional help to treat the condition

continued


Physical Characteristics and Growth• Anorexia nervosa is the relentless pursuit of

thinness through starvation• Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that

uses a bingeing and purging pattern• Binge-eating disorder involves eating large

amounts of food without taking any actions to reduce the amount of food intake

continued


Physical Characteristics and Growth• Adolescents often need about 9–10 hours of

sleep to feel rested • In addition to annual health and dental

checkups, adolescents often have their first gynecological exam

• A doctor may recommend inoculations or vaccinations

Checkpoint


1. What is adolescence? the stage in life when humans go through the

transforming process of changing from children to adults

2. What key bodily changes can be expected during puberty? growth in height, weight gain, muscle growth,

and sexual maturation

continued

Checkpoint


3. Define energy balance. How does energy balance relate to managing healthy weight? To have energy balance, the intake of calories

must equal the output of calories. When either side of this energy equation is unbalanced, body weight is affected. If the intake of calories is greater than the output of calories, a person will be overweight; if the intake of calories is less than the output of calories, a person will be underweight.

continued

Checkpoint


4. Describe three types of eating disorders. anorexia nervosa—the relentless pursuit of

thinness through starvation; bulimia nervosa—the use of a bingeing and purging pattern to achieve thinness; binge-eating disorder—the consumption of large amounts of food without taking any actions to reduce the amount of food intake

continued

Checkpoint


5. What health exams are common during adolescence? annual checkups, inoculations, genital exams,

and dental exams

6. What are the final teeth to grow in the mouth? When do they typically surface? the wisdom teeth, which surface in late

adolescence


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth• Adolescents frequently use personal fable, a

thinking pattern related to cognitive function• Personal fable often leads to the dangerous

belief of being invincible• Piaget believed the formal operations stage

starts at the beginning of adolescence

continued


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth• Adolescents can reason abstractly and use

metacognition• The brain of an adolescent is both physically

and functionally different from the brain of a child or an adult

• The amygdala develops early and the prefrontal cortex develops later

continued


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth• Language development continues to be

important during adolescence• Adolescents differ from children in the way

they use metaphors and idioms• As language develops, so do reading and

writing skills

continued


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth• Adolescents are able to make many

decisions on their own• The decision-making process involves

examining the issue, analyzing alternatives, and acting based on evaluation

• There are six steps involved with the decision-making process

continued


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth

continued

The Decision-Making ProcessStep 1. Decide which decisions need to be made.

Step 2. Think through all possible alternatives.

Step 3. Evaluate each alternative carefully.

Step 4. Select the best alternative.

Step 5. Act.

Step 6. Evaluate the effectiveness of the decision.


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth• The decision-making process can help in

setting goals• Short-term goals are goals that are

achievable in the immediate to near future• Long-term goals are major goals that may

take months or even years to achieve

continued


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth• The FCCLA planning process can help

identify, analyze, and execute a strategy to help set and meet a goal

• The management of resources, or items available to reach or achieve a goal, is crucial

• Accepting responsibility for decisions is part of becoming independent

continued


Cognitive Characteristics and Growth• Many adolescents are in Kohlberg’s second

level of moral development, or conventional morality

• They are making moral decisions based on how others perceive them or on respect for laws and regulations

Checkpoint


1. Describe how adolescents frequently resort to personal fable. What is the danger of resorting to personal fable? They distort and inflate the opinion of

themselves and their own importance. This leads to the belief of being invincible, which can cause adolescents to participate in high-risk activity that can be harmful and possibly result in death.

continued

Checkpoint


2. According to Piaget, what is the formal operations stage of cognitive development? stage in which adolescents can reason

abstractly

continued

Checkpoint


3. How is the brain development of an adolescent unique from a child or an adult? The brain is full sized and larger than a child’s

brain, but the connections and pathways between nerve cells are still developing. The amygdala, responsible for emotional reactions, develops early. The prefrontal cortex, that regulates emotions and impulse control, develops later.

continued

Checkpoint


4. What are the six steps of the decision-making process? Decide which decision needs to be made.

Think through all possible alternatives. Evaluate each alternative carefully. Select an alternative. Act. Evaluate the effectiveness of the decision.

continued

Checkpoint


5. How can the decision-making process and FCCLA planning process help meet short- and long-term goals? by helping to identify, analyze, and execute a

strategy to set and meet goals

6. According to Kohlberg’s theory, how do adolescents make moral decisions? based on how others perceive them and

respect for laws and regulations


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• For adolescents, emotions ride up and down• Hormones contribute to the emotional

rollercoaster, but the developing brain also plays a part

• Adolescents’ focus is often on establishing an identity and becoming more independent

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• According to Erikson, the most important task

of adolescence is the quest to establish identity and life roles, which he termed identity versus identity confusion

• Adolescents often believe that everyone is watching them

• This is called imaginary audience

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• As adolescents near the end of this stage,

they are often more self-assured and have fewer self-doubts

• As adolescents become independent and develop self-identity, the transition can be difficult for family members

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• During the middle years of this stage,

adolescents tend to have the most conflict with parents and other adult authority figures

• Parents often struggle with the parenting process during adolescence

• Becoming independent is an important part of establishing identity outside the family

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Common types of messages involved in

parent-adolescent communication are– you-messages– I-messages– we-messages

continued©Golden Pixels LLC/Shutterstock.com


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Relationships with peers continue to be

important during the adolescent years• Popularity and the opinions of peers are very

important• Peer pressure is the influence a group of

people has on an individual in the same age group

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Negative peer pressure also includes forms

of bullying• Cyberbullying is the harassment of others

through a digital medium• Adolescents may face negative pressure

from peers to use tobacco, alcohol, and drugs

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Substance abuse is the misuse of drugs to a

toxic, dangerous level• Adolescents must learn the skills to direct

their own behaviors• This often requires developing refusal skills• Effectively using refusal skills requires

confidence

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Fitting in and belonging to a group are very

important in adolescence• Extracurricular activities promote group

interactions and have a positive effect on social skills

• Career and technical student organizations (CTSOs) allow students to demonstrate social skills

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• During the adolescent years, dating becomes

a fascinating, relevant topic• Although dating practices and customs differ,

dating commonly happens in stages– Group dating– Casual or random dating– Steady dating

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Some adolescents will begin to express

romantic feelings in a physical manner• Engaging in sexual activity, however, can

result in teen pregnancy and contracting STIs• To avoid pregnancy and STIs, the only form

of contraception that is 100 percent effective is abstinence

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• With constant use of digital technology, the

media is a major part of daily life• Media influences may be direct or indirect• Text and instant messaging lets friends and

family communicate with each other more frequently

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Social networking sites are also prominent

and can be highly influential• They can positively and negatively influence

self-identity• When using the Internet, it is important to

remember that posting images or content can have negative consequences

continued


Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth• Depression and suicide are prevalent in the

adolescent years• Adolescent females may be twice as likely to

experience depression as adolescent males• Depression may lead to suicide• Speaking with a school guidance counselor,

therapist, family member, or friend can make a difference for struggling adolescents

Checkpoint


1. According to Erikson, what factors contribute to defining self-identity? likes and dislikes, values and beliefs,

educational and occupational goals, and role expectations

2. What methods can be used to improve the parent-teen relationship? Expressing feelings openly and without placing

blame can promote effective communication. Taking the time to understand the other’s point of view can ease stress for both parties.

continued

Checkpoint


3. How do social relationships change during adolescence? Adolescents learn to feel at ease with those of

the opposite gender, develop more mature friendship skills, and become comfortable with simply talking in addition to doing activities together. Electronic mediums become important forms of communication. Peer pressure can be an issue and can have devastating consequences.

continued

Checkpoint


4. Describe the different stages of dating. group dating—peers attend or schedule

activities in a mixed group setting; casual dating—two people spend time together in order to get to know each other; steady dating—the couple is exclusive and committed to each other

continued

Checkpoint


5. List six possible health risks involved with substance abuse. cancer; heart, lung, and blood vessel damage;

memory loss and other brain damage; delusional behavior; violence; death

6. List three factors that may contribute to depression in adolescence. (List three:) a lack of friends, feelings of

rejection from peers, financial problems, school struggles, being a victim of bullying, a perceived lack of parent support


Special Needs

• While some adolescents are preparing for independence and adulthood, others may need extra help and support

• Recovery from physical disabilities requires therapy

• People with physical disabilities will need to adjust to new lifestyles

continued


Special Needs

• Teens with cognitive disabilities also plan for the transition from school to adulthood

• An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) outlines how to pursue goals after high school– Postsecondary education or occupational studies– Employment– Independent living

Checkpoint


1. How might a person obtain a physical disability that was not present in childhood? a car accident, sports injury, natural disaster,

or severe illness

continued

Checkpoint


2. How do different types of therapy help a person recover from a serious accident or injury? Physical therapy offers treatment to an area

through physical or mechanical strategies. Occupational therapy involves building strength by practicing everyday activities. Recreational therapy focuses on physical and socio-emotional health. Psychological therapy can help a person emotionally and mentally adjust to new challenges and life changes.

continued

Checkpoint


3. What steps are outlined in a teen’s Individualized Education Plan? steps for the teen to pursue goals after high

school, such as postsecondary education, occupational studies, employment, or independent living

Chapter 9 Adolescence: Ages 11 through 19 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Analyze the.

Documents