-
The American judicial system is one of the nation’s
mostimportant institutions. It is up to the courts that make upthe
judicial branch to see that our nation’s laws are justlyapplied. It
is also up to the courts to interpret the lawsand to preserve and
protect the rights the Constitutionguarantees. Find out the
location of the nearest federaldistrict court and court of appeals
and the names of thejudges in these courts. Prepare an
informational directory.
To learn more about the judicial branch, view theDemocracy in
Action video lesson 11: The Federal CourtSystem at Work.
Compare and Contrast Study Foldable Make this foldable to help
youdetermine similarities and differences between the federal
courts and theSupreme Court of the United States.
Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper inhalf from top to bottom.
Reading andWriting As you read,write informationunder each
appropriatetab to help youcompare and contrastthe purpose
andorganization of thesecourts.
Step 2 Fold it in half again, fromside to side.
190The Supreme Court building in
Washington, D.C. ▲
This cut willmake two tabs.
FederalCourts
SupremeCourt
PhotoDisc
Step 3 Unfold the paperonce, label it, and cut up thefold of the
top flap only.
190-195 U2 CH08 S1 CT-874574 9/28/05 2:44 PM Page 190
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Chapter Overview Visit the CivicsToday Web site at
civ.glencoe.comand click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 8 to preview
chapterinformation.
190-195 U2 CH08 S1 CT-860970 11/28/03 12:14 PM Page 191
http://civ.glencoe.com
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GUIDE TO READING
Main IdeaThree levels of federalcourts try to ensure
thateveryone in the UnitedStates receives equal justice under the
law.
Key Termsjurisdiction, exclusivejurisdiction,
concurrentjurisdiction
Reading StrategyOrganizing InformationAs you read, complete aweb
diagram similar tothe one below by listingthe eight kinds of
casesfor which federal courtshave exclusive jurisdiction.
Read to Learn• How did the federal
court system originate?• What kinds of cases
are handled in federalcourts?
The Federal Court System
SECTION
Japanese Americanswere locked up ininternment campsduring World
War II.
U.S. FederalCourts
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192 Chapter 8 The Judicial BranchSeattle Post-Intelligencer
Collection; Museum of History & Industry/CORBIS
In 1942 the government dismissedMitsuye Endo from her civil
service job inCalifornia and ordered her to a relocationcenter.
Although Endo was a U.S. citizen with a brother serving in the U.S.
Army, sheand other Japanese Americans were forcedinto relocation
camps during World War IIbecause the government questioned
theirloyalty. Endo took the matter to the SupremeCourt and won her
case. The Court ruled thatEndo “should be given her liberty.”
JusticeWilliam O. Douglas proclaimed that “loyalty is a matter of
the heart and mind, not ofrace, creed or color . . .”
Equal Justice for AllIn the 1940s, the Supreme Court upheld an
act of
Congress that allowed the relocation of thousands of
JapaneseAmericans to internment camps. The Supreme Court
claimedsuch camps were constitutional. Later the United States
gov-ernment would acknowledge the injustice of the camps
andapologize. Shortly after the Court made its decision in the
Exparte Endo case, many detained Japanese Americans werereleased
and returned home.
Federal courts, like the Supreme Court, make up the thirdbranch
of the U.S. government. Courts use the law to settlecivil disputes
and to decide on the guilt or innocence of peopleaccused of
crimes.
Whether a civil dispute is between two private parties(people,
companies, or organizations), between a privateparty and the
government, or between the United States anda state or local
government, both sides come before a court.Each side presents its
position. The court then applies thelaw to the facts that have been
presented and makes a deci-sion in favor of one or the other. The
courts also hold crim-inal trials in which witnesses present
evidence and a jury ora judge delivers a verdict.
-
Federal Judicial Circuits and Districts
1
2
3
467
11
12
5
8
10
9
9
9
TX
NMAZ
NV
CA
OR
WA
MT
IDWY
UT COKS
NE
SD
NDMN
IA
MO
AROK
LAMS AL
GA
FL
SC
NC
VA
TN
KY
OHINIL
MIWI
AK
HI
D.C. Circuit
NJ
DEMD
CtRI
MAVT
NH
PA
NY
ME
WV
State and district boundaryDistrict boundaryJudicial
circuits5
Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 193
The United States SupremeCourt is at the top of the federalcourt
system. If you visit the Court,you will see the words “Equal
JusticeUnder Law” on the face of its marble build-ing. Our legal
system is based on thisimportant ideal. The goal of the legal
sys-tem is to treat every person the same.Under the Constitution,
every personaccused of breaking the law has the right tohave a
public trial and a lawyer. If anaccused person cannot afford a
lawyer, thecourt will appoint and pay for one. Eachperson is
considered innocent until provenguilty and has the right to ask for
a reviewof his or her case if, in that person’s view,the courts
have made a mistake.
The ideal of equal justice is difficult toachieve. Judges and
juries are not free frompersonal prejudices or the prejudices
of
their communities. Poor people do not havethe money to spend on
the best availablelegal help, unlike wealthy citizens and
largecompanies. Nonetheless, American courtstry to uphold the ideal
of equal justice.
Defining What is the goalof the U.S. court system?
The Federal Court SystemThe Founders created the federal
court
system in Article III of the Constitution.This article
established a national SupremeCourt. It also gave Congress the
power toestablish lower federal courts.
Each state is assignedto one of the 12 judicialcircuits. Which
circuitcovers the largest geographical area?
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Kelly-Mooney Photography/CORBIS
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A Federal Crime This U.S. Secret Serviceagent displays
counterfeited federal bonds.More than $2 trillion worth of fake
bonds wereseized in the Philippines in this incident in2001. What
type of court—federal or state—would try this case?
190-195 U2 CH08 S1 CT-860970 11/28/03 12:17 PM Page 194
Over the years, Congress has createdtwo kinds of lower courts.
In 1789 it passedthe Judiciary Act, which established
federaldistrict courts and circuit courts of appeals.Much later, in
1891, Congress created asystem of federal appeals courts. Thus,
thefederal court system has three levels—thedistrict courts at the
bottom, the appealscourts in the middle, and the SupremeCourt at
the top.
Our federal court system exists along-side 50 separate state
court systems. Eachstate has its own laws and courts. The
statecourts get their powers from state constitu-tions and laws.
You will read more aboutstate courts in Chapter 12.
Cases Heard in Federal CourtsJurisdiction is a court’s authority
to
hear and decide cases. Article III of theConstitution gives the
federal courts juris-diction over eight kinds of cases.
Cases Involving the Constitution Ifthe law in question applies
to the U.S.Constitution, the case must be heard in afederal court.
For example, if a personbelieves a constitutional right, such as
free-dom of speech, has been violated, that per-son has a right to
be heard in a federal court.
Violations of Federal Laws If thegovernment accuses a person of
a federalcrime—for example, kidnapping, tax eva-sion, or
counterfeiting—a federal courthas jurisdiction. Disputes regarding
theissues over which the Constitution givesthe federal government
control, such aspatent rights or bankruptcy, also go to afederal
court.
Controversies Between States Dis-agreements between state
governments areresolved in federal courts. If Colorado
andCalifornia, for example, disagree over rightsto water in the
Colorado River, it is a fed-eral case.
Disputes Between Parties FromDifferent States Lawsuits between
cit-izens of different states also come under thefederal courts.
For example, Ms. Jones ofMaine may bring suit in a federal
courtagainst Mr. Smith of Iowa for not fulfillinghis part of a
business agreement.
Suits Involving the Federal Govern-ment The U.S. government may
suesomeone. For example, the DefenseDepartment might sue a company
thatcontracted to build missile parts but didnot complete the work
on time. The suitwould be heard in a federal court. Also, pri-vate
parties can sue the government. Forinstance, if a mail truck hit
you, you couldsue the U.S. Postal Service for damages; orif the
Department of Agriculture failed topay your company for equipment
itordered, you could sue for your money.
Cases Involving Foreign Govern-ments and Treaties Any
disputebetween a foreign government and eitherthe U.S. government
or an American pri-vate party is heard in a federal court. Atreaty
case might involve a dispute over theway the State Department
interpreted atrade agreement.
Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS
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Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define jurisdiction.
Then explain the differencebetween exclusive and concur-rent
jurisdiction.
Reviewing Main Ideas 2. List Name the three levels of
federal courts. What is the rela-tionship between the federal
dis-trict court system and the statecourt system?
3. Explain Define what is meant bythe words that are inscribed
onthe United States SupremeCourt building: “Equal JusticeUnder
Law.”
Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences Why do you
think Congress established fed-eral appeals courts in 1891?
5. Organizing Information On a chart like the one below,
writethe eight kinds of cases forwhich federal courts have
juris-diction and give an example ofeach kind of case.
Analyzing Visuals 6. Identify Study the map of fed-
eral judicial circuits and districtson page 193. Which judicial
cir-cuit is your state in?
SECTION ASSESSMENT
Cases Based on Admiralty andMaritime Laws These laws
concernaccidents or crimes on the high seas. Onerecent case
involved a dispute over therights to millions of dollars in sunken
treas-ure recovered from a shipwreck 160 milesoff the coast of
South Carolina.
Cases Involving U.S. Diplomats If,for example, an American
diplomat work-ing in the U.S. embassy in France isaccused of
breaking an American law, thecase would go to a federal court.
Relation to State CourtsFor most of the areas just
described,
federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction,which means that only
these courts mayhear and decide such cases. State courtshave
jurisdiction over all other matters.Most U.S. court cases involve
state law andare tried in state courts.
In a few circumstances, however, a casecan be heard in either a
state or a federalcourt. In these instances, the state and fed-eral
courts have concurrent jurisdiction,meaning that they share
jurisdiction. Eithercourt may try crimes that violate both stateand
federal law. Concurrent jurisdictionalso applies when citizens of
different statesare involved in a dispute concerning at
least$50,000. In such a case, a person may suein either a federal
court or a state court. Ifthe person being sued insists, however,
thecase must be tried in a federal court. Suchappeals might
eventually reach the UnitedStates Supreme Court.
Identifying Which articleof the Constitution lists the
jurisdiction offederal courts?
�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Research Find the United States
Supreme Court in the library oronline. Select a famous
casedecided by the Supreme Court.Of the eight kinds of cases
forwhich federal courts have juris-diction, which kind does thecase
you found fall under?
Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 195
BankruptcyBankruptcy is a legal proceeding in whichpeople or
companies can be released from all or most of their debts. Because
theConstitution gives Congress the right toestablish bankruptcy
laws, cases cannot beheard in state courts. Jurisdiction
belongsexclusively to special federal bankruptcycourts. Invite a
loan officer from a local bankto class to discuss the pros and cons
ofdeclaring bankruptcy.
Kinds ofCases
Examples
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GUIDE TO READING
Main IdeaThree levels of federalcourts—district courts,appeals
courts, and theSupreme Court—handle a wide array of casesevery
year.
Key Termsdistrict courts, originaljurisdiction, appealscourts,
appellate juris-diction, circuit, remand,opinion, precedent
Reading StrategyAnalyzing Information Asyou read, take notes on
agraphic organizer like theone below. Why is a pyra-mid chart
appropriate forthe federal court system?
Read to Learn• How do the three levels
of federal courts differ?• How are federal judges
selected?
How FederalCourts AreOrganized
SECTION
The Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
SupremeCourt
AppealsCourts
District Courts
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196 Chapter 8 The Judicial BranchAP/Wide World Photos
Mary M. Schroeder used to be a judge for the Arizona Courtof
Appeals in Phoenix. Now she’s the chief judge of the United
StatesCourt of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. She is the first
woman to serve inthis post in the Ninth Circuit. This,the largest
circuit, comprises theseven westernmost continentalstates, plus
Alaska, Hawaii, and theislands of Guam and the NorthernMarianas.
Schroeder has come along way from the days in the1960s, when she
was one of just sixwomen in her law school class. Herrole, and that
of other female judges,says Schroeder, is “not to feminizethe
courts but to humanize them.”
U.S. District CourtsJudge Schroeder serves in a U.S. district
court, which is part
of the federal court system.The federal court system can be
illus-trated as a pyramid.The Supreme Court sits alone above a
num-ber of appeals courts, and has a broad base of district
courts.
Most federal cases are handled in the 94 U.S. districtcourts.
District courts are the federal courts where trials areheld and
lawsuits are begun. Every state has at least one districtcourt, and
some states have two, three, or four. All federal casesmust begin
in a district court, because district courts haveoriginal
jurisdiction, the authority to hear cases for the firsttime.
District courts are responsible for determining the factsof a case;
they are the trial courts for both criminal and civilfederal cases.
Thus, in a criminal case, a district court willdecide if a person
is guilty or innocent based on the evidencepresented. District
courts are the only federal courts in whichwitnesses testify and
juries hear cases and reach verdicts.
Explaining What is the purpose of federaldistrict courts?
-
United StatesCourt System
U.S. courthousein Texas
U.S. Supreme Court
(Justices/No Jury)
(Judges/No Jury)
U.S. Courts of Appeals
(Judges and Juries)
U.S. District Courts
Jurisdiction: Limited originaljurisdiction and
appellatejurisdiction
Jurisdiction: Appellate
Jurisdiction: Original
The organization and jurisdictionof the U.S. court system is
basedon the U.S. Constitution and fed-eral laws. What is the
differencebetween appellate and originaljurisdiction?
196-199 U2 CH08 S2 CT-860970 11/28/03 12:25 PM Page 197
U.S. Courts of Appeals A large percentage of people who lose
their cases in a district court appeal to thenext highest
level—a U.S. court of appeals.These courts are also referred to as
federalappeals courts, circuit courts of appeals, orappellate
courts.
The job of the appeals courts is toreview decisions made in
lower districtcourts. This is referred to as appellatejurisdiction,
or the authority of a court tohear a case appealed from a lower
court.Lawyers usually appeal when they think thejudge in their case
applied the law incor-rectly, used the wrong procedures, or if
newevidence turns up. Appeals courts may alsoreview federal
regulatory agency rulings, ifthe people or groups involved believe
theagency acted unfairly.
There are 12 United States courts ofappeals. Each one covers a
particular geo-graphic area called a circuit. In addition,
athirteenth appeals court, the Court ofAppeals for the Federal
Circuit, has nation-wide jurisdiction to hear special cases, suchas
those involving patent law or interna-tional trade.
Making a Decision Appeals courts do not hold trials.
Instead, these courts may decide an appealin one of three ways:
uphold the originaldecision, reverse that decision, or remandthe
case, that is, send the case back to thelower court to be tried
again.A panel of three or morejudges reviews the record ofthe case
being appealed andlistens to arguments fromlawyers for each side.
Thejudges then meet and make adecision by majority vote.
The judges do not decidethe guilt or innocence of adefendant in
a criminal case
or which side should win in a civil lawsuit.They rule only on
whether the defendant’srights have been protected and on whether
heor she received a fair trial. In the majority ofcases, the
decision of the appeals court is final.In some cases, however,
lawyers may appealthe decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Announcing the Decision When an appeals court makes a deci-
sion, one judge writes an opinion for thecourt. The opinion
offers a detailed expla-nation of the legal thinking behind
thecourt’s decision. The opinion sets a prece-dent for all courts
and agencies within thedistrict. A precedent gives guidance toother
judges by offering a model upon
Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 197Mark Burnett/Stock Boston
-
198 Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch
which to base their own decisions on simi-lar cases. A precedent
does not have theforce of law, but it is a very powerful argu-ment
to use in court. Judges and courts fol-low precedents in nearly all
cases.
Describing What does itmean if the judge remands a case?
Federal JudgesThe chief decision makers in the judi-
cial branch are the federal judges.There aremore than 550 judges
who preside over thedistrict courts. Each district court has
atleast two judges. Some district courts inhigh-population areas
have more judgesbecause there are more cases to hear. Eachappeals
court has from 6 to 27 judges. TheSupreme Court has 9 justices.
Selection and Tenure of Judges According to the U.S.
Constitution, the
president appoints judges, with the approvalof the Senate. The
Constitution sets forthno particular qualifications for
federaljudges. Presidents want to appoint judges
who share their ideas about politics and jus-tice. Thus, they
usually choose people whobelong to their political party.
Becausejudges are appointed for life, presidentsview their judicial
appointments as anopportunity to affect the country after theyhave
left the White House.
When naming judges, presidents usuallyfollow a practice called
senatorial courtesy.Under this system, a president submits thename
of a candidate for judicial appoint-ment to the senators from the
candidate’sstate before formally submitting it to theentire Senate
for approval. If either or bothsenators object to the candidate,
the presi-dent will usually withdraw the name andnominate another
candidate. The practiceof senatorial courtesy usually applies
onlyto the selection of judges to the districtcourts and other
trial courts, not to theselection of judges to courts of appeals
orthe Supreme Court.
Once appointed, federal judges mayhave their jobs for life. A
judge can beremoved from office only through theprocess of
impeachment.The writers of theConstitution gave federal judges this
sort ofjob security because they wanted judges tobe able to decide
cases free from public orpolitical pressures. Federal judges
knowthat their jobs are safe even if they makeunpopular
decisions.
Other Court Officials Judges do notwork alone.They have help
from clerks, sec-retaries, court reporters, probation officers,and
other workers.
Each district court has magistratejudges. These officials take
care of muchof a judge’s routine work. They issuecourt orders, like
search and arrest war-rants in federal cases. They hear
prelimi-nary evidence in a case to determinewhether the case should
be brought to trial. They also decide whether peoplewho have been
arrested should be held
Chip Somodevilla/Stringer/Getty Images
Alberto R. Gonzales Sworn into office onFebruary 3, 2005,
Alberto Gonzales became the80th attorney general of the United
States. Herepresents the United States in legal mattersand is a
member of the President’s cabinet.What executive department does
Gonzaleslead? What court officials report to him?
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Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use the following
terms in sentences: districtcourts, original
jurisdiction,appeals courts, appellate jurisdiction.
Reviewing Main Ideas2. Describe What takes place in
federal district courts that doesnot happen in federal
appealscourts or in the Supreme Court?
3. Identify Explain the three rul-ings that are possible in a
U.S.court of appeals case.
Critical Thinking4. Making Judgments Do you
agree with the practice ofappointing federal judges forlife?
Explain your answer.
5. Making Comparisons On aVenn diagram like the one below,
compare U.S. districtcourts to U.S. courts ofappeals.
Analyzing Visuals 6. Identify Review the organization
of U.S. courts on page 197.What type of jurisdiction do
U.S.Courts of Appeals have? Explainwhat this means.
SECTION ASSESSMENT
in jail or released on bail.Magistrates may also hearminor
cases.
Every federal judicialdistrict also has a UnitedStates attorney
and one ormore deputies. The U.S.attorneys are government lawyers
whoprosecute people accused of breaking fed-eral laws. They look
into complaints ofcrime, prepare formal charges, and thenpresent
evidence in court. It is the U.S.attorney’s job to represent the
UnitedStates in civil cases in which the govern-ment is involved.
U.S. attorneys areappointed to four-year terms by the presi-dent,
with consent of the Senate. Theyreport to the attorney general of
theUnited States, who is the head of theJustice Department.
Each federal judicial district also has aUnited States marshal.
Marshals and theirstaffs make arrests, collect fines, and
takeconvicted persons to prison. They protectjurors, keep order in
federal courts, and servelegal papers, including subpoenas. A
sub-poena is a court order requiring someone toappear in court.
Marshals work for theDepartment of Justice. The presidentappoints
U.S. marshals with Senate approval.
Defining What issenatorial courtesy?
�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Write Create a job description
for a federal district judge. Includethe qualifications you
believe fed-eral judges should have.
Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 199(l)Fabian Falcon/Stock Boston,
(r)Bettmann/CORBIS
Enforcing Laws A U.S. marshal in the West in the 1800s was
oftenthe only law enforcement officer interritories that had not
yet becomestates. Today, marshals makesure the federal judiciary
runssmoothly. What are the duties of U.S. marshals today?
DistrictCourts
AppealsCourts
Both
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GUIDE TO READING
Main IdeaThe Supreme Court’sdecisions have wide-ranging effects
becausecourt justices interpretthe meaning of the
U.S.Constitution.
Key Terms constitutional, judicialreview
Reading StrategySummarizing InformationOn a graphic
organizersimilar to the one below,describe the powers ofthe Supreme
Court andgive an example of each.
Read to Learn• Who serves as
Supreme Court justices?
• What are the powers ofthe Supreme Court?
The United StatesSupreme Court
SECTION
200 Chapter 8 The Judicial BranchCrandall/The Image Works
Stephen G. Breyer received President Bill Clinton’sSupreme Court
nomination on May 14, 1994. The Senate confirmedBreyer with an 87–9
vote. Breyer has summarized his view of the Court’s role in the
following way: “It is important that the public, trying to cope
with the problems of the nation, state, and local community,
understand that the Constitution does not resolve, and was not
intended to resolve, society’s problems. Rather, the Constitution
provides a framework for the creation of democratically determined
solutions, which protect each individual’s basic liberties . . .
,while securing a democratic form of government. We judges cannot
insist that Americans participate in that government,but we can
make clear that our Constitution depends upon it.”
The Supreme Court JusticesAs Justice Breyer implied, the Supreme
Court exerts its
influence all across the United States.The Court stands aboveall
other courts. Its main job is to decide whether laws areallowable
under the U.S. Constitution.
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only
twoinstances. It can preside over trials in cases that involve
diplomatsfrom foreign countries and in disputes between states. In
all otherinstances, the Supreme Court hears cases that have come
onappeal from lower district courts or from federal regulatory
agen-cies.The Supreme Court is not required to hear all the cases
pre-sented to it. It carefully chooses the cases it hears. It has
finalauthority in any case involving the Constitution, acts of
Congress,and treaties with other nations. The decisions of the
Court arebinding on all lower courts. When the Court refuses to
review acase, the decision of the lower court remains
unchanged.
The Supreme Court is made of eight associate justices ledby a
chief justice. Congress sets this number and has the power to
change it. The justices are important political decision makers.
Their rulings often affect citizens as much asdo presidential or
congressional decisions.
Powers ofthe Supreme
Court
Justice Breyer
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Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 201
The main duty of justices is to hear andrule on cases. They
choose which cases tohear from among the thousands appealedto the
Court each year, then decide the caseitself and issue a written
explanation for thedecision, called the Court’s opinion.
Selection of Justices The president appoints Supreme Court
justices, with the approval of the Senate.Vacancies in the Court
open up due to theresignation or death of a justice. In 2005,for
example, President Bush appointedJohn G. Roberts to the post of
chief justice,following the death of Chief Justice
WilliamRehnquist. He also selected a justice toreplace Sandra Day
O'Connor, whoresigned. Presidents are careful to choosenominees
that are likely to be approved bythe Senate.The president's
decision is ofteninfluenced by the attorney general andother
Justice Department officials; otherSupreme Court justices; the
American BarAssociation; and interest groups, such aslabor and
civil rights groups. Senators
typically give the president a fairly freehand in appointing new
justices, but theSenate has historically rejected many nominees
based on doubts about the qualifications or the legal philosophy of
thepersons nominated.
Background of the Justices Supreme Court justices are always
lawyers. They have had successful careerspracticing or teaching
law, serving as judgesin lower courts, or holding other
publicpositions prior to appointment.
Political support and agreement withthe president’s ideas are
important factorsin who gets appointed. Of course, onceappointed, a
justice may make rulings thatthe president does not like.
The first African American justice,Thurgood Marshall, joined the
Court in1967. The first female justice, Sandra DayO’Connor, was
appointed in 1981.
Identifying Who makes upthe Supreme Court?
Breen/Copley News Service
Analyzing Visuals In 2000Americans voted for the presi-dent on
November 7, butbecause of an unprecedenteddispute over the counting
ofballots, the winner of the election was not declareduntil
December 13. Why doyou think the cartoonistpicked these figures to
depictin the cartoon? What doesthe seesaw represent?
A
B
C
Al Gore George W. Bush Supreme CourtCBA
200-205 U2 CH08 S3 CT-874574 10/3/05 4:39 PM Page 201
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202 Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch
Powers of the CourtThe powers of the Supreme Court have
developed since its creation. Today theSupreme Court enjoys a
great deal of powerand prestige. The legislative and
executivebranches of government must follow therulings of the
Supreme Court. Because theSupreme Court is removed from politicsand
from the influences of special-interest
groups, it is more likely that the partiesinvolved in a case
before the Court will geta fair hearing.The Court exercises
politicalinfluence in several ways. The most impor-tant is through
the use of judicial review.
Judicial Review A significant job of the Supreme Court
is to decide whether laws or actions bygovernment officials are
allowed by theConstitution, or are constitutional. Itdoes this
through a process called judicialreview. This is the power to say
whetherany federal, state, or local law or govern-ment action goes
against the Constitution.If the Court decides a law is
unconstitu-tional, it has the power to nullify, or cancel,that law
or action. Former Chief JusticeCharles Evans Hughes described the
greatpower of judicial review when he said,
“We are under a constitution, butthe Constitution is what
theSupreme Court says it is.”
Marbury v. Madison The Constitu-tion does not give the Supreme
Court thepower of judicial review. A provision of theJudiciary Act
of 1789 gave the Court thepower of judicial review for acts of
stategovernments. In 1803 the case of Marburyv. Madison established
judicial review onthe federal level. ; See Landmark Supreme
CourtCase Studies on page 211.
On his last night as president, JohnAdams signed an order making
WilliamMarbury a justice of the peace. WhenThomas Jefferson took
office the next day,he told Secretary of State James Madisonto
cancel the order.
William Marbury took his case directlyto the Supreme Court,
under the provisionsof the Judiciary Act of 1789. John Marshall,the
chief justice, wrote an opinion stating
Bettmann/CORBIS
John Marshall (1755–1835)John Adams once said that hisgreatest
act as president was“the gift of John Marshall tothe people.”
Marshall, thefourth chief justice of theUnited States, hardly
lookedlike the head of the judiciary.He often wore
mismatchedclothes and an old floppy hat.He rejected the
gold-braided
robes worn by justices at the time in favor ofthe simple black
robes worn by justices today.
Marshall, the oldest of 15 children, grew upalong the Virginia
frontier. He never forgot theprinciples for which he fought during
theAmerican Revolution. As a soldier, he oncesewed the words
“Liberty or Death” onto hisshirt before heading into battle. He
upheldboth the national government and the newConstitution.
During his 34 years as chief justice,Marshall put the judicial
branch on an equalfooting with the other two branches of
govern-ment. He made sure the Court had the final sayin all cases
involving the Constitution. By over-seeing more than 1,000
decisions, Marshallproved once and for all that the Constitutionwas
the “supreme law of the land.”
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that Marbury’s claim was valid according to the Judiciary Act.
However, Marshallalso ruled that one part of the act gave theCourt
powers that it should not have andwas therefore
unconstitutional.
John Marshall’s opinion set forth threeprinciples of judicial
review:• The Constitution is the supreme law of
the land.• If there is a conflict between the Consti-
tution and any other law, the Constitutionrules.
• The judicial branch has a duty to upholdthe Constitution.Thus,
it must be able todetermine when a law conflicts with
theConstitution and to nullify, or cancel,unconstitutional
laws.
Marbury v. Madison helped make thejudicial branch equal in power
to the exec-utive and legislative branches.The power ofjudicial
review is an important part of thesystem of checks and balances of
thenational government. By declaring acts ofCongress or executive
orders unconstitu-tional, the Supreme Court can check theactions of
the legislative and executivebranches of government.The final
interpre-tation of the United States Constitution isreserved to the
Supreme Court.
Interpreting Laws The Court also exercises power when it
interprets laws. Congress often uses verygeneral language when
it writes laws. Forexample, Congress passed a law thatimposed a
five-year prison sentence foranyone convicted of a violent crime
inwhich he or she “uses” a gun. What does“uses” mean? What if a
robber has a gun inhis pocket but does not actually show itduring
the crime? In 1995 the Court ruledthat “uses” means the person must
show,fire, or at least say he has a gun.
Because a Supreme Court decision isthe law of the land, a ruling
like this affectspolice departments and courts all acrossthe United
States. Over the years the Courthas interpreted many major
laws.
Explaining What importantpower did the Marbury case
establish?
Limits on the Courts’ PowerIn the American system of checks
and
balances, there are limits on the power ofthe federal courts,
including the SupremeCourt.The Court depends on the executivebranch
as well as state and local officials,
The Supreme Court Historical Society
The Justices Since 1869there have been nine jus-tices on the
SupremeCourt. They include (fromleft to right) Antonin Scalia,Ruth
Bader Ginsburg, JohnPaul Stevens, DavidSouter, Former ChiefJustice
William Rehnquist(died in 2005), ClarenceThomas, Sandra DayO’Connor
(resigned in2005), Stephen Breyer,and Anthony Kennedy.What factors
might a president consider whenselecting a justice?
Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 203
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204 Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a true state-
ment and a false statement forthe terms below. Beside eachfalse
statement explain why it is false.constitutional, judicial
review
Reviewing Main Ideas2. Infer The Supreme Court
refuses to hear many more casesthan it accepts. What happens ina
case when the Supreme Courtrefuses to hear it?
3. Describe Explain how a personbecomes a Supreme Court
justice.
Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions Do you
think the Supreme Court shouldhave a police force with thepower
to enforce its decisions?Explain your answer.
5. Organizing Information On agraphic organizer like the
onebelow, summarize the effects ofthe ruling in Marbury v.
Madisonon the judicial branch.
Analyzing Visuals 6. Infer Review the political car-
toon on page 201. Explain theaction the Supreme Court is tak-ing
in the cartoon. What doesthis mean?
SECTION ASSESSMENT
such as governors or police officers, toenforce its decisions.
The executive branchusually follows Court rulings, but there
havebeen exceptions. President Andrew Jacksonrefused to obey a
Court ruling in the case ofWorcester v. Georgia, in which Chief
JusticeJohn Marshall ordered the state of Georgiato stop violating
federal land treaties withthe Cherokee nation in 1832. Because
mostcitizens agreed with President Jackson,there was no public
pressure to force him touphold the Court’s decision.
Congress can get around a Court rulingby passing a new law or
changing a lawruled unconstitutional by the Court.Congress and
state legislatures can also tryto undo Court rulings by adopting a
newamendment to the Constitution. The sys-tem of checks and
balances also includesthe president’s power to appoint justicesand
Congress’s power to approve judicialappointments or to impeach and
removejustices.
As a check on the Court, and under itsrarely-used “exceptions
clause,” Congresscan vote to remove the Court’s jurisdictionover
particular types of cases—thus keeping
it from even hear-ing the cases.
Another limitis the fact that theCourt can onlyhear and make
rul-ings on the casesthat come to it. Allcases submitted tothe
Court must be actual legal disputes. Aperson cannot simply ask the
Court todecide whether a law is constitutional.TheCourt will not
rule on a law or action thathas not been challenged on appeal.
TheCourt also accepts only cases that involvea federal question.
Traditionally, theCourt has refused to deal with politicalquestions
because it believes that these are issues the executive or
legislativebranch of the government should resolve.However, in the
2000 presidential elec-tion, the Supreme Court for the first
timeheard two cases involving the recountingof votes in the state
of Florida.
Inferring How can thepresident check the power of the
SupremeCourt?
�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Research Log on to the
Supreme Court Web site(www.supremecourtus.gov). Readthe brief
biographical sketchesof the justices. Select one jus-tice to read
more about andwrite a report about the justice.
Marbury v.Madison
Student Web Activity Visitciv.glencoe.com and click onStudent
Web Activities—Chapter 8 to learn moreabout Supreme Court
decisions.
Study Central TM To review this section, go toand click on Study
CentralTM.civ.glencoe.com
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Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 205
Critical Thinking
Why Learn This Skill?Reviewing long lists of statistics can
involve agreat deal of work. You would probably preferto read a
graph. A graph is a visual devicethat condenses a large body of
data into asmall space. You can use it to cite individualstatistics
quickly. You can also use it to makecomparisons and spot overall
trends. A com-monly used type of graph is a bar graph.
Learning the SkillTo read a bar graph, follow these steps:• Read
the title of the graph. This will tell you
the kind of information shown.• Study the vertical and
horizontal axes. The
vertical axis runs from top to bottom along
the left side of the graph. Read the names,numbers, or other
labels along the verticalaxis. This will identify the type of data
sec-tioned off along the vertical axis. Do thesame with the
horizontal axis, which runsalong the bottom of the graph.
• Study the key. Identify the meaning of colorsor other symbols
used in the graph.
• Note the length of individual bars to citespecific facts.
• Look at and compare the length of all the bars to identify
trends or to draw conclusions.
Practicing the SkillOn a separate sheet of paper, answer the
following questions about the graph on this page.
What information does this graph show?What do the numbers on the
vertical axisindicate?What time period does the graph cover?In
which year did the Supreme Court issuethe fewest opinions?What
change has occurred in the caseloadof the Supreme Court?In general,
how does the number of casesappealed to the Supreme Court
comparewith the number it hears and decides?
6
5
43
21
7,5
65
75
5,1
58
146
8,9
65
87
4,7
61
138
3,2
56
97
1,8
49
82
1,4
60
134
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
2000199519851975196519551945
NU
MB
ER O
F CA
SES
YEARS
SUPREME COURT CASELOAD
Number of cases appealed Signed opinions
Source: www.supremecourtus.govPractice key skills with
Glencoe’sSkillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM, Level 1.
Reading a Bar Graph
Find a bar graph in a recent newsmagazine.Cite two facts and one
comparison you drawfrom the graph.
Applying the Skill
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GUIDE TO READING
Main IdeaSupreme Court justicesweigh many factors andgo through
several com-plex steps before makinga decision.
Key Termsdocket, brief, majorityopinion, dissenting opinion,
concurring opinion, stare decisis
Reading StrategySequencing Events Asyou read, on a
graphicorganizer similar to theone below, take notes onthe steps
involved inreaching a SupremeCourt decision.
Read to Learn• What are the steps in
the Supreme Court’sdecision-makingprocess?
• What factors influenceSupreme Court decisions?
Deciding Cases atthe Supreme Court
SECTION
Steps in Court Decision
The scalesof justice
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206 Chapter 8 The Judicial BranchDave Bartruff/CORBIS
Most Supreme Court justicesare—or will be—remembered for
certainissues about which they felt particularlystrongly. Justice
Louis Brandeis worked forsocial justice and democracy throughout
hislife, including during his 23 years of service(from 1916 until
1939) on the Supreme Court.He recognized the value of debate and
dissent, asrevealed by these words: “In the frank expression
ofconflicting opinions lies the greatest promise ofwisdom in
governmental action.”
How Cases Reach the CourtThe Supreme Court decides the issues
that affect all
Americans. It conducts its business each year from Octoberuntil
the following June or July. Each month during this time,the
justices spend two weeks listening to oral arguments oncases and
then two weeks in recess. During recess the justiceswrite opinions
and study new cases. During the summer breakthey study applications
for review, write opinions, and catch upon other legal work.
The Supreme Court is both a trial court and an appealscourt. Two
kinds of disputes have their original trials there:cases involving
representatives of foreign governments and cer-tain cases in which
a state is a party.
Most cases, however, are appeals from a lower federal courtor a
state court. A person can ask the Court to review a lowercourt’s
decision. In addition, a lower court may sometimes askthe Court to
make a ruling because it is not sure how to applythe law to a
case.
Acceptance From the many cases submitted to them, the justices
make a
list of cases they want to discuss more carefully. Once a week
theymeet to pick from this list the cases the Court will actually
review.The Court will accept a case if four of the nine justices
agree todo so. Accepted cases go on the Court docket, or
calendar.
-
Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 207
Each year the Court gets more than 7,000applications. Of these,
it selects fewer than200 cases to hear.The Court can review
justabout any kind of case. Usually the justicestake cases that
involve important constitu-tional issues, such as freedom of
speech, equalprotection of the laws, or civil liberties. Theyalso
tend to select cases that involve legal,rather than political,
issues, as well as those
that affect the entire country rather than justthe individuals
or groups directly involved.
Steps in Decision MakingEvery case the Supreme Court accepts
goes through a series of steps: written argu-ments, oral
arguments, conference, opinionwriting, and announcement.
Paul Conklin/PhotoEdit
Landmark Decisions of the Supreme Court
Marbury v. Madison (1803) established theSupreme Court’s power
of judicial review
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) expanded thescope of political speech
by protecting allpolitical speech unless it is linked toimmediate
lawless behavior
Near v. Minnesota (1931) ruled againstcensorship of information,
defining “priorrestraint” of written material
asunconstitutional
DeJonge v. Oregon (1937) reinforcedpeaceable assembly and
associationprotection of the First Amendment
Engel v. Vitale (1962) held that a publicschool district’s
practice of starting the daywith prayer violates the establishment
clause
United States v. Eichman (1990) struckdown Federal Flag
Protection Act; heldthat flag burning is expressive speech
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) declared thata person accused of a
major crime had theright to legal counsel during a trial
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ruled that at thetime of arrest
suspects cannot bequestioned until informed of their rights
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) ruled that ina conflict between
national and state power,the national government is supreme
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) established thatCongress has sole
authority to regulateinterstate commerce
FEDERAL POWER
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896), whichsaid African Americans could be provided“separate but
equal” public facilities; beganschool integration
Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized a woman’sright to an abortion under
certaincircumstances
Reed v. Reed (1971) held that a state lawthat discriminated
against women wasunconstitutional
Bush v. Gore (2000) ruled that Florida recount of presidential
votes violatedFourteenth Amendment; recount stoppedand Bush became
president
CIVIL LIBERTIES
FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS
RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
These decisions helped determine therights of citizens. What
earlier decision didBrown v. Board of Education overturn?
Official seal of theSupreme Court
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Written Arguments Once the Court takes a case, the
lawyers for each side prepare a brief. Thisis a written document
that explains oneside’s position on the case. The justicesthen
study the briefs.
Oral Arguments Next, lawyers for each side present oral
arguments. Each side gets only 30 minutes tosummarize its
case.The justices often ask thelawyers very tough questions about
the case.
Conference On Fridays the justices get together to
make their first decisions about the casesthey have been
studying. These meetingstake place in secret; no audience is
presentand no meeting minutes are kept.The chiefjustice presides
over the discussion of thecase. A majority—at least five votes,
whenall nine justices are participating—decides acase. At least six
justices must be presentfor a decision.
Opinion Writing Once the Court has reached a decision
on a case, one justice gets the job of writingthe majority
opinion. A majority opinion
presents the views of the majority of thejustices on a case. The
opinion states thefacts of the case, announces the ruling,and
explains the Court’s reasoning inreaching the decision. Written
opinionsare very important. They set a precedentfor lower courts to
follow in future cases,and they also communicate the Court’sview to
Congress, the president, interestgroups, and the public. This is
also animportant step because there is still timefor justices to
change their minds. Anopinion may influence a justice to changehis
or her vote.
Besides the majority opinion, the Courtmay issue four other
types of opinions. In aunanimous opinion, all the justices vote
thesame way. A justice who disagrees with themajority’s decision
may write a dissentingopinion. Sometimes two, three, or evenfour
justices write their own dissentingopinions. A justice who votes
with themajority, but for different reasons, maywrite a concurring
opinion.
Announcement When the opinion writing is completed,
the Court announces its decision. Printedcopies of the opinion
go to waiting newsreporters, and the opinion is placed on
theCourt’s Web site. The Supreme Court andother courts around the
country use thewritten opinions to guide their decisionsregarding
new cases.
Concluding Why must theSupreme Court print its opinions?
Reasons for Court Decisions Many factors, such as precedents,
the
social atmosphere in the country, and the justice’s own legal
and personal views,influence justices when they decide a casethat
comes before the Court.
208 Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch
Do Supreme Court justicesalways get along?
In 1924 Justice James McReynoldsrefused to appear in the
officialSupreme Court photo with JusticeLouis D. Brandeis.
McReynolds disliked Brandeis so much that hewould leave the room
when Brandeisspoke! Chief Justice William HowardTaft considered
McReynolds “a con-tinual grouch.”
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Impact of the BrownDecision Segregatedfacilities, such as
sep-arate entrances at amovie theater inBelzoni, Mississippi,were
declared uncon-stitutional in 1954.Why must theSupreme Court
reactto changes inAmerican values?
Thurgood Marshallargued the Brown
case before the Court.
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Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 209
The Law The law is supposed to be the most
important influence on a justice’s decisions.A guiding principle
for all judges is calledstare decisis, a Latin term, which
means“let the decision stand.” By followingprecedent, courts make
the law predictable.
At the same time, the law needs to beflexible to adapt to
changing times. Socialconditions, public attitudes, and technol-ogy
change over the years. As the highestcourt in the land, the Supreme
Court isin a position to overrule outdatedprecedents.
The Supreme Court sometimes reviewsa case to clarify the meaning
of theConstitution for an important issue. Thishappened with
disputes over manuallyrecounting the Florida ballots in the
presi-dential election of 2000. The dispute ledthe Court to address
a question involvingthe Fourteenth Amendment: did allrecounted
votes have to be treated equally?In Bush v. Gore (2000), the Court
orderedthe recount to stop. This decision ensuredthat George W.
Bush would receive Florida’selectoral votes and win the
election.
Social Conditions Although the Supreme Court is some-
what protected from public and politicalpressures, the social
situation can also influ-ence Court decisions.When social
conditionschange, the Court may make new interpreta-tions of the
law.
In the 1890s, many restaurants, schools,and trains were marked
for whites andAfrican Americans. In Louisiana, HomerPlessy, an
African American, decided to sitin a section of a train marked “For
WhitesOnly.” Plessy was convicted of violatingLouisiana’s
segregation law. The SupremeCourt upheld the Louisiana law as
constitu-tional in Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court ruledthat the
equal protection clause of theFourteenth Amendment permitted
“sepa-rate but equal” facilities for whites andAfrican
Americans.
However, by the 1950s, society’s viewson racial segregation were
beginning tochange. In 1954, in the case of Brown v.Board of
Education of Topeka, Kansas, theCourt overturned the precedent of
“separatebut equal.” The justices ruled that raciallyseparate
schools are unequal simply because
(l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Getty Images
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210 Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define the following
terms and use them in sen-tences that relate to theSupreme
Court: docket, brief,majority opinion, dissenting opinion,
concurring opinion,stare decisis.
Reviewing Main Ideas2. Identify Describe the steps that
every Supreme Court case mustfollow.
3. Recall Most of the cases thatreach the Supreme Court arewhat
kinds of cases?
Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions Of all the
factors that influence justiceswhen they make a decision,which
do you think is the mostsignificant? Explain your answer.
5. Categorizing Information On aweb diagram like the one
below,categorize the factors that influ-ence Supreme Court
justiceswhen making decisions.
Analyzing Visuals 6. Infer Review the chart on page
207. Which ruling guaranteesyou the right to be informed ofyour
rights if you are arrested?
SECTION ASSESSMENT
they are separate.The unanimous opinion ofthe Court found that
segregation was a vio-lation of the equal protection clause of
theFourteenth Amendment. ; See the SupremeCourt Case Summaries in
the Appendix.
Legal Views Justices have varying views of the law
and the proper role of the courts in oursociety. Some justices,
for example, believethat the Court should be very active andhear
many different kinds of cases. Othersbelieve that the Court should
hesitate touse the power of judicial review to promotenew ideas or
policies.
Personal Beliefs Finally, justices are human beings. Each
sees the world based on his or her own lifeexperiences. Justice
Benjamin Cardozoonce said, “We may try to see things asobjectively
as we please. Nonetheless, wecan never see them with any eyes
exceptour own.”
Summarizing Why areprecedents important in Supreme Courtdecision
making?
Cartoonist & Writers Syndicate
�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Interview Read more about
Brown v. Board of Education ofTopeka, Kansas. Summarize thefacts
in the case. Interviewsomeone who was an adult in1954 about how
they think theBrown decision changedAmerican society.
Influences onSupreme Court
Decisions
Analyzing Visuals Fast-moving national andstate governments
often make decisions andpolicies that “bump up” against the
slower-moving Supreme Court. What does the figureon the motorcycle
represent? What is the overall message of the cartoon?
Study Central TM To review this section, go toand click on Study
CentralTM.civ.glencoe.com
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Background of the CaseDemocratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson won
thepresidential election of 1800. During the monthsbefore Jefferson
was sworn into office, congressionalsuppor ters of outgoing
Federalist president JohnAdams approved 58 new appointees to the
federalcourts. President Adams signed the commissions—official
papers allowing the new judges to assumetheir positions—on his last
night in office.
It was the duty of John Marshall, Adams’s secre-tary of state,
to deliver the 58 commissions, but hefailed to deliver all of them.
William Marbury andthree other appointees who had not received
theircommissions petitioned the new secretary of state,James
Madison, to deliver them. President Jefferson,who wanted to repeal
all of Adams’s last-minutejudgeships, told Madison not to deliver
the papers.The four waiting appointees then asked the SupremeCourt
to order Madison to deliver their commissions.
The DecisionIf the Court agreed with Marbury, Jefferson
wouldlikely ignore the order. If the Cour t ruled forMadison, it
would appear frightened of the
executive branch. Either choice would further weakenthe
judiciary. Chief Justice John Marshall issued thedecision on
February 24, 1803.
Marshall agreed that Marbury’s rights had beenviolated and that
he should receive his commission.For Marbury to receive his
commission, a writ of man-damus, or a court order to perform a
certain action,had to be issued. Although Congress gave the
Courtsuch authority in Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of1789,
Marshall wrote that the Court’s “authority toissue writs of
mandamus to public officers appearsnot to be warranted by the
Constitution.” He furtherasserted that it was the duty of the
judicial branch “tosay what the law is.”
Why It MattersThe Supreme Court claimed its right to declare
exec-utive orders and acts of Congress unconstitutional forthe
first time in Marbury v. Madison. By doing this, itdefined its role
as the final authority on what theConstitution means. Each year,
the Supreme Courtstrikes down numerous state and local laws. It
rarelystrikes down congressional laws, though.
President Adams spent his last night inoffice signing
commissions.
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison
By the early 1800s, the role of the judiciarybranch was unclear
and its influence small.How did the Supreme Court achieve
equalfooting with the legislative and executivebranches?
1. Why is Marbury v. Madison a landmarkCourt case?
2. Why did the Supreme Courtrefuse to issue writs of
mandamus?
211Liza Biganzoli, National Geographic Society Image
Collection
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Reviewing Key TermsWrite the key term that matches each
definitionbelow.
1. an earlier model upon which judges maybase decisions
2. the lowest level of courts of the federal judiciary
3. the power of the Supreme Court to saywhether any federal,
state, or local law isunconstitutional
4. a court’s authority to hear and decide cases
5. the opinion written by a justice who voteswith the majority
but for different reasons
6. a Latin term, which means “let the decisionstand”
7. a law that is allowed by the Constitution
8. the written document a lawyer who is arguingbefore the
Supreme Court prepares
9. an order to send a case back to a lowercourt
10. the written opinion by a justice who disagreeswith the
majority’s decision
Reviewing Main Ideas11. Describe how the current federal
court
system originated.
12. Name at least four kinds of cases over whichfederal courts
have jurisdiction.
13. How do federal district courts and federalappeals courts
differ?
14. What three rulings can result from a case ina federal
appeals court?
15. How does someone become a SupremeCourt justice?
16. What is the significance of the case ofMarbury v.
Madison?
17. What two kinds of disputes have their originaltrials in the
Supreme Court?
18. Describe the steps in the Supreme Court’sdecision-making
process.
Section 1• The Founders created
the federal court systemin Article III of theConstitution.
Thisarticle establishes theSupreme Court.
• Over the years,Congress created the federal districtcourts and
the appeals courts.
Section 3• The Supreme Court includes nine justices.
All are appointed by presidents.• An important job of the
Supreme Court is
to decide whether laws are permitted underthe U.S.
Constitution.
Section 4• Every case the Supreme Court accepts
goes through certain steps.
Section 2• Most federal cases are
held in U.S. districtcourts.
• People who lose infederal district courtsmay appeal to
federalappeals courts.
Using Your Foldables Study OrganizerUsing your completed
foldable, write atleast five statements that compare orcontrast the
federal courts with theSupreme Court.
212
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Critical Thinking19. Analyzing Information How is Plessy v.
Ferguson related to Brown v. Board ofEducation of Topeka,
Kansas?
20. Cause and Effect On a chart like the onebelow, explain some
of the factors thatinfluence Supreme Court decisions.
Practicing Skills21. Reading a Bar Graph Look at the bar
graph below. About how many laws did theWarren Court overturn?
Which court over-turned the most state and local laws?
Economics Activity22. In the library or online, research the
case of
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). In what ways doAmericans feel the
economic effect of thatdecision today?
Analyzing Visuals23. Review the chart on page 207. Why was
the
Brandenburg case important?
24. Jury duty is a responsibility of United Statescitizenship.
Working with about two otherstudents, find two or three people who
haveserved on juries and interview them. Askthem to recall their
impressions of the experience.
Technology Activity25. Log on to the Internet and search for a
Web
site that has information about recentcases heard by the Supreme
Court. Write asummary of the ruling. Do you agree withthe ruling?
Explain your opinion.
Self-Check Quiz Visit the Civics Today Web site
atciv.glencoe.com and click on Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 8 to
prepare for the chapter test.
Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Choose the bestanswer to the following question.
Which court holds jurisdiction for thefollowing court case?
The government of New York has sued acompany in New Jersey for
not followingthrough on the terms and deadlines of acontract signed
last year. The contract isworth more than $50,000.F the U.S.
Supreme Court G a U.S. court of appealsH a U.S. district courtJ a
special federal court
Test-Taking TipRead the question carefully. Recall
thatjurisdiction is a court’s authority to hear
and decide cases.
Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch 213
Effect/Result: A Supreme Court Decision
Marshall Court, 1801–35
Waite Court, 1874–88
Taft Court, 1921–30
Hughes Court, 1930–41
Warren Court, 1953–69
Burger Court, 1969–86
50 100
150
200
250
3000
NUMBER OF CASES
STATE AND LOCAL LAWS OVERTURNED BY SELECTED SUPREME COURTS
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Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & YouTable of
ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntNational Geographic
Reference AtlasUnited States: PoliticalWorld: PoliticalUnited
States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
Reading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building
VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What You ReadThinking
About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text StructureReading for
Research
Be an Active ReaderBe an Active CitizenWhy Study Civics?Unit 1:
Foundations of American CitizenshipChapter 1: Citizenship and
Government in a DemocracySection 1: Government of the People, by
the People, for the PeopleSection 2: The Path to CitizenshipSection
3: The Diversity of AmericansChapter 1 Assessment &
Activities
Chapter 2: Roots of American DemocracySection 1: Our English
HeritageSection 2: The Birth of a Democratic NationSection 3: The
Nation's First GovernmentsThe Declaration of IndependenceChapter 2
Assessment & Activities
Chapter 3: The ConstitutionSection 1: The Road to the
ConstitutionSection 2: Creating and Ratifying the ConstitutionThe
Constitution of the United StatesSection 3: The Structure of the
ConstitutionSection 4: Principles Underlying the
ConstitutionChapter 3 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 4: The Bill of RightsSection 1: The First
AmendmentSection 2: Other Guarantees in the Bill of RightsSection
3: Extending the Bill of RightsSection 4: The Civil Rights
StruggleChapter 4 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 5: The Citizen and the CommunitySection 1: The Duties
and Responsibilities of CitizenshipSection 2: Volunteering in Your
CommunityChapter 5 Assessment & Activities
Unit 2: The National GovernmentChapter 6: CongressSection 1: How
Congress Is OrganizedSection 2: The Powers of CongressSection 3:
Representing the PeopleSection 4: How a Bill Becomes a LawChapter 6
Assessment & Activities
Chapter 7: The President and the Executive BranchSection 1: The
President and Vice PresidentSection 2: The President's JobSection
3: Making Foreign PolicySection 4: Presidential Advisers and
Executive AgenciesChapter 7 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 8: The Judicial BranchSection 1: The Federal Court
SystemSection 2: How Federal Courts Are OrganizedSection 3: The
United States Supreme CourtSection 4: Deciding Cases at the Supreme
CourtChapter 8 Assessment & Activities
Unit 3: Political Parties and Interest GroupsChapter 9:
Political Parties and PoliticsSection 1: Development of American
Political PartiesSection 2: Organization of American Political
PartiesSection 3: Role of Political Parties TodayChapter 9
Assessment & Activities
Chapter 10: Voting and ElectionsSection 1: Who Can Vote?Section
2: Election CampaignsSection 3: Paying for Election
CampaignsChapter 10 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 11: Influencing GovernmentSection 1: Public
OpinionSection 2: The Mass MediaSection 3: Interest GroupsChapter
11 Assessment & Activities
Unit 4: State and Local GovernmentChapter 12: State
GovernmentSection 1: The Federal SystemSection 2: The State
Legislative BranchSection 3: The State Executive BranchSection 4:
The State Judicial BranchChapter 12 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 13: Local GovernmentSection 1: City GovernmentSection 2:
County GovernmentsSection 3: Towns, Townships, and VillagesChapter
13 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 14: Dealing With Community IssuesSection 1: How a
Community Handles IssuesSection 2: Education and Social
IssuesSection 3: Environmental IssuesChapter 14 Assessment &
Activities
Unit 5: The Individual, the Law, and the InternetChapter 15:
Legal Rights and ResponsibilitiesSection 1: The Sources of Our
LawsSection 2: Types of LawsSection 3: The American Legal
SystemChapter 15 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 16: Civil and Criminal LawSection 1: Civil CasesSection
2: Criminal CasesSection 3: Young People and the CourtsChapter 16
Assessment & Activities
Chapter 17: Citizenship and the InternetSection 1: Civic
ParticipationSection 2: Challenges for DemocracySection 3:
Regulating the InternetChapter 17 Assessment & Activities
Unit 6: The Economy and the IndividualChapter 18: What Is
Economics?Section 1: The Fundamental Economic ProblemSection 2:
Making Economic DecisionsSection 3: Being an Economically Smart
CitizenChapter 18 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 19: The American EconomySection 1: Economic
ResourcesSection 2: Economic Activity and ProductivitySection 3:
Capitalism and Free EnterpriseSection 4: The Economy and YouChapter
19 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 20: DemandSection 1: What Is Demand?Section 2: Factors
Affecting DemandChapter 20 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 21: SupplySection 1: What Is Supply?Section 2: Factors
Affecting SupplySection 3: Markets and PricesChapter 21 Assessment
& Activities
Chapter 22: Business and LaborSection 1: Types of
BusinessesSection 2: Labor UnionsSection 3: Businesses in Our
EconomyChapter 22 Assessment & Activities
Unit 7: The Free Enterprise SystemChapter 23: Government and the
EconomySection 1: The Role of GovernmentSection 2: Measuring the
EconomySection 3: Government, the Economy, and YouChapter 23
Assessment & Activities
Chapter 24: Money and BankingSection 1: What Is Money?Section 2:
The Federal Reserve SystemSection 3: How Banks OperateChapter 24
Assessment & Activities
Chapter 25: Government FinancesSection 1: The Federal
GovernmentSection 2: State and Local GovernmentsSection 3: Managing
the EconomyChapter 25 Assessment & Activities
Unit 8: The United States and the WorldChapter 26: Comparing
Economic SystemsSection 1: International Trade and Its
BenefitsSection 2: Economic SystemsSection 3: Economies in
TransitionChapter 26 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 27: Comparing Systems of GovernmentSection 1: Types of
GovernmentSection 2: A Profile of Great BritainSection 3: A Profile
of ChinaChapter 27 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 28: An Interdependent WorldSection 1: Global
DevelopmentsSection 2: The United NationsSection 3: Democracy and
Human RightsChapter 28 Assessment & Activities
AppendixWhat Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?Honoring
AmericaCareers HandbookGovernment and Economics Data BankUnited
States FactsPresidents of the United StatesDocuments of American
HistorySupreme Court Case SummariesGlossarySpanish
GlossaryIndexAcknowledgments
Feature ContentsTIMETIME Political CartoonsTIME Teens in
ActionTIME An Inside Look At...
Fact Fiction FolkloreStreet Law™: The Law and YouAmerican
BiographiesSkillbuilderCritical ThinkingCitizenshipTechnology
Issues to DebateEconomics and YouDocuments of American
HistoryLandmark Supreme Court Case StudiesCharts, Graphs, and
MapsCharts and GraphsMaps
Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student
EditionChapter 1: Citizenship and Government in a DemocracySection
1: Government of the People, by the People, for the PeopleSection
2: The Path to CitizenshipSection 3: The Diversity of Americans
Chapter 2: Roots of American DemocracySection 1: Our English
HeritageSection 2: The Birth of a Democratic NationSection 3: The
Nation's First Governments
Chapter 3: The ConstitutionSection 1: The Road to the
ConstitutionSection 2: Creating and Ratifying the
ConstitutionSection 3: The Structure of the ConstitutionSection 4:
Principles Underlying the Constitution
Chapter 4: The Bill of RightsSection 1: The First
AmendmentSection 2: Other Guarantees in the Bill of RightsSection
3: Extending the Bill of RightsSection 4: The Civil Rights
Struggle
Chapter 5: The Citizen and the CommunitySection 1: The Duties
and Responsibilities of CitizenshipSection 2: Volunteering in Your
Community
Chapter 6: CongressSection 1: How Congress Is OrganizedSection
2: The Powers of CongressSection 3: Representing the PeopleSection
4: How a Bill Becomes a Law
Chapter 7: The President and the Executive BranchSection 1: The
President and Vice PresidentSection 2: The President's JobSection
3: Making Foreign PolicySection 4: Presidential Advisers and
Executive Agencies
Chapter 8: The Judicial BranchSection 1: The Federal Court
SystemSection 2: How Federal Courts Are OrganizedSection 3: The
United States Supreme CourtSection 4: Deciding Cases at the Supreme
Court
Chapter 9: Political Parties and PoliticsSection 1: Development
of American Political PartiesSection 2: Organization of American
Political PartiesSection 3: Role of Political Parties Today
Chapter 10: Voting and ElectionsSection 1: Who Can Vote?Section
2: Election CampaignsSection 3: Paying for Election Campaigns
Chapter 11: Influencing GovernmentSection 1: Public
OpinionSection 2: The Mass MediaSection 3: Interest Groups
Chapter 12: State GovernmentSection 1: The Federal SystemSection
2: The State Legislative BranchSection 3: The State Executive
BranchSection 4: The State Judicial Branch
Chapter 13: Local GovernmentSection 1: City GovernmentSection 2:
County GovernmentsSection 3: Towns, Townships, and Villages
Chapter 14: Dealing With Community IssuesSection 1: How a
Community Handles IssuesSection 2: Education and Social
IssuesSection 3: Environmental Issues
Chapter 15: Legal Rights and ResponsibilitiesSection 1: The
Sources of Our LawsSection 2: Types of LawsSection 3: The American
Legal System
Chapter 16: Civil and Criminal LawSection 1: Civil CasesSection
2: Criminal CasesSection 3: Young People and the Courts
Chapter 17: Citizenship and the InternetSection 1: Civic
ParticipationSection 2: Challenges for DemocracySection 3:
Regulating the Internet
Chapter 18: What Is Economics?Section 1: The Fundamental
Economic ProblemSection 2: Making Economic DecisionsSection 3:
Being an Economically Smart Citizen
Chapter 19: The American EconomySection 1: Economic
ResourcesSection 2: Economic Activity and ProductivitySection 3:
Capitalism and Free EnterpriseSection 4: The Economy and You
Chapter 20: DemandSection 1: What Is Demand?Section 2: Factors
Affecting Demand
Chapter 21: SupplySection 1: What Is Supply?Section 2: Factors
Affecting SupplySection 3: Markets and Prices
Chapter 22: Business and LaborSection 1: Types of
BusinessesSection 2: Labor UnionsSection 3: Businesses in Our
Economy
Chapter 23: Government and the EconomySection 1: The Role of
GovernmentSection 2: Measuring the EconomySection 3: Government,
the Economy, and You
Chapter 24: Money and BankingSection 1: What Is Money?Section 2:
The Federal Reserve SystemSection 3: How Banks Operate
Chapter 25: Government FinancesSection 1: The Federal
GovernmentSection 2: State and Local GovernmentsSection 3: Managing
the Economy
Chapter 26: Comparing Economic SystemsSection 1: International
Trade and Its BenefitsSection 2: Economic SystemsSection 3:
Economies in Transition
Chapter 27: Comparing Systems of GovernmentSection 1: Types of
GovernmentSection 2: A Profile of Great BritainSection 3: A Profile
of China
Chapter 28: An Interdependent WorldSection 1: Global
DevelopmentsSection 2: The United NationsSection 3: Democracy and
Human Rights
Haitian Creole SummariesChapit 1: Sitwayènte ak Gouvènman nan
yon DemokrasiChapit 2: Rasin Demokrasi Ameriken anChapit 3:
Konstitisyon anChapit 4: "Bill of Rights" laChapit 5: Sitwayen an
ak Kominote aChapit 6: Kongrè aChapit 7: Prezidan an ak Branch
Egzekitif laChapit 8: Branch Jidisyè aChapit 9: Pati Politik ak
PolitikChapit 10: Vòt ak EleksyonChapit 11: Enfliyans Gouvènman
anChapit 12: Gouvènman Deta aChapit 13: Gouvènman LokalChapit 14:
Okipe Pwoblèm Kominote aChapit 15: Dwa ak Responsabilite devan
LalwaChapit 16: Lwa Sivil ak KriminèlChapit 17: Sitwayènte ak
Entènet laChapit 18: Ki sa yo rele Syans Ekonomik?Chapit 19:
Ekonomi Ameriken anChapit 20: DemannChapit 21: Of laChapit 22:
Biznis ak TravayChapit 23: Gouvènman an ak Ekonomi anChapit 24:
Lajan ak Operasyon BankèChapit 25: Finans GouvènmanChapit 26:
Konpare Plizyè Sistèm EkonomikChapit 27: Konpare Plizyè Sistèm
GouvènmanChapit 28: Yon Monn Entèdepandan
Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1:
Citizenship and Government in a DemocracySection 1: Government of
the People, by the People, for the PeopleSection 2: The Path to
CitizenshipSection 3: The Diversity of Americans
Chapter 2: Roots of American DemocracySection 1: Our English
HeritageSection 2: The Birth of a Democratic NationSection 3: The
Nation's First Governments
Chapter 3: The ConstitutionSection 1: The Road to the
ConstitutionSection 2: Creating and Ratifying the
ConstitutionSection 3: The Structure of the ConstitutionSection 4:
Principles Underlying the Constitution
Chapter 4: The Bill of RightsSection 1: The First
AmendmentSection 2: Other Guarantees in the Bill of RightsSection
3: Extending the Bill of RightsSection 4: The Civil Rights
Struggle
Chapter 5: The Citizen and the CommunitySection 1: The Duties
and Responsibilities of CitizenshipSection 2: Volunteering in Your
Community
Chapter 6: CongressSection 1: How Congress Is OrganizedSection
2: The Powers of CongressSection 3: Representing the PeopleSection
4: How a Bill Becomes a Law
Chapter 7: The President and the Executive BranchSection 1: The
President and Vice PresidentSection 2: The President's JobSection
3: Making Foreign PolicySection 4: Presidential Advisers and
Executive Agencies
Chapter 8: The Judicial BranchSection 1: The Federal Court
SystemSection 2: How Federal Courts Are OrganizedSection 3: The
United States Supreme CourtSection 4: Deciding Cases at the Supreme
Court
Chapter 9: Political Parties and PoliticsSection 1: Development
of American Political PartiesSection 2: Organization of American
Political PartiesSection 3: Role of Political Parties Today
Chapter 10: Voting and ElectionsSection 1: Who Can Vote?Section
2: Election CampaignsSection 3: Paying for Election Campaigns
Chapter 11: Influencing GovernmentSection 1: Public
OpinionSection 2: The Mass MediaSection 3: Interest Groups
Chapter 12: State GovernmentSection 1: The Federal SystemSection
2: The State Legislative BranchSection 3: The State Executive
BranchSection 4: The State Judicial Branch
Chapter 13: Local GovernmentSection 1: City GovernmentSection 2:
County GovernmentsSection 3: Towns, Townships, and Villages
Chapter 14: Dealing With Community IssuesSection 1: How a
Community Handles IssuesSection 2: Education and Social
IssuesSection 3: Environmental Issues
Chapter 15: Legal Rights and ResponsibilitiesSection 1: The
Sources of Our LawsSection 2: Types of LawsSection 3: The American
Legal System
Chapter 16: Civil and Criminal LawSection 1: Civil CasesSection
2: Criminal CasesSection 3: Young People and the Courts
Chapter 17: Citizenship and the InternetSection 1: Civic
ParticipationSection 2: Challenges for DemocracySection 3:
Regulating the Internet
Chapter 18: What Is Economics?Section 1: The Fundamental
Economic ProblemSection 2: Making Economic DecisionsSection 3:
Being an Economically Smart Citizen
Chapter 19: The American EconomySection 1: Economic
ResourcesSection 2: Economic Activity and ProductivitySection 3:
Capitalism and Free EnterpriseSection 4: The Economy and You
Chapter 20: DemandSection 1: What Is Demand?Section 2: Factors
Affecting Demand
Chapter 21: SupplySection 1: What Is Supply?Section 2: Factors
Affecting SupplySection 3: Markets and Prices
Chapter 22: Business and LaborSection 1: Types of
BusinessesSection 2: Labor UnionsSection 3: Businesses in Our
Economy
Chapter 23: Government and the EconomySection 1: The Role of
GovernmentSection 2: Measuring the EconomySection 3: Government,
the Economy, and You
Chapter 24: Money and BankingSection 1: What Is Money?Section 2:
The Federal Reserve SystemSection 3: How Banks Operate
Chapter 25: Government FinancesSection 1: The Federal
GovernmentSection 2: State and Local GovernmentsSection 3: Managing
the Economy
Chapter 26: Comparing Economic SystemsSection 1: International
Trade and Its BenefitsSection 2: Economic SystemsSection 3:
Economies in Transition
Chapter 27: Comparing Systems of GovernmentSection 1: Types of
GovernmentSection 2: A Profile of Great BritainSection 3: A Profile
of China
Chapter 28: An Interdependent WorldSection 1: Global
DevelopmentsSection 2: The United NationsSection 3: Democracy and
Human Rights
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student
EditionCapítulo 1: La ciudadanía y el gobierno en una
democraciaSección 1: Gobierno del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el
puebloSección 2: El camino a la ciudadaníaSección 3: La diversidad
de los estadounidenses
Capítulo 2: Las raíces de la democracia estadounidensesSección
1: Nuestra herencia inglesaSección 2: El nacimiento de una nación
democráticaSección 3: Los primeros gobiernos de la nación
Capítulo 3: La ConstituciónSección 1: El camino a la
ConstituciónSección 2: La creación y la ratificación de la
ConstituciónSección 3: La estructura de la ConstituciónSección 4:
Los principios de la Constitución
Capítulo 4: La Declaración de DerechosSección 1: La Primera
EnmiendaSección 2: Otras garantías de la Declaración de
DerechosSección 3: Ampliación de la Declaración de DerechosSección
4: La lucha por los derechos civiles
Capítulo 5: El ciudadano y la comunidadSección 1: Los deberes y
las responsabilidades de la ciudadaníaSección 2: El trabajo
voluntario en tu comunidad
Capítulo 6: El gobierno nacionalSección 1: Cómo está organizado
el CongresoSección 2: Las facultades del CongresoSección 3: La
representación del puebloSección 4: Cómo se convierte en ley un
proyecto legislativo
Capítulo 7: El presidente y el poder ejecutivoSección 1: El
presidente y el vicepresidenteSección 2: El trabajo del
presidenteSección 3: La política exteriorSección 4: Los consejeros
presidenciales y las dependencias del ejecutivo
Capítulo 8: El poder judicialSección 1: El sistema de tribunales
federalesSección 2: Cómo están organizados los tribunales
federalesSección 3: La Corte Suprema de Estados UnidosSección 4:
Cómo se deciden los casos en la Corte Suprema
Capítulo 9: Los partidos políticos y la políticaSección 1:
Surgimiento de los partidos políticos estadounidensesSección 2:
Organización de los partidos políticos estadounidensesSección 3:
Función de los partidos políticos en la actualidad
Capítulo 10: Votación y eleccionesSección 1: ¿Quién puede
votar?Sección 2: Campañas electoralesSección 3: Cómo se pagan las
campañas electorales
Capítulo 11: Influencias del gobiernoSección 1: La opinión
públicaSección 2: Los medios de comunicaciónSección 3: Los grupos
de presión
Capítulo 12: El gobierno estatalSección 1: El sistema
federalSección 2: El poder legislativo estatalSección 3: El poder
ejecutivo estatalSección 4: El poder judicial estatal
Capítulo 13: Gobierno localSección 1: El gobierno
municipalSección 2: Gobiernos condalesSección 3: Pueblos,
municipios y poblaciones
Capítulo 14: Soluciones para las comunidadesSección 1: Cómo
maneja sus asuntos una comunidadSección 2: Asuntos educativos y
socialesSección 3: Asuntos ambientales
Capítulo 15: Derechos y responsabilidades legalesSección 1: El
origen de nuestras leyesSección 2: Clases de derechoSección 3: El
sistema legal estadounidense
Capítulo 16: Derecho civil y penalSección 1: Casos
civilesSección 2: Casos penalesSección 3: Los menores de edad y los
tribunales
Capítulo 17: La ciudadanía y la InternetSección 1: La
participación cívicaSección 2: Retos de la democraciaSection 3:
Regulación de internet
Capítulo 18: La economía y el individuoSección 1: El problema
económico fundamentalSección 2: Las decisiones económicasSección 3:
Cómo ser un ciudadano que sabe economía
Capítulo 19: La economía estadounidenseSección 1: Recursos
económicosSección 2: Actividad económica y productividadSección 3:
Capitalismo y libre empresaSección 4: La economía y tú
Capítulo 20: La demandaSección 1: Qué es la demandaSección 2:
Factores que influyen en la demanda
Capítulo 21: OfertaSección 1: Qué es la ofertaSección 2:
Factores que influyen en la ofertaSección 3: Mercados y precios
Capítulo 22: Empresas y TrabajadoresSección 1: Clases de
empresasSección 2: Sindicatos de trabajadoresSección 3: Las
empresas en nuestra economía
Capítulo 23: El gobierno y la economíaSección 1: El papel del
gobiernoSección 2: Cómo se mide la economíaSección 3: El gobierno,
la economía y tú
Capítulo 24: El dinero y los bancosSección 1: Qué es el
dineroSección 2: El sistema de la Reserva FederalSección 3: Cómo
funcionan los bancos
Capítulo 25: Finanzas del gobiernoSección 1: El gobierno
federalSección 2: Gobiernos estatales y localesSección 3: El manejo
de la economía
Capítulo 26: Comparación de sistemas económicosSección 1: El
comercio internacional y sus ventajasSección 2: Sistemas
económicosSección 3: Economías en transición
Capítulo 27: Comparación de sistemas de gobiernoSección 1:
Clases de gobiernoSección 2: Un perfil de Gran BretañaSección 3: Un
perfil de China
Capítulo 28: Un mundo interdependienteSección 1: Acontecimientos
mundialesSección 2: La Organización de las Naciones UnidasSección
3: Democracia y derechos humanos
Spanish SummariesCapítulo 1: La ciudadanía y el gobierno en una
democraciaCapítulo 2: Las raíces de la democracia
estadounidensesCapítulo 3: La ConstituciónCapítulo 4: La
Declaración de DerechosCapítulo 5: El ciudadano y la
comunidadCapítulo 6: El gobierno nacionalCapítulo 7: El presidente
y el poder ejecutivoCapítulo 8: El poder judicialCapítulo 9: Los
partidos políticos y la políticaCapítulo 10: Votación y
eleccionesCapítulo 11: Influencias del gobiernoCapítulo 12: El
gobierno estatalCapítulo 13: Gobierno localCapítulo 14: Soluciones
para las comunidadesCapítulo 15: Derechos y responsabilidades
legalesCapítulo 16: Derecho civil y penalCapítulo 17: La ciudadanía
y la InternetCapítulo 18: La economía y el individuoCapítulo 19: La
economía estadounidenseCapítulo 20: La demandaCapítulo 21:
OfertaCapítulo 22: Empresas y TrabajadoresCapítulo 23: El gobierno
y la economíaCapítulo 24: El dinero y los bancosCapítulo 25:
Finanzas del gobiernoCapítulo 26: Comparación de sistemas
económicosCapítulo 27: Comparación de sistemas de gobiernoCapítulo
28: Un mundo interdependiente
Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student
EditionActivity 1: Interpreting Charts and Tables Activity 2: Using
Time LinesActivity 3: Interpreting Diagrams Activity 4: Identifying
the Main Idea Activity 5: Interpreting a Visual Image Activity 6:
Using a Bar Graph to Interpret Data Activity 7: Interpreting Graphs
Activity 8: Interpreting Primary Sources Activity 9: Comparing and
Contrasting Activity 10: Making Inferences Activity 11:
Interpreting a Political Cartoon Activity 12: Persuasive Writing
About an Issue Activity 13: Recognizing Point of View Activity 14:
Forming Hypotheses Activity 15: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect
RelationshipsActivity 16: Distinguishing Between Fact and
NonfactActivity 17: Evaluating a Web SiteActivity 18: Making
Decisions Activity 19: Predicting Outcomes Activity 20: Classifying
Facts and DetailsActivity 21: Analyzing Graphs and TablesActivity
22: Constructing Bar Graphs to Analyze DataActivity 23:
Interpreting and Evaluating EditorialsActivity 24: Outlining
Information for WritingActivity 25: Analyzing Statistics to Draw
ConclusionsActivity 26: Making Generalizations Activity 27:
Recognizing Forms of Propaganda Activity 28: Reading a
Special-Purpose Map
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