CHAPTER 8 JOINTS - Warner Pacific Universityclasspages.warnerpacific.edu/bdupriest/BIO 221/Chapter 8 Joints.pdfA suture joins two cranial bones via… 1) Tendons 2) Ligaments 3) Dense

CHAPTER 8

JOINTS

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

STRUCTURAL VS FUNCTIONAL

The most moveable type of joint is a …

1) Synarthrosis

2) Amphiarthrosis

3) Diarthrosis

FIBROUS JOINTS

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.

Dense

fibrous

connective

tissue

Suture

line

Root of

tooth

Socket of

alveolar

process

Periodontal

ligament

Fibula

Tibia

Ligament

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,

interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.

Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.

Periodontal ligament holds tooth

in socket.

CARTILAGINOUSJOINTS


Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphyseal

plate (temporary

hyaline cartilage

joint)

Sternum

(manubrium)

Joint between

first rib and

sternum

(immovable)

Fibrocartilaginous

intervertebral

disc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(a) Synchondroses

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

(b) Symphyses

Bones united by fibrocartilage

A suture joins two cranial bones via…

1) Tendons

2) Ligaments

3) Dense fibrous connective tissue

4) Hyaline cartilage

5) Fibrocartilage

SYNOVIAL JOINTS


Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

Periosteum

Ligament

Fibrous capsule

Synovial membrane

Synovial cavity (contains synovial fluid)

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Articular capsule


Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.

Acromion of scapula

Joint cavity containing

synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Fibrous capsule

Humerus

Hyaline cartilage

Coracoacromial ligament

Subacromial

bursa

Fibrous articular capsule

Tendon

sheath

Tendon of long head

of biceps

brachii muscle

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

True or false: All synovial joints have bursae.

1) True

2) False

True or false: All synovial joints have

articular capsules.

1) True

2) False

MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY

SYNOVIAL JOINTS


Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Gliding

(a) Gliding movements at the wrist


Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.

(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and

hyperextension of the neck

Hyperextension Extension

Flexion


Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Hyperextension Flexion

Extension

(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and

hyperextension of the vertebral column


Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Extension

Extension

Flexion

Flexion

(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the

shoulder and knee


Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Abduction

Adduction

(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and

circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder

Circumduction


Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Lateral

rotation

Medial

rotation

Rotation

(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb


Figure 8.6a Special body movements.

Supination

(radius and

ulna are

parallel)

(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)

Pronation

(radius

rotates

over ulna)


Figure 8.6b Special body movements.

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion


Figure 8.6c Special body movements.

Eversion Inversion

(c) Inversion and eversion


Figure 8.6d Special body movements.

Protraction

of mandible Retraction

of mandible

(d) Protraction and retraction


Figure 8.6e Special body movements.

Elevation

of mandible

Depression

of mandible

(e) Elevation and depression


Figure 8.6f Special body movements.

(f) Opposition

Opposition

Turning your palms face down is ________.

1) Rotation

2) Circumduction

3) Pronation

4) Supination

Bending your knee is an example of ________.

1) Flexion

2) Extension

3) Dorsiflexion

4) Plantar flexion

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS


Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.

a

b c

d

e

f

Nonaxial

Uniaxial

Biaxial

Multiaxial

a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)


Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.

b Hinge joint (elbow joint)

a

b c

d

e

f

Nonaxial

Uniaxial

Biaxial

Multiaxial


Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.

c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)

a

b c

d

e

f

Nonaxial

Uniaxial

Biaxial

Multiaxial


Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.

d Condyloid joint

(metacarpophalangeal joint)

a

b c

d

e

f

Nonaxial

Uniaxial

Biaxial

Multiaxial


Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.

e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint

of thumb)

a

b c

d

e

f

Nonaxial

Uniaxial

Biaxial

Multiaxial


Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.

f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)

a

b c

d

e

f

Nonaxial

Uniaxial

Biaxial

Multiaxial

Which of the following joints produces

multiaxial movement?

1) Gliding joint

2) Saddle joint

3) Condyloid joint

4) Ball-and-socket joint

JOINT INJURIES:

FOCUS ON THE KNEE


(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

Suprapatellar bursa

Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

Synovial cavity

Lateral meniscus

Posterior cruciate ligament

Infrapatellar fat pad

Deep infrapatellar bursa

Patellar ligament

Articular capsule

Lateral meniscus

Anterior cruciate ligament

Tibia

Figure 8.8a The knee joint.


Figure 8.8b The knee joint.

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing

the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Medial meniscus

Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle

Anterior


Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle

Lateral

meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament


Figure 8.8c The knee joint.

Quadriceps femoris muscle

Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle

Patella

Lateral patellar retinaculum

Medial patellar retinaculum

Tibial collateral ligament

Tibia

Fibular collateral ligament

Fibula

(c) Anterior view of right knee

Patellar ligament


Figure 8.8d The knee joint.

Articular capsule

Oblique popliteal ligament

Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle


Arcuate popliteal ligament

Tibia

Femur

Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle

Tendon of semimembranosus muscle

(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,

including ligaments

Popliteus muscle (cut)

Tendon of adductor magnus

Bursa




Posterior cruciate ligament

Medial condyle



Medial meniscus

Patellar ligament

Patella

Quadriceps tendon

Lateral condyle of femur

Lateral meniscus

Fibula

Tibia

(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate

ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps

tendon cut and reflected distally)

Figure 8.8e The knee joint.


Figure 8.8f The knee joint.

Medial femoral condyle

Anterior cruciate

ligament

Medial meniscus on

medial tibial condyle

Patella

(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)


Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.

Lateral Medial

Patella (outline)

Tibial collateral

ligament

(torn)

Medial

meniscus (torn)

Anterior

cruciate

ligament (torn)

Hockey puck

A meniscus is…

1) A pad of fibrocartilage between bones

2) The same as articular cartilage

3) Found in all synovial joints

4) All of the above

DEGENERATIVE JOINT CONDITIONS


Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.

The progressive joint disease due to

autoimmune reaction is…

1) Paget’s Disease

2) Osteoarthritis

3) Rheumatoid arthritis

4) Tendonitis

CHAPTER 8 JOINTS - Warner Pacific Universityclasspages.warnerpacific.edu/bdupriest/BIO 221/Chapter 8 Joints.pdfA suture joins two cranial bones via… 1) Tendons 2) Ligaments 3) Dense

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