Chapter 8: World War II and the Early Cold War Standard USHC-7:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United.

Chapter 8: World War IIand the Early Cold War

Standard USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United States and the nation’s subsequent role in the world. Enduring UnderstandingIn defense of democracy, a government may need to confront aggression and ask its citizens for sacrifice in wars and providing foreign aid that, in turn, affects the practice of democracy at home. To make informed political decisions about when and how government should go to war, the student will utilize the knowledge and skills set forth in the following indicators:

IndicatorsUSHC-7.1 Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.  USHC-7.2 Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.  USHC-7.3 Explain how controversies among the Big Three Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. USHC-7.4 Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

Chapter 8 TermsAdolf HitlerAppeasementJoseph StalinBenito MussoliniTojo HidekiAxis PowersNeutrality ActLend-Lease ActPearl HarborTehran ConferenceD-DayBig ThreeYalta ConferencePhilippinesBattle of Midway Island HoppingAtomic BombManhattan ProjectHarry S. TrumanHiroshimaNagasaki

Selective Service ActWar Production BoardWar bond drivesVictory gardensRationingRosie the RiveterWACTuskegee AirmenCode TalkersThe 442thDouble VHispanic populationInternment campsConcentration campsHolocaustNuremberg TrialsNuclear ageNuclear arms race

Essential Questions

Why did FDR want to see the United States get involved in the war?

What was D-Day and what impact did it have on World War II?

Rosie the Riveter was a symbol of what?

Describe the Holocaust.

8.1 World War II BeginsForeign Aggression

Hitler and GermanyDuring the 1920s and 1930s, ______________ dictators rose to power throughout much of Europe.

Hitler’s goal was to establish an ___________ he called the “Third Reich”.

Hitler ruled Germany with an iron fist and he wanted to ___________ other parts of Europe as well and in the end the Soviet Union.

British and French leaders met with Hitler in Munich to express ____________ but instead of answering with military force they chose appeasement.

Britain and France __________ the Munich Pact which agreed to let Germany keep the territories it had taken in exchange for a pledge not to take anymore.

Stalin and The Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin gained ____________ of the Communist Party and became the country’s leader,

Stalin ______________ many of his rivals and political opponents.

He tolerated no political __________________ and strictly limited the Soviet people’s freedom.

Mussolini in ItalyBenito Mussolini rose to power in 1922. Mussolini was a ______________.

The _______________ did not own all the businesses and property the way it would under a communist regime.

Mussolini’s government certainly _________________ all aspects of business and politics.

Mussolini did not allow any political ________________.

In 1935, Mussolini’s forces ____________ what we know as Ethiopia and was condemned by the League of Nations.

Mussolini ______________ Italy from the League of Nations and Italy and Germany became allies.

Tojo in JapanBeginning in the 1920s, Japan began ________________ its territory. It used its military to conquer regions in China, Korea, and other parts of Eastern Asia.

In 1941, a military officer named Hideki Tojo became Japan’s _________________.

Although the country had an emperor, Tojo and his fellow generals truly _____________________ the government.

Under their leadership they continued to ____________ more Asian nations.

Japan eventually _______________ an agreement with Germany and Italy.

The three countries became _________ and they formed an alliance called the Axis Powers.

The U.S. Remains NeutralAs the Axis Powers became increasingly _____________, the U.S. remained neutral.

Many U.S. citizens still believed in _____________________.

The devastation left many in the U.S. __________________ to become involved in another international conflict.

With the Great Depression, many wanted the government to ___________ problems at home rather than abroad.

Responding to this, _____________ passed the Neutrality Act in 1935.

This act _______________ the sale of weapons to warring nations.

Hitler’s AggressionTHE FALL OF POLAND AND FRANCE

On September 1, 1939, German forces ____________ Poland starting world War II in Europe.

In the Spring of 1940, Germany _________________ Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and eventually France.

On June 14, German troops ______________ the city of Paris.

Hitler made France ________ an armistice giving half of the country up to German control.

The armistice was a ____________ of redemption for Germany’s defeat in WWI.

Britain’s ResistanceA few months later, Hitler’s air force ________________ an air attack against Great Britain.

Hitler knew he had to ____________ Britain's might royal air force before he could cross the English Channel and launch an invasion.

During the ______________ raids which happened almost every night, residents of London slept in subways for cover.

Churchill proved to be a great leader who _______________ the British people with a strong sense of nationalism.

Thanks to the Royal Air Force, the British were able to __________ off the Germans.

The United States Enters The WarLEND-LEASE

In 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became the only U.S. president ever elected to a ___________ term.

Although the majority of the U.S. citizens favored neutrality, Roosevelt was already convinced that the U.S. could not afford to _______________ of the war much longer.

As Britain struggled against Germany, FDR proclaimed to the U.S. people if “Great Britain goes ____________, all of us in America would be living at the point of a gun.

In March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. Under this act, the president could send _________ to any nation whose defenses was considered vital to the U.S. national security.

Pearl HarborWhile Hitler __________________ through Europe, the U.S. also had one eye on Japan.

Japan had been _________ by worldwide depression, Japan also lacked many of the natural resources it needed.

The Japanese military saw aggressive _______________ as their answer to their problems.

When the U.S. responded to Japan’s aggression by imposing an ____________ on oil and steel, many in Japan’s government felt the time had come for Japan to take what it needed by force.

Japan realized it could not make the advances it wanted without being threatened by the U.S. naval fleet at _______________________, Hawaii.

Although he doubted Japan’s ability to _______ the war with the U.S. Japanese Admiral Yamamota knew his country was determined to expand.

Pearl HarborYamamota developed a plan to sail 6 aircraft carriers across the Pacific undetected and launch a surprise _____________ on Pearl Harbor.

Maintaining radio _____________ the entire way, the Japanese ships reached their destination as planned.

U.S. intelligence ______________ that the Japanese were planning an attack of some kind. They just didn’t know where.

They thought Pearl Harbor was to _________________ for planes to drop torpedoes.

A few minutes before 8am on December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes began the first ____________ of bombings on the Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor.

Pearl HarborU.S. military personnel actually detected the incoming planes on ____________ but thinking it was U.S. planes they dismissed it.

In less than _________ hours, the Japanese forces sank or seriously damaged a dozen naval vessels..

They destroyed almost two hundred warplanes, and killed or wounded nearly ____________________.

The next day, President Roosevelt emotionally described December 7th as “a day which will live in _______________.”

8.2 The Course of The WarDISAGREEMENTS AMONG ALLIES

Serious disagreements ______________ between the Soviet Union and its Western Allies, the U.S. and Great Britain.

The Americans and the British did not want to ___________ an invasion of Western Europe until enemy forces were driven from north Africa.

Stalin ____________ his allies reluctance to invade France and create a western front.

He even ______________ the two countries later of stalling because they wanted to see the Soviet Union weakened because it was a communist nation.

8.2 The Course of The WarD-DAY

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin finally _________ for the Tehran Conference in December 1943.

Stalin desperately wanted the allies to launch an _____________ of France and create a second front for Hitler.

On June 6, 1944, the western allies launched the ____________ invasion.

Hitting the beaches in Normandy, France, the first soldiers ashore received overwhelming ________________.

Despite _____________ losses, it took the allies less than a week to get over 500,000 troops ashore. They liberated Paris on August 25, 1944.

8.2 The Course of The WarVICTORY IN EUROPE

Anticipating Germany’s ____________, the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) met in February 1945 at the city of Yalta and conducted the Yalta Conference.

There, they discussed military ______________ and postwar policies.

Because of the tremendous ____________ inflicted on the USSR by the war. Allies agreed that the Soviet Union would receive half of the war reparations from Germany.

The resolution also stated Germany would be ________________ up into four zones.

In the face of certain defeat, Hitler committed ______________ on April 30, 1945 as Soviet troops over ran Berlin.

Sadly Roosevelt ________________ on April 12th and never saw the day of victory.

After many _____________ years of war, people in the Allied countries finally celebrated V-E-Day on May 8, 1945.

War in The PacificBATTLE OF MIDWAY AND THE U.S. OFFENSIVE

Admiral Yamamota was considered a military _____________ for orchestrating the attack on Pearl Harbor.

He also thought the remainder of the U.S. Pacific fleet must be _______________ if Japan had any hope of winning the war.

The Battle of Midway in June, 1942 proved to be the _____________ point in the war.

This time it was the Japanese who failed to ______________ the location of its enemy’s aircraft carriers.

The U.S. _____________ at Midway forced the Japanese to assume a more defensive war strategy.

War in The PacificISLAND HOPPING

The U.S. began a process of island __________________.

Its forces attacked and conquered one group of islands, then moved onto the next as its forces made its way to ____________.

In the South, General Douglas MacArthur retook the ______________________.

Meanwhile forces under Admiral Nimitz ___________ key battles at Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa.

War in The PacificTHE ATOMIC BOMB

Soon after entering the war, the U.S. began to work on developing the _____________.

The top _____________ endeavor was called the Manhattan Project. It was headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer.

On July 16, 1945, scientists _____________ the new weapon in the desert of New Mexico.

The ________ was blinding and the explosion so great it shattered windows 125 miles away.

President Harry S. Truman, while at the Potsdam Conference _______________ postwar policies with the allied leaders and restated their policy of “unconditional surrender.”

War in The PacificTHE ATOMIC BOMB

On August 6, 1945, a specially equipped B29 bomber called the Enola Gay dropped the first ___________________ on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

The blast _____________ the city, killing thousands of civilians and military personnel

Many more died from ______________ released from the blast, Two days later the Soviet Union _______________ war on Japan and invaded Manchuria.

When Japan _____________ in issuing its surrender, the U.S. dropped another bomb on August 9 on the city of Nagasaki.

Japan finally _____________________ on August 14, 1945.

8.3 The War At Home

Most U.S. citizens never experienced any _______________ in World War II first hand .

However the war still _________________ people in the U.S. in many ways.

In 1940, Congress authorized the first peacetime ____________ in U.S. history when it passed the Selective Service Act.

Following Pearl Harbor, a large number of ______________________ enlisted in the military.

National Morale, War Industry,And Citizen Sacrifice

NATIONAL SUPPORT

The government realized it needed to maintain _____________ public support for the war effort.

The government _________ artists to design patriotic war posters and movie theatres started playing newsreels depicting the U.S. war effort in a positive light.

__________ depicting patriotic themes in magazines and on radio broadcasts also became common.

National Morale, War Industry,And Citizen Sacrifice

ECONOMIC IMPACT

War meant that the U.S. ____________ had to switch from peacetime to wartime as quickly and efficiently as possible.

President Roosevelt _________________ the War Productions Board to oversee this.

The economic result was that the U.S. economy _______________ and people’ standard of living increased.

__________________ men began finding jobs and migrating to northern cities and out west to fill jobs needed for wartime production.

National Morale, War Industry,And Citizen Sacrifice

CITIZEN SACRIFICE

In order to have money for the war, the U.S. called on ____________________ from citizens.

The government introduced the idea of ______________________ income tax. The idea was that employers would withhold taxes and give it to the government immediately.

Another means of raising money was through the ___________ of war bonds.

By buying bonds, citizens were actually _________________ money to the government in return for interest.

People also __________________ resources, growing victory gardens for their own food so more food could be sent to soldiers.

The government also started a program of _________________, certain items were assigned points. Once you used up your points, you had to wait till you received more points to obtain the items.

The Role of Women

“ROSIE THE RIVETER”

With so many U.S. men going off to fight, _____________ became an important part of the workforce at home.

Women of all racial and cultural backgrounds _________________ forward to take on jobs traditionally held by men.

A popular song of the day was called ________________________________.

The song described a woman who worked in the _______________ as a riveter while her boyfriend served in the military.

Rosie The Riveter became the ______________ of those women who entered the workforce.

The Role of Women

WOMEN IN UNIFORM

It was not just white males who served in WWII, ____________________________ also served with honor.

Although nearly ______________ branch had a division for women, the WAC was by far the largest.

Women _____________ at home and abroad in every role but combat.

African Americans in Uniform

___________________ played a crucial role in the U.S. war effort.

Nearly ___________________ African Americans volunteered or was drafted.

At first they were _________________ from combat roles , eventually the number of causalities led to a change in this policy.

The Tuskegee Airmen served as an all ______________ squadron of fighter pilots.

They successfully ________________ every bomber they escorted during the war.

Native Americans and Mexicans

________________________ also served in WWII. The Marines even developed a code for communicating based on the Navajo language.

This ___________ proved effective and the Japanese were unable to break it.

Some 300 _______________ Marines served as radio operators known as code talkers against Japan.

Meanwhile Mexican Americans who served in the U.S. military _______ 17 congressional medals of honor.

Japanese Americans

Finally there were the _________________ Americans who served.

Originally they could not __________, but this changed in 1943.

One Japanese American unit, the 442nd, served so valiantly in Europe that it became the most ______________ unit in U.S. history.

Their contribution was remarkable considering the ______________ and _________________ that many families endured at home during the war.

Minorities at Home

The ______________ in war industry revived African American migration.

____________ numbers of blacks moved to the cities and out west.

The increased _____________ of blacks to the nation's available jobs, as well as black fighting men and dying overseas just like white men, fueled cries for social justice.

Many African Americans _____________ what they called the double V – victory at home and victory abroad.

As a result, the period _________________ the beginning of more open and bold challenges on the part of African Americans to the racial injustices that existed in U.S. society.

Internment of Japanese Americans

The Japanese _______________ on Pearl Harbor fueled suspicion and fear of Japanese people in the U.S.

On Feb. 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed executive order 9066, ordering all _______________________ Americans from military facilities.

Under this order more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were ___________ from their homes and businesses and place in internment camps.

The ____________ tended to be in remote areas owned by the federal government.

In 1944, the executive order was challenged, but the ______________________ ruled the government internment of the Japanese Americans was not unlawful because of the military situation.

8.4 The Aftermath of World War IITHE HOLOCAUST AND WAR CRIME TRIALS

The _______________ of Europe by the allies also exposed the horrible atrocities committed by the Nazis against people labeled as socially inferior and unfit to live.

Among the groups so targeted, the _______________ people suffered the most.

Hitler ascended to power in large part due to ______________________.

The Nazi’s set about attempting to _______________________ the Jewish race through mass genocide.

Under _________________ regime, the Jews were rounded up, separated from their families and either killed or shipped to concentration camps.

8.4 The Aftermath of World War II

THE HOLOCAUST AND WAR CRIME TRIALS cont…

As allied soldiers began liberating areas of Europe, formally held by the Nazis, they encountered the camps that housed _______________ and ______________ people.

They found ________________________ for conducting mass executions and ovens for burning the bodies.

Troops uncovered __________________ where victims had been thrown after they had been killed or left to die in camps.

Roughly _____ millions Jews died during this horrible episode known as the Holocaust.

8.4 The Aftermath of World War IITHE HOLOCAUST AND WAR CRIME TRIALS cont…

When the world became ____________ of the Holocaust, there was an outcry for justice.

Hitler was dead but there were others in the Nazi regime who could be ________________.

The ___________________ trials began in November 1945 and place more than 20 Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity.

The court ___________________ several of the defendants to death, while others received long prison terms.

The Japanese also treated prisoners _______________, as a result, the Allies executed seven Japanese leaders including Tojo Hideki. Over 2000 total war crimes took place.

Lasting Impact of Scientific andTechnological Discoveries

THE NUCLEAR AGE

The war years produced _______________________ in technology, the greatest change was the introduction of the nuclear age.

Not only did the ________________________ end the war, but it changed how future wars would be fought.

Truman chose to use the bomb as much to __________________ Stalin as to defeat Japan.

When Truman told Stalin of the bomb, Stalin calmly expressed __________ it would end the war.

________________ was concerned and determined to see his own country develop a similar weapon.

As a result, a nuclear ______________ race between the U.S. and the USSR began.

Lasting Impact of Scientific andTechnological Discoveries

RADAR AND SONAR

Another invention that had great military importance was _____________.

Radar uses sound waves to ______________ the approach of enemy planes while they are still a long way off.

It was ______________ by the British and helped them defeat the Germany’s air force by giving them advanced notice of the attacks.

The war also saw advances in ___________ which uses similar technologies to detect objects under the water.

Lasting Impact of Scientific andTechnological Discoveries

MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY

An American engineer discovered ___________________ technology by accident.

While working on radar technology for the war effort Percy Spencer noticed his candy bar had ____________ in his pocket.

He discovered the technology he was working with could be used to _____________ foods faster.

By the _____________, the first home unit microwave oven was on the market.

By the _____________, affordable countertop models were available.

Lasting Impact of Scientific andTechnological Discoveries

COMPUTERS

During the war,, the need for _______________ that could make fast calculations and decode enemy messages became critical.

_________________ technology proved to be important.

The first computers were ______________ and took up an entire room.

Within a short time, technological advances led to their size ________________ as their abilities increased.

Lasting Impact of Scientific andTechnological Discoveries

ADDITIONAL INNOVATIONS

World War II saw other ________________ and innovations as well.

New ______________ technology appeared in the form of antibiotics, such as penicillin to treat bacterial diseases.

Advances in _________________ also took place as farmers enjoyed a rise in demand for their products.

______________ became smaller and portable, thereby making them more popular.