Chapter 8 Part 2 Pages 282-285 Expanding Public Education
Dec 28, 2015
Terms to Know
• Booker T. Washington
• Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
• W.E.B. DuBois
• Niagra Movement
Early U.S. Educational Reformers
• Horace Mann: First state school superintendent
• John Dewey: a progressive reformer who beleived that schools should prepare studets for full participation in community life and for participation in government as informed voters and civil servants
Schools
• To train for employment opportunities
• To train for responsible citizenship
• To help immigrants assimilate into American life
By the Civil War
• Most states had established public schools
• Fewer in the South
• BUT most did not get HS diploms
• Most left after 4 years of public schooling
Between 1865 and 1895
• Many states had passed compulsory education laws
• 12-16 weeks of school a year
• From 8 to 14 years of age
• Basic reading, writing, math
William Torrey Harris
• An educational reformer at the turn of the century
• Like Dewey Promoted a child-centered education
Kindergarten
• Began as day care for mothers who worked but grew dramatically
• 200 kindergartens in 1880
• 3,000 in 1900
• So public schools began to add kindergarten programs
Public Education and Race
• 1880 62% of white children were attending elementary schools
• Only 34% of African American children attended
• After 1900 some improvement but segregation and poorer conditions for Black children
The Growth of High Schools
• The Industrial Age demanded those with mechanical skills and managerial skills for advancement
• By the early 1900’s more than half of a million students were arrending High Schools
New Curriculums
• In Science, Civics, Social Studies
• New Vocational Courses: drafting, carpentry, mechanics
• Women’s courses for office work
African Americans
• Were often excluded from public high schools
• By 1890 less than 1% of African Americans attended High School
• Only 3% in 1910 and these were ot public schools
Education and Immigrants
• Immigrants were encouraged to attend public schools
• For assimilation
• But many Catholics were concerned about Protestant indoctrination so founded parochial schools
Adult Education
• Adult immigrants took advantage of night school to learn English, government, American History for citizenship
• Some employers offered daytime programs…Henry Ford
Higher Education
• By 1900 a minority had a High school diploma
• And fewer than 3% attended college
• BUT between 1880 and 1920 college enrollment fquadrupled
New Courses
• Modern languages
• Physical sciences
• Psychology
• Sociology
• New schools for law and medicine
African Americans
• Were rejected by white institutions
• Some Black colleges through the Freedmen’s Bureau (established after the Civil War to attend to the problems of the newly freed Black man) and private donations
• Howard, Atlanta, Fisk
Booker T. Washington
• African-American Educator
• Noteworthy Black Leader
• Believed that racism would disappear when Blacks could show that they were a valuable part of the national economy
• Washington urged patience and hard work through his Atlanta Compromise
The Atlanta Compromise
• From a speech given in Atlanta, Georgia
• Washington urged Blacks to educate themselves in a practical trade (ie black farmers should know the state-of-the-art information on fertilizer) AND to emulate the white middle class
Through education
• The Black population could become an integrel part of the American economy
• By emulating the white middle class, Blacks would assure the Whites that they were no threat to American culture and wanted to “fit in.”
Booker T. Washington
• Was born a slave
• By 1881 he headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute…Now Tuskegee university in Alabama
• Specialized in teaching, agricultural, domestic, and mechanical courses
W.E.B. DuBois
• The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard
• Promoted a Liberal Arts Education for Blacks
• Wanted African Americans to demand their rights now