Chapter 9 American Foreign Policy Nationalism and Sectionalism
Jan 14, 2016
Chapter 9
American Foreign Policy
Nationalism and Sectionalism
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
• Secretary of State under James Monroe.
• Through his efforts Americans gained the right to settle in the Oregon Country
• Negotiated several treaties with Britain (Rush-Bagot, Convention of 1818) and the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain.
RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN
• In the years following the War of 1812, President Monroe and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams tried to resolve our long-standing disputes with Great Britain.
• Many important treaties were reached with Britain. We would never again war with Britain and they would become our strongest ally in the years to come.
RUSH-BAGOT TREATY
• 1817 treaty between the US and Britain which set the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.
• provided for the disarmament –the removal of weapons– on an important part of the US-Canada border
CONVENTION OF 1818
• set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at the 49° parallel
• Also both countries agreed to JOINTLY OCCUPY the Oregon Country in the Pacific .
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RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
• Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida.
• US claimed West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase.
• In 1810 and 1812 the US simply added parts of West Florida (Louisiana and Mississippi) to its territory.
• Spain objected but took no action.
RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON
• In April 1818, General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida and captured several Spanish forts.
• Jackson had been ordered to secure the border with Spanish Florida and stop Seminole raids into Georgia but went beyond his orders in invading Florida.
• The Spanish Prime Minister protested and demanded that Jackson be punished.
RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON
• Secretary of War Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed for over-stepping his authority.
• Adams, although he did not authorize Jackson’s raid, did nothing to stop it. He guessed that the Spanish did not want war with the US and might be ready to negotiate a settlement to the dispute over Florida.
RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and the ADAMS-ONIS TREATY
• Troubled by rebellions in Mexico and South America Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819.
• This treaty gave East Florida to the US and Spain gave up all claims to West Florida.
• In return, the US agreed to take over responsibility of paying $5 million that American citizens claimed were owed to them by Spain.
• The two countries also agreed on the Western border of the Louisiana Purchase.
• The new border extended northwest from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then West to the Pacific Ocean.
• The US had become a transcontinental power.
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LATIN AMERICA REPUBLICS• The American Revolution sparked a number of
revolution around the world.• In the early 1800’s, revolts against Spanish
colonial rule occurred in Central and South America.
• Miguel Hidalgo, a Spanish priest, led a revolt in Mexico.
• Jose de San Martin led revolts in Chile and Peru.
• Simon Bolivar, known as The Liberator, led revolts in the present-day countries of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• In 1822, Spain was desperately trying to hold on to its fast disappearing empire in America.
• Spain asked Prussia, France, Austria, and Russia (the Quadruple Alliance) for help in fighting the revolutions.
• This possibility of increased European involvement in the Americas led President Monroe into action.
THE MONROE DOCTRINE• On December 2, 1823, President Monroe
issued a statement that would become known as the Monroe Doctrine.
• This statement said that the US would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas but it would oppose any new ones.
• This was a warning to Europe not to interfere with any of the newly established countries in the Americas.
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• In 1823, the US had little military power to back up this statement.
• Nevertheless, the Monroe Doctrine became an important element in American foreign policy and would remain so for over 170 years.
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Era of Good Feelings• Federalists were pro-British in the war
between Britain and France
• US and Britain fought the War of 1812
• Federalists fell out of power.
• Jefferson and Madison were both Democratic- Republicans (16 years)
• By 1815, the Federalist had ceased to exist as a national party.
9-2 Nationalism and Sectionalism
Era of Good Feelings
• Monroe (another Republican) was elected in 1816.
• Political party differences seemed to have faded away with the sense of national unity that swept the country following the War of 1812.
• A Boston newspaper called these years, “The Era of Good Feelings”
HC: Era of Good Feelings
Sectionalism
• Regional differences soon brought the Era of Good Feelings to an end.
• Sectionalism—loyalty to a particular region– became more intense as differences arose over national policies
• Some of the issues were slavery, the need for tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements.
• The country became divided into three main regions—North, South and West
Daniel Webster
• became a powerful voice for the North
• Senator from New Hampshire
• supported free trade and the shipping interests on New England, the Tariff of 1816
• eloquent speaker…known for “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”
John C. Calhoun
• spokesman for Southern interest
• Senator from South Carolina. He was a planter and a War Hawk.
• In the 1820’s he emerged as a leader on states’ rights; opposed protective tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements
Henry Clay• Spokesman for the Western states• Speaker of the House of Representatives • War Hawk from Kentucky; negotiated the
Treaty of Ghent• National leader who tried to resolve
regional disputes through compromise• Proposed THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
(protective tariffs + internal improvements + national bank = development of industry
HC: The American System
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS
• Federal, state, and privately funded projects, such as roads and canals, used to develop the nation’s transportation system
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• Missouri was the first state from the Louisiana Purchase that was ready to become a state.
• Missouri wanted to enter as a slave-holding state.
• Northerners wanted Missouri to be a free state.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• At the time (1820), there were 22 states in the US (11 slave-holding states and 11 “free” states)
• Adding Missouri would upset this delicate balance
• Many observers feared for the future of the US
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• The debate raged on as to whether to allow Missouri in as a slave state or free state.
• During the debate, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) applied for statehood
• Henry Clay worked out a compromise called the MISSOURI Compromise
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine to enter a free state.
• The delicate balance between free and slave states was maintained.
• In an attempt to limit the future spread of slavery, the Missouri Compromise banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30’ N parallel.
HC; The Missouri Compromise