Chapter 8: Solutions, Acids, and Bases Section 8.1: Formation of Solutions I. Dissolving Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_______________ A. Dissociation of Ionic Compounds Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ B. Dispersion of Molecular Compounds Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ C. Ionization of Molecular Compounds Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ II. Properties of Liquid Solutions Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing________________ A. Conductivity Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing________________ B. Freezing Point and Boiling Point Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing________________ III. Heat of Solution Group #______ Main Idea: Drawing________________ IV. Factors Affecting Rates of Dissolving Main Idea: Drawing________________ Section 8.2: Solubility and Concentration I. Solubility Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_______________ A. Saturated Solutions Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing________________ B. Unsaturated Solutions Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ C. Supersaturated Solutions Group #_____ Main Idea:
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Chapter 8: Solutions, Acids, and Bases Section 8.1: Formation of Solutions I. Dissolving Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
A. Dissociation of Ionic Compounds Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Dispersion of Molecular Compounds Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Ionization of Molecular Compounds Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Properties of Liquid Solutions Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
A. Conductivity Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
B. Freezing Point and Boiling Point Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
III. Heat of Solution Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
IV. Factors Affecting Rates of Dissolving
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
Section 8.2: Solubility and Concentration I. Solubility Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
A. Saturated Solutions Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
B. Unsaturated Solutions Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Supersaturated Solutions Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Factors Affecting Solubility Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Polar and Nonpolar Solvents Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Temperature Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Pressure Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Concentration of Solutions Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
A. Percent by Volume Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
B. Percent by Mass Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Molarity Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Section 8.3: Properties of Acids and Bases I. Identifying Acids Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Sour Taste Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Reactivity with Metals Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Color Changes in Indicators Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Identifying Bases Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Bitter Taste Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Slippery Feel Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Color Changes in Indicators Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Neutralization and Salts Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
IV. Proton Donors and Acceptors Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Section 8.4: Strength of Acids and Bases I. The pH Scale Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Strong Acids and Bases Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Strong Acids Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Strong Bases Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Weak Acids and Bases Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Weak Acids Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Weak Bases Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Buffers Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
IV. Electrolytes Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Chapter 9:Carbon Chemistry Section 9.1: Carbon Compounds I. Forms of Carbon Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
A. Diamond Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Graphite Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Fullerenes Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Saturated Hydrocarbons Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
A. Straight Chains Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
B. Branched Chains Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
C. Rings Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
A. Alkenes Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
B. Alkynes Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
C. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
IV. Fossil Fuels Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
A. Coal Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
B. Natural Gas Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
C. Petroleum Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
V. Combustion of Fossil Fuels Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
A. Incomplete Combustion Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
B. Acid Rain Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
Section 9.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons I. Alcohols Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
II. Organic Acids and Bases Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Esters Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
Section 9.3: Polymers I. Synthetic Polymers Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Rubber Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Nylon Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Polyethylene Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Natural Polymers Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Starches Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Cellulose Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Nucleic Acids Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
D.Proteins Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Section 9.4: Reactions in Cells I. Photosynthesis Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing________________
II. Cellular Respiration Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Enzymes and Vitamins Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Enzymes Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Vitamins Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 8 89
Section 8.1 Formation of Solutions(pages 228–234)This section explains the parts of a solution, the processes that occur whencompounds dissolve, and how the properties of a solution compare with thoseof its solvent and solute.
Reading Strategy (page 228)
Comparing and Contrasting Contrast dissociation and ionization by listing the ways they differ in the Venn diagram below. For moreinformation on this reading strategy, see the Reading and StudySkills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Dissociation Ionization
Dissolving (page 229)
1. Define a solution.
2. Circle the letter that identifies a substance whose particles aredissolved in a solution.a. solvent b. solutec. solid d. ion
3. Circle the letter that identifies the solvent in air.a. oxygen b. carbon dioxidec. nitrogen d. argon
4. The process in which an ionic compound separates into ions as itdissolves is called .
5. The process in which particles dissolve by breaking apart andscattering is called .
6. A(n) is transferred from each HCl molecule toa water molecule when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water.
7. Is the following sentence true or false? Dissolving by ionization is aphysical change.
Canproduce ions
in solution
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases
90 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 8
8. What physical properties of a solution can differ from those of itssolute and solvent? a.b.c.
9. Compare the conductivities of solid sodium chloride and saltwater.
10. Circle the letters that identify what happens to water as it freezes.a. The water molecules become more organized.b. The water molecules become more disorganized.c. The water molecules ionize.d. The water molecules arrange themselves in a hexagonal pattern.
Heat of Solution (page 232)
11. Dissolving sodium hydroxide in water is a(n) process, as itreleases heat.
12. Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is a(n) process, as itabsorbs heat.
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Breaking the attractionsamong solute particles and the attractions among solvent particlesreleases energy.
14. Describe heat of solution.
Factors Affecting Rates of Dissolving (page 234)
15. How are rates of dissolving similar to rates of chemical reactions?
16. Why does powdered sugar dissolve in water faster than granulatedsugar?
17. Heating a solvent the energy of its particles, making themmove faster on average, and the rate at which a solid solutecan dissolve in the solvent.
18. Explain how stirring or shaking a mixture of powdered detergent and water canaffect the rate of dissolving.
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 8 91
Section 8.2 Solubility andConcentration(pages 235–239)This section explains solubility, the factors affecting solubility, and different ways of expressing the concentration of a solution.
Reading Strategy (page 235)
Previewing Before you read the section, rewrite the topic headings ashow, why, and what questions. As you read, write an answer to eachquestion. For more information on this reading strategy, see theReading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook atthe end of your textbook.
Question Answer
What is solubility?
Solvent, temperature, and pressure
Solubility (pages 235–237)
1. Define solubility.
2. List the following solutes in order from most soluble to least soluble in water: table salt, baking soda, table sugar. a.b.c.
3. Circle the letters that identify how solutions can be classifiedbased on solubility.a. unsaturated b. desaturatedc. saturated d. supersaturated
4. Describe a saturated solution.
5. A solution that has less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved is called a(n) .
6. Is the following sentence true or false? It is impossible for a solutionto contain more solute than the solvent can hold at a giventemperature.
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases
92 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 8
Section 8.3 Properties of Acids and Bases(pages 240–245)This section describes the general properties of acids and bases.
Reading Strategy (page 240)
Using Prior Knowledge Before you read, write your definition of each vocabulary term in the table below. After you read, write the scientificdefinition of each term and compare it with your original definition. For more information on this reading strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Section 8.4 Strength of Acids and Bases(pages 246–249)This section explains how to describe acids and bases in terms of bothconcentration and strength.
Reading Strategy (page 246)
Comparing and Contrasting As you read, complete the diagram bycomparing and contrasting acids and bases. For more information onthis reading strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skillsand Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Strong acid Strong base
The pH Scale (page 247)
1. What is the name of the number scale chemists use to describe theconcentration of hydronium ions in a solution?
2. The pH scale ranges from to .3. Circle the letter that indicates the pH of a neutral solution.
a. 0b. 3c. 7d. 12
4. Water is neutral because it contains small but equal concentrationsof and .
5. Is the following sentence true or false? The higher the pH value of asolution, the greater the H3O
+ ion concentration is.
6. If you add acid to pure water, the concentration of H3O+
and the concentration of OH .
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases
96 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 8
Section 9.1 Carbon Compounds(pages 262–269)This section describes different forms of carbon that exist in nature. It alsodiscusses saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It explains the formationof fossil fuels and describes the products of their combustion.
Reading Strategy (page 262)Previewing Before you read, use the models in Figure 2 to describe the arrangement of carbon atoms in each form of carbon. For moreinformation on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skillsin the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Forms of Carbon
Diamond
Graphite
Buckminsterfullerene
1. The two elements that all organic compounds contain are.
2. Circle the letter of the approximate percentage of all knowncompounds that are organic compounds.a. 10 percent b. 30 percentc. 60 percent d. 90 percent
Forms of Carbon (page 263)
3. Circle the letter of each form of carbon.a. soot b. diamondc. fullerenes d. graphite
4. Describe a network solid.
5. Circle the letter of each property of graphite.a. soft b. rigidc. compact d. slippery
Saturated Hydrocarbons (pages 264–265)
6. Is the following sentence true or false? A hydrocarbon is an organiccompound that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
7. Is the following sentence true or false? A saturated hydrocarboncontains only single bonds.
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
104 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 9
8. Name the factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon.a. b.
9. Name the three ways that carbon atoms can be arranged in hydrocarbon molecules. a. b. c.
10. Circle the letter of the correct answer. What does a structuralformula show that a molecular formula does not?a. the type of atoms in the compoundb. the number of atoms in a molecule of the compoundc. the arrangement of atoms in the compound d. the state of the compound at room temperature
11. Describe isomers.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (page 266)
12. Circle the letter of each type of unsaturated hydrocarbon.a. alkene b. alkanec. alkyne d. aromatic hydrocarbon
13. Circle the letter of the most reactive type of hydrocarbon.a. alkanes b. alkenesc. alkynes d. aromatic hydrocarbons
Fossil Fuels (page 267–268)
14. Define fossil fuels.
15. Circle the letter of each fossil fuel.a. coal b. natural gasc. ferns d. petroleum
16. Is the following sentence true or false? In a distillation tower,compounds with lower boiling points condense first.
Combustion of Fossil Fuels (pages 268–269)
17. Circle the letter of each primary product of the completecombustion of fossil fuels.a. carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxidec. sulfur dioxide d. water
18. When an insufficient amount of oxygen is available for completecombustion of a fossil fuel, one product of the combustion reactionis the deadly gas .
19. Why is rain always slightly acidic?
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 9 105
Section 9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons (pages 272–274)This section discusses organic compounds that contain atoms of elementsother than carbon and hydrogen. It also explains the relationship between theproperties of organic compounds and functional groups.
Reading Strategy (page 272)
Monitoring Your Understanding As you read, complete the table byconnecting each functional group with the type of compound thatcontains the functional group. For more information on this ReadingStrategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills andReference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Connecting Functional Groups to Types of Compounds
Functional Group Type of Compound
–OH
–COOH
–NH2
1. Name the two main products when methane and chlorine react. a.b.
2. To which environmental problem have researchers connected halocarbons containing chlorine and fluorine?
3. Describe a substituted hydrocarbon.
4. Is the following sentence true or false? The functional group in asubstituted hydrocarbon determines the properties of thecompound.
Alcohols (page 273)
5. Methanol and ethanol are two examples of a class of organiccompounds called .
6. The functional group in an alcohol is represented as –OH and iscalled a(n) group.
7. Identify two ways a halocarbon can be produced. a.b.
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
106 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 9
Section 9.3 Polymers(pages 275–280)This section explains how polymers form. It also discusses examples ofsynthetic and natural polymers.
Reading Strategy (page 275)
Identifying Main Ideas As you read, complete the concept map tosummarize two main ideas about polymers. For more information onthis Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skillsand Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
1. Describe a polymer.
2. The smaller molecules that join together to form a polymer arecalled .
3. Is the following sentence true or false? More than one type ofmonomer can be present in some polymers.
4. Name the two general classifications of polymers.a. b.
Synthetic Polymers (page 276)
5. Name three polymers that can be synthesized.a. b. c.
6. Is the following sentence true or false? The more carbon atoms thereare in a polyethylene chain, the harder the polymer is.
Natural Polymers (pages 278–280)
7. Name four types of polymers that are produced in plant and animal cells. a. b.c. d.
8. Circle the letter of the molecular formula of a simple sugar.a. CH2O b. C6H12O6
c. C12H22O11 d. C12H24O12
formwhich
can
be
polymers
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
108 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 9
Section 9.4 Reactions in Cells(pages 282–284)This section describes and compares photosynthesis and cellular respiration.It also discusses the roles of enzymes and vitamins.
Reading Strategy (page 282)
Summarizing As you read, complete the table by recording a mainidea for each heading. For more information on this Reading Strategy,see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and ReferenceHandbook at the end of your textbook.
Heading Main Idea
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Enzymes and Vitamins
1. Two processes that allow organisms to meet their energy needs areand .
Photosynthesis (page 282)
2. Describe what happens during photosynthesis.
3. Circle the letter of each requirement for photosynthesis to occur.a. chlorophyll b. oxygenc. carbohydrates d. light
4. Identify the energy conversion that takes place during photosynthesis.
5. Circle the letter of each product of photosynthesis. a. carbon dioxide b. carbohydratesc. oxygen d. water
6. Is the following sentence true or false? When all the reactions inphotosynthesis are complete, energy from sunlight has been storedin the covalent bonds of molecules.
Cellular Respiration (page 283)
7. During cellular respiration, the stored in theproducts of photosynthesis is released.
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
110 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 9