Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System 8-2 • Joint - site where two bones come together • Articulation – functional junctions between bones FUNCTIONS OF JOINTS: • Articulations • Junctions between bones • Binds parts of skeletal system together • Makes bone growth possible • Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth • Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction
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Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System 8-2 Joint- site where two bones come together Articulation – functional junctions between bones FUNCTIONS OF JOINTS:
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Chapter 8Joints of the Skeletal System
8-2
• Joint- site where two bones come together• Articulation – functional junctions between bones
FUNCTIONS OF JOINTS:• Articulations• Junctions between bones• Binds parts of skeletal system together• Makes bone growth possible• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during
childbirth• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle
contraction
Classification of Joints
• Fibrous Joints• Bones held together by connective tissues• between bones in close contact• skull sutures and teeth• no joint cavity
• Cartilaginous Joints• Bones held together by cartilage• pubic symphysis and invertebral discs• no joint cavity
• Synovial Joints• Bones separated by a joint cavity • most complex• allow free movement• hip, knee, shoulder
Special Movements• eversion/inversion• protraction/retraction• elevation/depression• supination/pronation
8-14
Shoulder Joint
• ball-and-socket• head of humerus• glenoid cavity of scapula• loose joint capsule• bursae• ligaments prevent displacement• very wide range of movement
8-15
Shoulder Joint
8-16
Elbow Joint
• hinge joint• trochlea of humerus• trochlear notch of ulna
• gliding joint• capitulum of humerus• head of radius
• flexion and extension• many reinforcing ligaments• stable joint
8-17
Elbow Joint
8-18
Hip Joint
• ball-and-socket joint• head of femur• acetabulum• heavy joint capsule• many reinforcing ligaments• less freedom of movement than shoulder joint
8-19
Hip Joint
8-20
Knee Joint
• largest joint• most complex• medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur• medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia• femur articulates anteriorly with patella• modified hinge joint• flexion/extension/little rotation• strengthened by many ligaments and tendons• menisci separate femur and tibia• bursae
8-21
Knee Joint
8-22
Life-Span Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging (next slide)• Regular exercise can prevent stiffness• Fibrous joints first to strengthen over a lifetime.
Sutures during infancy• Ligaments lose their elasticity and become tightly
crossed linked. • Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column
diminish flexibility and decrease height • Synovial joints start to lose elasticity in 30’s. Affects
range of motion and can upset balance, contributing to more falls later in life.
8-23
Joint Disorders
Sprains• damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints• forceful twisting of joint (slide)
Bursitis• inflammation of a bursa• overuse of a joint
Arthritis• inflamed, swollen, painful joints• over 100 types of arthritis • involves cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves• 10% of the population• no cure
8-24
Types of Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis – the synovial membranes of the joints and connective tissues grow abnormally to form a layer in the joint capsule. - this layer grows into the articular surface, destroying cartilage and fusing bones of the joint.
Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease, occurs in people in their 70’s. - more common in overweight people- exercise can prevent this disease