Chapter 8 The Muslim Empires Section 1 The Ottoman Empire.

Chapter 8Chapter 8The Muslim EmpiresThe Muslim Empires

Section 1Section 1

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

Rise of the Ottoman TurksRise of the Ottoman Turks

The Ottoman dynasty began in the The Ottoman dynasty began in the late 13late 13thth century when Turks under century when Turks under leader Osman were given land in the leader Osman were given land in the NW corner of the Anatolian Peninsula NW corner of the Anatolian Peninsula by the Seljuk Turks in return for help by the Seljuk Turks in return for help fighting the Mongols.fighting the Mongols.

OsmanOsman

Rise of the Ottoman TurksRise of the Ottoman Turks

Ottomans expanded westward to Ottomans expanded westward to control Bosporus and the control Bosporus and the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

These two straits, separated by the These two straits, separated by the Sea of Marmara, connect the Black Sea of Marmara, connect the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea.Sea and the Aegean Sea.

Rise of the Ottoman TurksRise of the Ottoman Turks

Expanded into the Balkans in the 14Expanded into the Balkans in the 14thth century.century.

Leaders became known as sultan and Leaders became known as sultan and built a strong military.built a strong military.

11stst developed an elite guard called developed an elite guard called janissaries, local Christians who janissaries, local Christians who converted to Islam and served as converted to Islam and served as foot soldiers or administrators. foot soldiers or administrators.

Rise of the Ottoman TurksRise of the Ottoman Turks

With the use of new technology, With the use of new technology, firearms, Ottoman control spread.firearms, Ottoman control spread.

Around 1400 they advanced north.Around 1400 they advanced north. Defeated the Serbs and annexed Defeated the Serbs and annexed

Bulgaria.Bulgaria.

Expansion of the EmpireExpansion of the Empire

Over the next 300 years, Ottoman Over the next 300 years, Ottoman rule expanded into Western Asia, rule expanded into Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe.North Africa, and Europe.

Fall of ConstantinopleFall of Constantinople

Under Mehmet II, Under Mehmet II, the Ottomans the Ottomans began to end the began to end the Byzantine Empire.Byzantine Empire.

Mehmet laid siege Mehmet laid siege to Constantinople to Constantinople in 1453. in 1453.

ConstantinopleConstantinople

Fall of ConstantinopleFall of Constantinople

After 2 months, the Ottomans After 2 months, the Ottomans breached the walls and sacked the breached the walls and sacked the city for 3 days.city for 3 days.

Constantinople (later named Constantinople (later named Istanbul) dominated the Balkans and Istanbul) dominated the Balkans and the Anatolian Peninsula.the Anatolian Peninsula.

Sultan Selim ISultan Selim I

1514-1517 – took 1514-1517 – took control of control of Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia, Egypt, and Arabia, including Muslim including Muslim holy cities of holy cities of Jerusalem, Makkah, Jerusalem, Makkah, and Madinah.and Madinah.

Declared himself Declared himself Muhammad’s Muhammad’s successor.successor.

Western Asia & AfricaWestern Asia & Africa

Ottomans administered conquered Ottomans administered conquered regions through local rulers.regions through local rulers.

Central gov’t appointed officials, Central gov’t appointed officials, called called pashaspashas, who collected taxes, , who collected taxes, kept law and order, & were kept law and order, & were responsible for the sultan’s court.responsible for the sultan’s court.

EuropeEurope

Ottomans tried to complete their Ottomans tried to complete their conquest, however, the Hungarians conquest, however, the Hungarians stopped them at the Danube Valley. stopped them at the Danube Valley.

The reign of Suleyman I, beginning in The reign of Suleyman I, beginning in 1520, led to more attacks on Europe.1520, led to more attacks on Europe.

Suleyman ISuleyman I

EuropeEurope

Ottomans seized Belgrade and Ottomans seized Belgrade and advanced to Vienna, where they advanced to Vienna, where they were defeated (1529).were defeated (1529).

*Don’t Write**Don’t Write*

They extended their power into the They extended their power into the western Mediterranean until Spain western Mediterranean until Spain defeated them at the Battle of defeated them at the Battle of Lepanto (1571)Lepanto (1571)

EuropeEurope

1683 – Ottomans laid siege to 1683 – Ottomans laid siege to Vienna. Vienna.

They lost, and never threatened They lost, and never threatened central Europe again.central Europe again.

Nature of Ottoman RuleNature of Ottoman Rule

The O.E. is a.k.a. the “gunpowder The O.E. is a.k.a. the “gunpowder empire”empire”

Based on mastering the technology of Based on mastering the technology of firearms.firearms.

Sultan was the head of the O.E.Sultan was the head of the O.E. It was a hereditary position.It was a hereditary position. Sultan was the political & military leader.Sultan was the political & military leader. Sons often battled for succession.Sons often battled for succession.

Nature of Ottoman RuleNature of Ottoman Rule

Empire adopted a centralized Empire adopted a centralized administrative system, and sultan administrative system, and sultan became isolated in his palace.became isolated in his palace.

Commissioners recruited a special class Commissioners recruited a special class of slaves, usually Christian boys.of slaves, usually Christian boys.

This is known as the Devshirme (boy This is known as the Devshirme (boy levy).levy).

Converted to Islam and were made Converted to Islam and were made pages.pages.

DevshirmeDevshirme

Nature of Ottoman RuleNature of Ottoman Rule

Topkapi (“iron gate”) Palace was the Topkapi (“iron gate”) Palace was the center of sultan’s power.center of sultan’s power.

Built by Mehmet II.Built by Mehmet II. Sultan’s private domain was called Sultan’s private domain was called

the harem (“sacred palace”).the harem (“sacred palace”). Sultan often had several wives.Sultan often had several wives.

Topkapi PalaceTopkapi Palace

Nature of Ottoman RuleNature of Ottoman Rule

When son became sultan, mother When son became sultan, mother became the queen mother. She had became the queen mother. She had great power.great power.

Sultan controlled through a council that Sultan controlled through a council that met 4 days a week. met 4 days a week.

Chief minister – grand vizier – led the Chief minister – grand vizier – led the meeting.meeting.

Sultan sat behind a screen & indicated Sultan sat behind a screen & indicated his desire to the grand vizier.his desire to the grand vizier.

Nature of Ottoman RuleNature of Ottoman Rule

Empire was divided into provinces & Empire was divided into provinces & districts, each governed by officials districts, each governed by officials who collected taxes & supplied who collected taxes & supplied armies for the area.armies for the area.

Sultan gave land to senior officials.Sultan gave land to senior officials.

Religion in the Ottoman Religion in the Ottoman WorldWorld

Ottomans were Sunni Muslims.Ottomans were Sunni Muslims. Rulers were responsible for guidance Rulers were responsible for guidance

and maintaining Islamic law.and maintaining Islamic law. Sultans gave their religious duties to Sultans gave their religious duties to

religious advisors called the ulema.religious advisors called the ulema. Ulema administered the legal system Ulema administered the legal system

& Muslim schools.& Muslim schools.

Religion in the Ottoman Religion in the Ottoman WorldWorld

Islamic law & customs were applied Islamic law & customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire. to all Muslims in the empire.

Rulers were tolerant of non-Muslims.Rulers were tolerant of non-Muslims. Non-Muslims paid a special tax, but Non-Muslims paid a special tax, but

were free to practice religion.were free to practice religion. Most Europeans remained Christian.Most Europeans remained Christian.

Ottoman SocietyOttoman Society

Subjects divided in 4 occupational Subjects divided in 4 occupational groups-groups- PeasantsPeasants ArtisansArtisans MerchantsMerchants Pastoral peoplesPastoral peoples

Ottoman SocietyOttoman Society

State leased land to peasants.State leased land to peasants. Artisans organized into guilds that Artisans organized into guilds that

provided:provided: Financial servicesFinancial services Social securitySocial security Trained its membersTrained its members

Ottoman SocietyOttoman Society

Merchants were privileged.Merchants were privileged. They were exempt from taxes & They were exempt from taxes &

were wealthy.were wealthy. Pastoral people were separated by Pastoral people were separated by

their own laws & regulations.their own laws & regulations.

Women in SocietyWomen in Society

Ottoman system gave more rights to Ottoman system gave more rights to women than most Islamic countries.women than most Islamic countries.

Due to the Turkish view of women Due to the Turkish view of women being equal to men.being equal to men.

Could own property & inherit property.Could own property & inherit property. Could not be forced to marry & could Could not be forced to marry & could

sometimes divorce.sometimes divorce. Few served as senior officials.Few served as senior officials.

Problems in the Ottoman Problems in the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

O.E. reached its high point under O.E. reached its high point under Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566).1566).

Problems became visible in 1699, Problems became visible in 1699, when the empire began to lose its when the empire began to lose its territory.territory.

Problems ctd…Problems ctd…

After the death of Suleyman:After the death of Suleyman: Sultans became less involved in gov’tSultans became less involved in gov’t Ministers exercised more power.Ministers exercised more power. Senior positions were assigned to children Senior positions were assigned to children

of elite groupsof elite groups The bureaucracy lost touch with rural The bureaucracy lost touch with rural

areas, causing local officials to become areas, causing local officials to become corrupt.corrupt.

Taxes rose as wars depleted the treasury.Taxes rose as wars depleted the treasury.

*Don’t write this is just *Don’t write this is just interesting material*interesting material*

Cafes began to appear in major Cafes began to appear in major cities.cities.

Sultans outlawed drinking coffee and Sultans outlawed drinking coffee and smoking tobacco.smoking tobacco.

If subjects were caught in these or If subjects were caught in these or other immoral or illegal acts, they other immoral or illegal acts, they were executed.were executed.

Ottoman ArtOttoman Art

Sultans supported the arts.Sultans supported the arts. The production of pottery, rugs, silk, The production of pottery, rugs, silk,

other textiles, jewelry, arms, and other textiles, jewelry, arms, and armor all flourished. armor all flourished.

Greatest accomplishment was in Greatest accomplishment was in architecture, especially the mosques.architecture, especially the mosques.

Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia

Ottoman ArtOttoman Art

Sinan was the Sinan was the greatest architect.greatest architect.

Built 81 mosques.Built 81 mosques. A dome topped A dome topped

each mosque & each mosque & framed by 4 towers framed by 4 towers (minarets).(minarets).

Suleimaniye Mosque, Suleimaniye Mosque, IstanbulIstanbul

Ottoman ArtOttoman Art

Silk industry resurfaced under the Silk industry resurfaced under the Ottomans.Ottomans.

It boasted distinctive designs & It boasted distinctive designs & colors from different regions.colors from different regions.