Chapter 9

© Paradigm Publishing Inc. 9-1

Chapter 9Database and Information Management


Presentation Overview

• Database Basics

• Databases and Information Systems

• Database Management System Software

• Types of Databases

• Planning and Designing Database Systems

• Using Databases

• Database Administration


Database Basics

What is a database and how does it organize information?


Database Basics

What is a database and how does it organize information?A database is a computerized system for storing information in an organized manner so that it can be searched for and retrieved when needed. Information is stored in the form of fields, records, and files.


Database Basics

Data vs Information


Database Basics

Data vs Information– Data – raw, unorganized content in the form of

words, numbers, sounds, or images


Database Basics

Data vs Information– Data – raw, unorganized content in the form of

words, numbers, sounds, or images– Information – data associated with other useful

data on the same topic


Database Basics

Levels of Data within a Database


Database Basics

Levels of Data within a Database– Entity – a person, place, thing, or event


Database Basics

Levels of Data within a Database– Entity – a person, place, thing, or event– Field – a single value, such as a name, address, or

dollar amount• data type: usually numeric or text (numbers and text)• name: assigned by person developing the database• size: number of characters that can be entered


Database Basics



– Record – related fields describing an event or situation


Database Basics



– Record – related fields describing an event or situation– File – collection of records of the same type


Database BasicsTraditional database organizes data in a hierarchy. A field is the smallest element. Fields are within a record. Records are organized in a data file. Database is a collection of data files.


Database Basics

Common field data types


Databases and Information Systems

Management Information Systems (MIS)



Management Information Systems (MIS)– used to track and control every transaction through

a database



Management Information Systems (MIS)– used to track and control every transaction through

a database– transaction – any business activity central to the

nature of the enterprise



Office Information Systems



Office Information Systems– designed as replacement for paper-based

information systems



Office Information Systems– designed as replacement for paper-based

information systems– gives quick access to office paperwork



Decision Support Systems



Decision Support Systems– designed to help management make decisions

about an operation



Decision Support Systems– designed to help management make decisions

about an operation– allows managers to work with “what if” scenarios



Factory Automation Systems



Factory Automation Systems– runs an assembly line directly, controlling

manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of conveyor belts and robots


Databases and Information SystemsFactory Automation Systems– runs an assembly line directly, controlling manufacturing

processes from shop-floor level of conveyor belts and robots– may be part of complete CIM system that controls

manufacturing process from beginning to end


Database Management System Software

Database Keys



Database Keys

– Key – attribute used to identify and provide a means to search database



Database Keys


– Primary key – most important key in a field



Database Keys


– Primary key – most important key in a field– Data browsing – process of moving through a

database file, examining each record and looking for information



Query Tools



Query Tools

– Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.



Query Tools


– A query allows users to ask questions designed to retrieve information.



Query Tools



– A select command asks a database to return records that match specific criteria.



Query Tools



– A select command asks a database to return records that match specific criteria.

– Joining matches data from fields in various files.



Structured Query Language (SQL)

This SQL statement could search for top students in a college, with “top” defined as those students with a grade point average (GPA) above 3.49.


Database Management System SoftwareJoining matches data from fields in various record files. Both Student Personal Records and Student Grade Records files would have a common Student ID number field, allowing information from both files to be returned in a single query.



Metadata and the Data Dictionary




– Metadata – information about data; describes significance of various elements of a database




– Metadata – information about data; describes significance of various elements of a database

– Data dictionary – a body of metadata


Types of Databases

Flat File Databases


Types of Databases

Flat File Databases

– database contains only one table or file


Types of Databases

Flat File Databases

– database contains only one table or file– simple and easy to use


Types of Databases

Flat File Databases

– database contains only one table or file– simple and easy to use– slower to respond because records must be

searched sequentially


Types of Databases

Flat File Databases

– database contains only one table or file– simple and easy to use– slower to respond because records must be

searched sequentially– generally consume more disk space


Types of Databases

Relational Databases


Types of Databases


– Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.


Types of Databases



– A file is called a table (consists of rows and columns).


Types of Databases




– A record is called a tuple.


Types of Databases




– A record is called a tuple.– A field is called an attribute.


Types of Databases

Object-Oriented Databases


Types of Databases


– stores data in the form of objects (units of object-oriented programming logic)


Types of Databases



– object contains data related to the object and the actions to be performed on the object


Types of Databases



– object contains data related to the object and the actions to be performed on the object

– speeds up database functions and makes database development easier


Types of Databases

Multimedia Databases

allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and hyperlinked fields


Types of Databases

Multimedia Databases

allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and hyperlinked fields

Hybrid Databasesseveral different models combined to allow more effective data handling


Types of Databases

Operational Databases


Types of Databases


– operational database tracks an operation or situation, such as the inventory of a store


Types of Databases


– operational database tracks an operation or situation, such as the inventory of a store

– distributed database – is spread across multiple networked computers– each computer shares a portion of the data– can hold more information– is cheaper– is easier to use


Types of Databases

Data Warehouses


Types of Databases

Data Warehouses

– used to store data gathered from one or more databases


Types of Databases

Data Warehouses

– used to store data gathered from one or more databases

– does not change, delete, or manipulate data they store


Planning and Designing Database Systems

How are databases designed?



How are databases designed?

System analysts or database designers follow three steps to plan a database

1. Create an organizational structure for the data.

2. Design an interface that makes the database user-friendly.

3. Set up reporting capabilities to allow for inquiry and response.


Planning and Designing Database SystemsUser requests and enters data through the front-end interface program. The database management

system manages

the retrieval

and update of

the database

itself.



Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS




– form – template that allows users to enter data into the database





– report – formatted body of output from a database





– report – formatted body of output from a database

– data filter – filtering material in a database to restrict a database search


Using Databases

What are the types of data processing?


Using Databases


– Batch processing – occurs at a scheduled time or when a critical point has been reached


Using Databases



– Transactional processing – more continuous• real time system – data must be accurate to the second

• online transactional processing – very fast, always-on processing


Using Databases



– Transactional processing – more continuous• real time system – data must be accurate to the second

• online transactional processing – very fast, always-on processing

– Mixed forms of processing – transactional and batch processing in the same system


Using Databases

Database Users


Using Databases

Database Users

Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records


Using Databases

Database Users

Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records– modify records


Using Databases

Database Users

Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records– modify records– delete records


Using Databases

Database Users

Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records– modify records– delete records– sort records


Database Administration

Database Administrator




– is responsible for maintaining and updating the database and the DBMS software




– is responsible for maintaining and updating the database and the DBMS software

– is responsible for preventing computer downtime



Data Loss or Corruption




– Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable, incomplete, or damaged.




– Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable, incomplete, or damaged.

– Backing up data is a major method for recovering lost or corrupted data.



Backup and Recovery Operations




– tape backups commonly used because they are cheap and easy to store




– tape backups commonly used because they are cheap and easy to store

– backups must be stored separately from original material to lessen accidental data loss



Database response time is the lag time between a user issuing a command and the database system taking action.



Record Locking



Record Locking

– occurs when users attempt to edit existing records in a multi-user system



Record Locking

– occurs when users attempt to edit existing records in a multi-user system

– allows only one user at a time to edit or delete a record



Data Integrity



Data Integrity

– data integrity – the accuracy of information provided to database users



Data Integrity


– redundancy – duplication of data in several fields; an enemy of data integrity



Data Integrity


– redundancy – duplication of data in several fields; an enemy of data integrity

– normalization – prevents duplicate data storage and reduces chance that some data will not be updated when changes are made



Data Validation



Data Validation

– range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered



Data Validation


– alphanumeric check – allows only letters of alphabet and digits to be entered



Data Validation



– consistency check – checks against previously entered data that has been validated



Data Validation



– consistency check – checks against previously entered data that has been validated

– completeness check – ensures every field filled out


On the Horizon

Based on the information presented in this chapter and your own experience, what do you think is on the horizon?

Chapter 9

Documents

controlling

assembly line

match specific

decision support

factory automation

arecordis

oriented programming

report formatted