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194Jean Claude Revy/Phototake, NYC
What You’ll Learn■ You will discover how mole-
cules are transported acrossthe plasma membrane.
■ You will sequence the stagesof cell division.
■ You will identify the relation-ship between the cell cycleand
cancer.
Why It’s ImportantTransportation of molecules andparticles
through the plasmamembrane and cell reproductionare two important
functionsthat help cells maintain homeo-stasis and keep you
healthy.
Cellular Transport and the Cell CycleCellular Transport and the
Cell Cycle
Visit to• study the entire chapter
online• access Web Links for more
information and activities onthe cell cycle
• review content with theInteractive Tutor and self-check
quizzes
This photo shows a cell in aplant’s root tip in one stage ofthe
cell cycle. Color enhance-ment helps distinguish the chro-mosomes,
which appear yellowin this photo.
Understandingthe Photo
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Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 1600�
Cell wall
Chromosomes
Spindle fibers
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Cellular Transport
Osmosis: Diffusion of WaterAlthough the plasma membrane of a
cell can act as a dam or pump for
water-soluble molecules that cannot pass freely through the
membrane, itdoes not limit the diffusion of water. Recall that
diffusion is the move-ment of particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lowerconcentration. In a cell, water
always moves to reach an equal concentra-tion on both sides of the
membrane. The diffusion of water across a selec-tively permeable
membrane is called osmosis (ahs MOH sus). Regulatingthe water flow
through the plasma membrane is an important factor inmaintaining
homeostasis within the cell.
What controls osmosis?If you add sugar to water, the water
becomes sweeter as you add more
sugar. If a strong sugar solution and a weak sugar solution are
placed indirect contact, water molecules diffuse in one direction
and sugar mole-cules diffuse in the other direction until all
molecules are evenly distrib-uted throughout.
osmosis from theGreek word osmos,meaning “push-ing”; Osmosis
canpush out a cell’splasma membrane.
8.1 CELLULAR TRANSPORT 195
Answer Questions Before you read Chapter 8, write under each tab
what you already know about how osmosis affects cells. After you
read the chapter, list what you learned about how osmosis affects
cells in each type of solution listed on your Foldable.
Fold a vertical sheet of paper from side to side. Make the back
edge about 2 cm longer than the front edge.
Turn lengthwise and fold into thirds.
Unfold and cut only the top layer along both folds to make three
tabs.
Label each tab.
Osmosis Make the following Foldable to help identify what you
already know about osmosis, and what you learned about how osmosis
affects cells.
STEP 1
STEP 3
STEP 2
STEP 4
IsotonicSolution
HypotonicSolution
HypertonicSolution
How osmosis affects cells in...
SECTION PREVIEWObjectivesExplain how the processesof diffusion,
passive trans-port, and active transportoccur and why they
areimportant to cells.Predict the effect of ahypotonic, hypertonic,
orisotonic solution on a cell.
Review Vocabularyplasma membrane: the
boundary between thecell and its environment(p. 175)
New Vocabularyosmosisisotonic solutionhypotonic
solutionhypertonic solutionpassive transportfacilitated
diffusionactive transportendocytosisexocytosis
8.1
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If the two solutions are separated bya selectively permeable
membranethat allows only water to diffuse acrossit, water flows to
the side of the mem-brane where the water concentrationis lower.
The water continues to dif-fuse until it is in equal
concentrationon both sides of the membrane, asshown in Figure 8.1.
Therefore, weknow that unequal distribution of par-ticles, called a
concentration gradient,is one factor that controls osmosis.
Cells in an isotonic solution It is important to understand
how
osmosis affects cells. Most cells,whether in multicellular or
unicellu-lar organisms, are subject to osmosisbecause they are
surrounded by watersolutions. In an isotonic solution,the
concentration of dissolved sub-stances in the solution is the same
asthe concentration of dissolved sub-stances inside the cell.
Likewise, theconcentration of water in the solutionis the same as
the concentration ofwater inside the cell.
Cells in an isotonic solution doexperience osmosis, but because
waterdiffuses into and out of the cells at thesame rate, the cells
retain their normalshape, as shown in Figure 8.2.
Cells in a hypotonic solutionIn the hypotonic solution in
Figure 8.3A, the concentration of dissolved substances is lower
in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the
cell.Therefore, there is more water out-side the cell than inside.
Cells in ahypotonic solution experience osmo-sis. Water moves
through the plasmamembrane into the cell. The cellswells and its
internal pressureincreases.
As the pressure increases inside animal cells, the plasma
membraneswells, like the red blood cells shownin Figure 8.3B. If
the solution isextremely hypotonic, the plasma mem-brane may be
unable to withstand thispressure and may burst.
Because plant cells contain a rigidcell wall that supports the
cell, theydo not burst when in a hypotonicsolution. As the pressure
increasesinside the cell, the plasma membraneis pressed against the
cell wall, asshown in Figure 8.3C. Instead ofbursting, the plant
cell becomes morefirm. Grocers keep produce lookingfresh by misting
the fruits and vegeta-bles with water.
Cells in a hypertonic solutionIn a hypertonic solution, the
concentration of dissolved sub-stances outside the cell is
higher thanthe concentration inside the cell.Cells in a hypertonic
solution experi-ence osmosis that causes water toflow out.
Animal cells in a hypertonic solu-tion shrivel because of
decreasedpressure in the cells.
196 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
Water moleculeSugar molecule
Selectivelypermeablemembrane
Before osmosis After osmosis
Figure 8.1During osmosis, water diffuses across a selectively
permeable membrane.Notice that the number of sugar molecules did
not change on each sideof the membrane, but the number of water
molecules on either side ofthe membrane did change.
iso-, hypo-, hyper-from the Greekwords isos, mean-ing “equal,”
hypo,meaning “under,”and hyper, mean-ing “over,” respectively.
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8.1 CELLULAR TRANSPORT 197Joseph Kurantsin-Mills, M.Sc.Ph.D
Water moleculeDissolved molecule
H2OH2O
Figure 8.2In an isotonic solu-tion, water mole-cules move into
andout of the cell at thesame rate, and cellsretain their
normalshape (A). Noticethe concave discshape of a red bloodcell
(B). A plant cellhas its normal shapeand pressure in anisotonic
solution (C).
Figure 8.3In a hypotonic solu-tion, water enters acell by
osmosis, caus-ing the cell to swell(A). Animal cells,like these red
bloodcells, may continueto swell until theyburst (B). Plant
cellsswell beyond theirnormal size as pres-sure increases (C).
Figure 8.4In a hypertonic solu-tion, water leaves acell by
osmosis, caus-ing the cell to shrink(A). Animal cells likethese red
blood cellsshrivel up as theylose water (B). Plantcells lose
pressure asthe plasma mem-brane shrinks awayfrom the cell wall
(C).
H2OH2O
Water moleculeDissolved molecule
H2OH2O
Water moleculeDissolved molecule
Magnification: unavailable
Magnification: unavailable
AA BB CC
AA BB CC
Magnification: unavailable
AA BB CC
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Plant cells in a hypertonic environ-ment lose water, mainly from
the cen-tral vacuole. The plasma membraneand cytoplasm shrink away
from thecell wall, as shown in Figure 8.4C. Lossof water in a plant
cell results in a dropin pressure and explains why plants wilt.
Passive TransportSome molecules, like water, can pass
through the plasma membrane by sim-ple diffusion, as shown in
Figure 8.5A.The cell uses no energy to move theseparticles;
therefore, this movement ofparticles across the membrane is
classi-fied as passive transport. You caninvestigate passive
transport by per-forming the MiniLab on this page.
Passive transport by proteinsRecall that transport proteins
help
substances move through the plasmamembrane. Passive transport of
mate-rials across the membrane using trans-port proteins is called
facilitateddiffusion.
Some transport proteins, calledchannel proteins, form channels
thatallow specific molecules to flowthrough, as illustrated in
Figure 8.5B.
198 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLEKS Studio
Figure 8.5Passive transportcan occur by (A)simple diffusion,(B)
facilitated dif-fusion by channelproteins, and (C)facilitated
diffusionby carrier proteins.
Plasmamembrane
Concentrationgradient
Plasmamembrane
Concentrationgradient
Carrier proteins
Step 1 Step 2
Plasmamembrane
Concentrationgradient
Channelproteins
AA BB
CC
Formulate ModelsCell Membrane Simulation In thisexperiment, a
plastic bag is used tomodel a selectively permeable mem-brane.
Starch is placed inside of thebag. When iodine and starch
mole-cules come in contact with oneanother, a dark purple color
results.
Procedure! Fill a plastic bag with 50 mL of
starch. Seal the bag with a twist tie.
@ Fill a beaker with 50 mL of iodine solution. CAUTION:Rinse
with water if iodine gets on skin. Iodine is toxic.
# Note and record the color of the starch and iodine.$ Place the
bag into the beaker. CAUTION: Wash your hands
with soap after handling lab materials.% Note and record the
color of the starch and iodine
24 hours later.
Analysis1. Describe Compare the color of the iodine and starch
at
the start and at the conclusion of the experiment.2. Observe
Which molecules crossed the membrane? What
is your evidence?3. Think Critically Evaluate whether or not a
plastic bag is
an adequate model of a selectively permeable membrane.
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The movement is with the concentra-tion gradient, and requires
no energyinput from the cell.
Carrier proteins are another typeof transport protein. Carrier
proteinschange shape to allow a substance topass through the plasma
membrane,as shown in Figure 8.5C. In facili-tated diffusion by
carrier protein, themovement is with the concentrationgradient and
requires no energy inputfrom the cell.
Active TransportA cell can move particles from a
region of lower concentration to aregion of higher
concentration, but itmust expend energy to counteract theforce of
diffusion that is moving theparticles in the opposite
direction.Movement of materials through amembrane against a
concentrationgradient is called active transportand requires energy
from the cell.
How active transport occursIn active transport, a transport
protein called a carrier protein firstbinds with a particle of
the substanceto be transported. In general, eachtype of carrier
protein has a shapethat fits a specific molecule or ion.When the
proper molecule bindswith the protein, chemical energy
allows the cell to change the shape ofthe carrier protein so
that the particleto be moved is released on the otherside of the
membrane, something likethe opening of a door. Once the par-ticle
is released, the protein’s originalshape is restored, as
illustrated inFigure 8.6. Active transport allowsparticle movement
into or out of acell against a concentration gradient.
Transport of substances across thecell membrane is required for
cells tomaintain homeostasis. The types oftransport are summarized
in Table 8.1.
Compare and contrast active and passive trans-port across the
cell membrane.
8.1 CELLULAR TRANSPORT 199
Carrier proteins
Cellularenergy
Step 1 Step 2
Plasmamembrane
Concentrationgradient
+
Table 8.1 Transport Through the Cell Membrane
Type of Transport Direction of Requires Energy
ClassificationTransport Protein Used? Movement Input from Cell? of
Transport
Simple No With No PassiveDiffusion concentration
gradient
Facilitated Yes—channel With No PassiveDiffusion proteins or
concentration
carrier proteins gradient
Active Yes—carrier Against Yes ActiveTransport proteins
concentration
gradient
Figure 8.6Carrier proteins are used in active transport to
pickup ions or molecules from near the cell membrane,carry them
across the membrane, and release themon the other side. Think
Critically Why does activetransport require energy?
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Transport of LargeParticles
Some cells can take in large mole-cules, groups of molecules, or
evenwhole cells. Endocytosis is a processby which a cell surrounds
and takes inmaterial from its environment asshown in Figure 8.7.
This materialdoes not pass directly through themembrane. Instead,
it is engulfed andenclosed by a portion of the cell’splasma
membrane. That portion of themembrane then breaks away, and
theresulting vacuole with its contentsmoves to the inside of the
cell.
Figure 8.7 also shows the reverseprocess of endocytosis, called
exocy-tosis. Exocytosis is the expulsion orsecretion of materials
from a cell.Cells use exocytosis to expel wastes.They also use this
method to secretesubstances, such as hormones pro-duced by the
cell. Because endocyto-sis and exocytosis both move massesof
material, they both requireenergy.
With the various mechanisms thecell uses to transport materials
in andout, cells must also have mechanismsto regulate size and
growth.
Understanding Main Ideas1. What factors affect the diffusion of
water
through a membrane by osmosis?
2. How do animal cells and plant cells react differently in a
hypotonic solution?
3. Compare and contrast active transport and facilitated
diffusion.
4. How do carrier proteins facilitate passive transportof
molecules across a membrane?
Thinking Critically5. A paramecium expels water when it is in
fresh-
water. What can you conclude about the concen-tration gradient
in the organism’s environment?
6. Observe and Infer What effect do you think atemperature
increase has on osmosis? For morehelp, refer to Observe and Infer
in the SkillHandbook.
SKILL REVIEWSKILL REVIEW
200 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
Exocytosis
Nucleus
Wastes
Digestion
Endocytosis
Figure 8.7Some unicellular organisms ingest food byendocytosis
and release wastes or cell prod-ucts from a vacuole by
exocytosis.
endo-, exo- fromthe Greek wordsendon, meaning“within,” and
exo,meaning “out”;Endocytosis movesmaterials into thecell;
exocytosismoves materialsout of the cell.
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8.2 SECTION PREVIEWObjectivesSequence the events ofthe cell
cycle.Relate the function of acell to its organization intissues,
organs, and organsystems.
Review Vocabularyorganelle: the membrane-
bound structures withineukaryotic cells (p. 173)
New Vocabularychromosomechromatincell
cycleinterphasemitosisprophasesister
chromatidcentromerecentriolespindlemetaphaseanaphasetelophasecytokinesistissueorganorgan
system
8.2 CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 201
Cell Size LimitationsThe cells that make up a multicellular
organism come in a wide variety
of sizes and shapes. Some cells, such as red blood cells,
measure only8 �m (micrometers) in diameter. Other cells, such as
nerve cells in largeanimals, can reach lengths of up to 1 m but
have small diameters. The cellwith the largest diameter is the yolk
of an ostrich egg measuring 8 cm.Most living cells, however, are
between 2 and 200 µm in diameter.Considering this wide range of
cell sizes, why then can’t most organismsbe just one giant
cell?
Diffusion limits cell sizeYou know that the plasma membrane
allows nutrients to enter the
cell and wastes to leave. Within the cell, nutrients and wastes
move bydiffusion.
Although diffusion is a fast and efficient process over short
distances, itbecomes slow and inefficient as the distances become
larger. Imagine amitochondrion at the center of a cell with a
diameter of 20 cm. It wouldhave to wait months before receiving
molecules entering the cell. Becauseof the slow rate of diffusion,
organisms can’t be just one giant-sized cell.
What makes up your body?Using an Analogy Where do you live? This
question sounds simpleenough, but it has many answers. You live at
a certain address, whichis a part of a city. Many cities and towns
form the state in which youlive. The states form a country. Some
tasks are performed by thecountry as a whole, while others are
performed by states, cities, orindividuals. In thesame way, your
bodycells are parts of tis-sues, organs, organsystems, and the
bodyas a whole. Compare and ContrastCells in multicellular
andunicellular organismsundergo cell division.Which type of cells
do youthink is more specialized?
Cell Growth andReproduction
-
DNA limits cell sizeYou have learned that the nucleus
contains blueprints for the cell’s pro-teins. Proteins are used
throughoutthe cell by almost all organelles toperform critical cell
functions. Butthere is a limit to how quickly theblueprints for
these proteins can becopied in the nucleus and made intoproteins in
the cytoplasm. The cellcannot survive unless there is enoughDNA to
support the protein needs ofthe cell.
What happens in larger cells wherean increased amount of
cytoplasmrequires increased supplies of enzymes?In many large
cells, such as the giantamoeba Pelomyxa shown in Figure 8.8,more
than one nucleus is present.Large amounts of DNA in many
nucleiensure that cell activities are carried outquickly and
efficiently.
Surface area-to-volume ratioAnother size-limiting factor is
the
cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio. Asa cell’s size increases,
its volumeincreases much faster than its surfacearea. Picture a
cube-shaped cell likethose shown in Figure 8.9. The small-est cell
has 1 mm sides, a surface areaof 6 mm2, and a volume of 1 mm3.
Ifthe side of the cell is doubled to 2 mm,the surface area will
increase fourfoldto 6 � 2 � 2 � 24 mm2. Observe whathappens to the
volume; it increaseseightfold to 8 mm3.
What does this mean for cells?How does the surface
area-to-volumeratio affect cell function? If cell sizedoubled, the
cell would require eighttimes more nutrients and would haveeight
times more waste to excrete.
202 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLEMichael Abbey/Visuals
Unlimited
4 mm
4 mm4 mm
2 mm
2 mm2 mm
1 mm
1 mm1 mm
Surface area = 6 mm2Volume = 1 mm3
Surface area = 24 mm2Volume = 8 mm3
Figure 8.9Surface area-to-volume ratio is one of the factors
that limits cell size.Note how the surface area and the volume
change as the sides of a celldouble in length from 1 mm to 2
mm.
Figure 8.8This giant amoeba isonly several millimetersin
diameter, but it canhave up to 1000 nuclei.Explain How doesthis
benefit theorganism?
LM Magnification: 100�
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8.2 CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 203
The surface area, however, wouldincrease by a factor of only
four.Thus, the plasma membrane wouldnot have enough surface
areathrough which oxygen, nutrients, andwastes could diffuse. The
cell wouldeither starve to death or be poisonedfrom the buildup of
waste products.You can investigate surface area-to-volume ratios
yourself in theProblem-Solving Lab shown here.
Because cell size can have dramaticand negative effects on a
cell, cellsmust have some method of maintain-ing optimum size. In
fact, cells dividebefore they become too large to func-tion
properly. Cell division accom-plishes other purposes, too, as
youwill read next.
Cell ReproductionRecall that the cell theory states
that all cells come from preexistingcells. Cell division is the
process bywhich new cells are produced fromone cell. Cell division
results in twocells that are identical to the origi-nal, parent
cell. Right now, as youare reading this page, many of thecells in
your body are growing,dividing, and dying. Old cells on the soles
of your feet and on thepalms of your hands are being shedand
replaced, cuts and bruises arehealing, and your intestines are
pro-ducing millions of new cells eachsecond. New cells are produced
astadpoles become frogs, and as an ivyvine grows and wraps around
agarden trellis. All organisms growand change; worn-out tissues
arerepaired or are replaced by newlyproduced cells.
Explain two reasonswhy cell division is a required
cellprocess.
The discovery of chromosomesEarly biologists observed that
just
before cell division, several short,stringy structures suddenly
appearedin the nucleus. Scientists also noticedthat these
structures seemed to vanishsoon after division of a cell.
Thesestructures, which contain DNA andbecome darkly colored when
stained,are called chromosomes (KROH muhsohmz).
Eventually, scientists learned thatchromosomes are the carriers
of thegenetic material that is copied andpassed from generation to
generationof cells. This genetic material is cru-cial to the
identity of the cell.Accurate transmission of chromo-somes during
cell division is critical.
chromosome fromthe Greek wordschroma, meaning“colored,” andsoma,
meaning“body”; Chromo-somes are dark-staining structuresthat
containgenetic material.
Draw ConclusionsWhat happens to the surface area of a cell as
its volumeincreases? One reason cells are small is that they need
alarge surface area as compared to volume so nutrients can dif-fuse
in and wastes can diffuse out.
Solve the Problem Look at the cubes shown below. Note the size
and magnitudeof difference in surface area and volume.
Thinking Critically1. Estimate How many small cubes (1 mm) do
you think it
would take to fill the largest cube (4 mm)?2. Use Models Using
the cubes as models, describe how a
cell is affected by its size. 3. Infer Explain how a small
change in cell size can have a
huge impact on cellular processes.
4 mm4 mm
4 mm
2 mm
2 mm
2 mm1 mm
1 mm
1 mm
Surface area � 6 mm2
Volume � 1 mm3Surface area � 24 mm2
Volume � 8 mm3
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The structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
For most of a cell’s lifetime, chro-mosomes exist as chromatin,
longstrands of DNA wrapped around
proteins called histones. Under anelectron microscope,
chromatinlooks like beads on a string. Eachbead is a group of
histones called anucleosome. Before a cell can divide,the long
strands of chromatin mustbe reorganized, just as you would coila
long strand of rope before storingit. As the nucleus begins to
divide,chromosomes take on a differentstructure in which the
chromatinbecomes tightly packed. Look atFigure 8.10 for more
information onchromosome structure.
The Cell CycleFall follows summer, night follows
day, and low tide follows high tide.Many events in nature follow
a recur-ring, cyclical pattern. Living organismsare no exception.
One cycle commonto most living things is the cycle of thecell. The
cell cycle is the sequence ofgrowth and division of a cell.
As a cell proceeds through its cycle,it goes through two general
periods: aperiod of growth and a period of divi-sion. The majority
of a cell’s life isspent in the growth period known asinterphase.
During interphase, a cellgrows in size and carries on metabo-lism.
Also during this period, chromo-somes are duplicated in
preparationfor the period of division.
Following interphase, a cell entersits period of nuclear
division calledmitosis (mi TOH sus). Mitosis is theprocess by which
two daughter cellsare formed, each containing a com-plete set of
chromosomes. Interphaseand mitosis make up the bulk of thecell
cycle. Following mitosis, thecytoplasm divides, separating the
twodaughter cells. You can use theProblem-Solving Lab on this page
andthe BioLab at the end of this chapterto investigate the rate of
mitosis.
204 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
Observe and InferHow does the length of the cell cycle vary? The
cell cyclevaries greatly in length from one kind of cell to
another. Somekinds of cells divide rapidly, while others divide
more slowly.
Solve the ProblemExamine the cell cycle diagrams of two
different types of cells.Observe the total length of each cell
cycle and the length oftime each cell spends in each phase of the
cell cycle.
Thinking Critically1. Make and Use Graphs Which part of the cell
cycle is
most variable in length? 2. Infer What can you infer about the
functions of these
two types of cells? 3. Think Critically Why do you think the
cycle of some
types of cells is faster than in others? Explain your
answer.
7 hours 3 hours
Mitosis1 hour
11 hours
Interphase
Total = 22 hours
37 hours
7 hours
Mitosis1 hourInterphase
Total = 48 hours
3 hours
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Histone H1
Nucleosome
DNA
Centromere
Sisterchromatids
Chromosome Supercoil within chromosome
Continued coilingwithin supercoil
Chromosome StructureFigure 8.10The chromosomes of a eukaryotic
cell undergo changes in shapeand structure during the different
phases of the cell cycle. Ametaphase chromosome is a compact
arrangement of DNA andproteins. During interphase, the chromosomes
are long and tan-gled, resembling a plate of spaghetti. Critical
Thinking Why is itimportant for the chromosomes to be compact and
untan-gled during mitosis?
8.2 CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 205
-
Interphase: A Busy Time
Interphase, the busiest phase of thecell cycle, is divided into
three partsas shown in Figure 8.11. During thefirst part, the cell
grows and proteinproduction is high. In the next part ofinterphase,
the cell copies its chro-mosomes. DNA synthesis does notoccur all
through interphase but is confined to this specific time. After the
chromosomes have been
duplicated, the cell enters anothershorter growth period in
which mito-chondria and other organelles aremanufactured and cell
parts neededfor cell division are assembled.Following this
activity, interphaseends and mitosis begins.
The Phases of MitosisCells undergo mitosis as they
approach the maximum cell size atwhich the nucleus can provide
blue-prints for proteins, and the plasmamembrane can efficiently
transportnutrients and wastes into and out ofthe cell.
Although cell division is a continu-ous process, biologists
recognize fourdistinct phases of mitosis—each phasemerging into the
next. The four phasesof mitosis are prophase, metaphase,anaphase,
and telophase. Refer toFigure 8.13 to help you understandthe
process as you read about mitosis.
Prophase: The first phase of mitosis
During prophase, the first andlongest phase of mitosis, the
long,stringy chromatin coils up into visiblechromosomes. As you can
see inFigure 8.12, each duplicated chro-mosome is made up of two
halves.The two halves of the doubled struc-ture are called sister
chromatids.Sister chromatids and the DNA theycontain are exact
copies of each otherand are formed when DNA is copiedduring
interphase. Sister chromatidsare held together by a structure
calleda centromere, which plays a role inchromosome movement during
mito-sis. By their characteristic location,centromeres also help
scientists iden-tify and study chromosomes.
As prophase continues, the nucleusbegins to disappear as the
nuclear enve-lope and the nucleolus disintegrate.
206 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
DNA synthesisand replication
Rapid growthand metabolic activity
Centrioles replicate; cell preparesfor division
Interphase
Mitosis
CytokinesisFigure 8.11In preparation formitosis, most of thetime
spent in the cellcycle is in interphase.The process of
mitosis,represented here bythe yellow wedge, isshown in detail
inFigure 8.13.
Sister chromatids
Centromere
Figure 8.12The two sister chromatidsare held together by
acentromere.
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8.2 CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 207(t ct b)Ed Reschke/Peter
Arnold, Inc., (cb)Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake, NYC
Figure 8.13Mitosis begins after interphase. Follow the stagesof
mitosis as you read the text. The diagrams andthe photos show
mitosis in plant cells.
AnaphaseThe centromeressplit and the sisterchromatids arepulled
apart toopposite poles ofthe cell.
CC
Stained LM Magnification: 500�
Stained LM Magnification: 360�
Spindle fibers
Disappearingnuclear envelope
Doubled chromosome
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Nuclear envelopereappears
Two daughtercells are formed
ProphaseThe chromatin coilsto form visiblechromosomes.
AA
TelophaseTwo distinctdaughter cells areformed. The cellsseparate
as the cellcycle proceeds intothe next interphase.
DD
MetaphaseThe chromosomesmove to the equatorof the spindle.
BB
Stained LM Magnification: 400�
Stained LM Magnification: 640�
-
208 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLEBarry King, University
of California, School of Medicine/Biological Photo Service
Figure 8.14Centrioles duplicate during interphase. In the
pho-tomicrograph, one centriole is cut crosswise and theother
longitudinally.
Microtubule
Magnification: unavailable
By late prophase, these structures arecompletely absent. In
animal cells,two important pairs of structures, thecentrioles,
begin to migrate to oppo-site ends of the cell. Centrioles
aresmall, dark, cylindrical structures thatare made of microtubules
and arelocated just outside the nucleus, asshown in Figure 8.14.
Centriolesplay a role in chromatid separation.
As the pairs of centrioles move toopposite ends of the cell,
anotherimportant structure, called the spindle,begins to form
between them. Thespindle is a football-shaped, cagelikestructure
consisting of thin fibers madeof microtubules. In plant cells,
thespindle forms without centrioles. Thespindle fibers play a vital
role in theseparation of sister chromatids duringmitosis.
Metaphase: The second stage of mitosis
During metaphase, the short sec-ond phase of mitosis, the
doubled
chromosomes become attached to thespindle fibers by their
centromeres.The chromosomes are pulled by thespindle fibers and
begin to line up onthe midline, or equator, of the spin-dle. Each
sister chromatid is attachedto its own spindle fiber. One
sisterchromatid’s spindle fiber extends toone pole, and the other
extends to theopposite pole. This arrangement isimportant because
it ensures thateach new cell receives an identical andcomplete set
of chromosomes.
Anaphase: The third phase of mitosis
The separation of sister chro-matids marks the beginning
ofanaphase, the third phase of mito-sis. During anaphase, the
cen-tromeres split apart and chromatidpairs from each chromosome
sepa-rate from each other. The chro-matids are pulled apart by
theshortening of the microtubules inthe spindle fibers.
Centriole
-
Telophase: The fourth phase of mitosis
The final phase of mitosis istelophase. Telophase begins as
thechromatids reach the opposite poles ofthe cell. During
telophase, many of thechanges that occurred during prophaseare
reversed as the new cells prepare fortheir own independent
existence. Thechromosomes, which had been tightlycoiled since the
end of prophase, nowunwind so they can begin to direct themetabolic
activities of the new cells.The spindle begins to break down,
thenucleolus reappears, and a new nuclearenvelope forms around each
set of chro-mosomes. Finally, a new double mem-brane begins to form
between the twonew nuclei.
CytokinesisFollowing telophase, the cell’s cyto-
plasm divides in a process calledcytokinesis (si toh kih NEE
sus).Cytokinesis differs between plants andanimals. Toward the end
of telophasein animal cells, the plasma membranepinches in along
the equator as shownin Figure 8.15. As the cell cycle pro-ceeds,
the two new cells are separated.Find out more about mitosis in
animalcells in the MiniLab.
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, so the plasma membrane does
notpinch in. Rather, a structure known asthe cell plate is laid
down across thecell’s equator. A cell membrane formsaround each
cell, and new cell wallsform on each side of the cell plate
untilseparation is complete.
8.2 CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 209(t)Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold,
Inc., (b)David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited
Compare and ContrastSeeing Asters The result of theprocess of
mitosis is similar in plantand animal cells. However, animalcells
develop structures calledasters that are thought to serve asa brace
for the spindle fibers,while plant cells do not developasters.
Procedure! Examine a slide showing fish mitosis
under low- and high-power magnification. CAUTION: Use care when
handling prepared slides.
@ Find cells that are undergoing mitosis. You will be able tosee
dark-stained rodlike structures within certain cells.These
structures are chromosomes.
# Note the appearance and location of asters. They willappear as
ray or starlike structures at opposite ends ofcells that are in
metaphase.
$ Asters may also be observed in cells that are in otherphases
of the cell cycle.
Analysis1. Describe What is the location of asters in cells that
are in
prophase?2. Infer How do you know that asters are not critical
to
mitosis?3. Use Models Sketch and label a plant cell and an
animal
cell in prophase.
Asters
Stained LM Magnification: 250�
Figure 8.15The furrow, created when proteins positioned underthe
plasma membrane at the equator of this frogcell contracted and slid
past each other, will deepenuntil the cell is pinched in two.
Color-enhanced SEM Magnification: 25�
-
Understanding Main Ideas1. Describe how a cell’s surface
area-to-volume ratio
limits its size.
2. Why is it necessary for a cell’s chromosomes to bedistributed
to its daughter cells in such a precisemanner?
3. Relate cells to each level of organization in a multicellular
organism.
4. In multicellular organisms, describe two
cellularspecializations that result from mitosis.
Thinking Critically5. At one time, interphase was referred to as
the
resting phase of the cell cycle. Why do you thinkthis
description is no longer used?
6. Get the Big Picture Make a table sequencingthe phases of the
cell cycle. Mention one impor-tant event that occurs at each phase.
For morehelp, refer to Get the Big Picture in the
SkillHandbook.
SKILL REVIEWSKILL REVIEW
210 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
Tissue (muscle tissue)
Cell (muscle cell)
Organ (stomach)
Organ system (digestive system)
Organism (Florida panther)
Figure 8.16Cells of complex multicellular organisms are
organized into tissues,organs, and organ systems. Sequence What
levels of organizationis a human blood cell a part of?
Results of MitosisMitosis is a process that guarantees
genetic continuity, resulting in theproduction of two new cells
withchromosome sets that are identical tothose of the parent cell.
These newdaughter cells will carry out the samecellular processes
and functions asthose of the parent cell and will growand divide
just as the parent cell did.
When mitosis is complete, unicellu-lar organisms remain as
single cells—the organism simply multiplied. Inmulticellular
organisms, cell growthand reproduction result in groups ofcells
that work together as tissue toperform a specific function.
Tissuesorganize in various combinations toform organs that perform
more com-plex roles within the organism. Forexample, cells make up
muscle tissue,
then muscle tissue works with othertissues in the organ called
the stomachto mix up food. Multiple organs thatwork together form
an organ system.The stomach is one organ in the diges-tive system,
which functions to breakup and digest food.
All organ systems work togetherfor the survival of the
organism,whether the organism is a fly or ahuman. Figure 8.16 shows
an exam-ple of cell specialization and organiza-tion for a complex
organism. Inaddition to its digestive system, thepanther has a
number of other organsystems that have developed throughcell
specialization. It is important toremember that no matter how
com-plex the organ system or organismbecomes, the cell is still the
mostbasic unit of that organization.
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8.3SECTION PREVIEWObjectivesDescribe the role ofenzymes in the
regulationof the cell cycle.Distinguish between theevents of a
normal cellcycle and the abnormalevents that result in
cancer.Identify ways to poten-tially reduce the risk ofcancer.
Review Vocabularyprotein: a large complex
polymer composed ofcarbon, hydrogen, oxy-gen, nitrogen, and
usu-ally sulfur (p. 160)
New Vocabularycancergene
8.3 CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE 211
Normal Control of the Cell CycleWhy do some types of cells
divide rapidly, while others divide slowly?
What tells a cell when it is time to leave one part of the cell
cycle andbegin the next?Proteins and enzymes control the cell
cycle
The cell cycle is controlled by proteins called cyclins and a
set ofenzymes that attach to the cyclin and become activated. The
interactionof these molecules, based on conditions both in the
cell’s environmentand inside the cell, control the cell cycle.
Occasionally, cells lose controlof the cell cycle. This
uncontrolled dividing of cells can result from thefailure to
produce certain enzymes, the overproduction of enzymes, orthe
production of other enzymes at the wrong time. Cancer is a
malig-nant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division. This
loss of con-trol may be caused by environmental factors or by
changes in enzymeproduction.
Enzyme production is directed by genes located on the
chromosomes.A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production
of a protein.
Many studies point to the portion of interphase just before DNA
repli-cation as being a key control period in the cell cycle.
Scientists have iden-tified several enzymes that trigger DNA
replication.
Getting ControlFinding Main Ideas As you read through the
sec-tion on control of the cellcycle, answer the
followingquestions.
Study Organizer 1. Enzymes control the cell
cycle. What controlsenzyme production?
2. What are two environ-mental factors that contribute to the
develop-ment of cancer? List anypossible ways you caninfluence
these factors.
3. How does a person’s dietrelate to the chances ofgetting
cancer?
Luis M. De La Maza, PhD.M.D./Phototake, NYC
Color-enhanced SEM Magnification: 7500�
Control of the Cell Cycle
This tumor is developing due to a mistake inthe cell cycle.
-
Cancer: A Mistake in the Cell Cycle
Currently, scientists consider can-cer to be a result of changes
in one ormore of the genes that produce sub-stances that are
involved in control-ling the cell cycle. These changes areexpressed
as cancer when somethingprompts the damaged genes intoaction.
Cancerous cells form masses
of tissue called tumors that deprivenormal cells of nutrients.
In laterstages, cancer cells enter the circula-tory system and
spread throughoutthe body, a process called metastasis,forming new
tumors that disrupt thefunction of organs, organ systems,and
ultimately, the organism.
Cancer is the second leading causeof death in the United
States,exceeded only by heart disease. Can-cer can affect any
tissue in the body. Inthe United States, lung, colon, breast,and
prostate cancers are the mostprevalent types. Use the
Problem-Solving Lab on this page to estimatethe number of people in
the UnitedStates who will develop these kinds ofcancers in this
decade, and how manypeople are expected to die from can-cers. The
Connection to Health featureat the end of this chapter further
dis-cusses skin cancer.
Infer why cancer isdifficult to treat in later stages.
The causes of cancerThe causes of cancer are difficult to
pinpoint because both genetic andenvironmental factors are
involved.The environmental influences of can-cer become obvious
when you con-sider that people in differentcountries develop
different types of cancers at different rates. Forexample, the rate
of breast cancer isrelatively high in the United States,but
relatively low in Japan. Similarly,stomach cancer is common in
Japan,but rare in the United States.
Other environmental factors, suchas cigarette smoke, air and
water pollution, and exposure to ultra-violet radiation from the
sun, are allknown to damage the genes thatcontrol the cell cycle.
Cancer mayalso be caused by viral infections thatdamage the
genes.
212 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
Interpret DataHow does the incidence of cancer vary? Cancer
affectsmany different body organs. In addition, the same body
organ,such as our skin, can be affected by several different types
ofcancer. Some types of cancer are more treatable than others.Use
the following graph to analyze the incidence of cancer.
Thinking Critically1. Make and Use Graphs Which cancer type is
most com-
mon? Least common?2. Interpret Data Which cancer type seems to
be least treat-
able? Most treatable?3. Interpret Data Using breast cancer as an
example, calcu-
late the percent of survival for this cancer type. 4. Use
Numbers Approximately what percentage of new
cancer cases in the United States in 2000 were lung cancer?
20 00060 000100 000140 000180 000220 000260 000300 000340 000760
000800 000840 000
Kind of cancer
Num
ber o
f cas
es
Brea
stLu
ng
Pros
tate
Skin
:
ba
sal c
ell an
d
squa
mou
s
Skin
:
mela
nom
aCo
lon
Cancer Rates in the United States (2000)
Estimated new casesEstimated deaths
-
Cancer preventionFrom recent and ongoing investi-
gations, scientists have established aclear link between a
healthy lifestyleand the incidence of cancer.
Physicians and dietary expertsagree that diets low in fat and
high infiber content can reduce the risk ofmany kinds of cancer.
For example,diets high in fat have been linked toincreased risk for
colon, breast, andprostate cancers, among others.People who consume
only a minimalamount of fat reduce the potentialrisk for these and
other cancers andmay also maintain a healthy bodyweight more
easily. In addition,recent studies suggest that diets highin fiber
are associated with reducedrisk for cancer, especially colon
can-cer. Fruits, vegetables, and grainproducts are excellent
dietary optionsbecause of their fiber content andbecause they are
naturally low in fat.The foods displayed in Figure 8.17illustrate
some of the choices that areassociated with cancer prevention.
Vitamins and minerals may alsohelp prevent cancer. Key in this
cate-gory are carotenoids, vitamins A, C,and E, and calcium.
Carotenoids arefound in foods such as yellow andorange vegetables
and green leafyvegetables. Citrus fruits are a great
source of vitamin C, and many dairyproducts are rich in
calcium.
In addition to diet, other healthychoices such as daily exercise
and notusing tobacco also are known toreduce the risk of
cancer.
Understanding Main Ideas1. Do all cells complete the cell cycle
in the same
amount of time?2. Describe how enzymes control the cell cycle.3.
How can disruption of the cell cycle result in cancer?4. How does
cancer affect normal cell functioning?Thinking Critically5. What
evidence shows that the environment influ-
ences the occurrence of cancer?
6. Recognize Cause and Effect Although not all cancers are
preventable, some lifestyle choices, such as a healthy diet and
regular exercise, can decrease your cancer risk. Give a summary of
how these two lifestyle choices could be implemented by teens. For
more help, refer to Recognize Cause and Effect in the Skill
Handbook.
SKILL REVIEWSKILL REVIEW
8.3 CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE 213KS Studios/Bob Mullenix
Figure 8.17A healthy diet mayreduce your risk of cancer.
Classify Whattypes of food makeup a diet thatreduces the risk of
cancer?
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214 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
Y
X
AA
Before You BeginMitosis and the resultingmultiplication of cells
areresponsible for the growthof an organism. Does mito-sis occur in
all areas of anorganism at the same rate,or are there certain
areaswithin an organism wheremitosis occurs more often?You will
answer this ques-tion in this BioLab. Yourorganism will be an
onion,and the areas you aregoing to investigate willbe different
locations in its root.
Where is mitosis mostcommon?
ProblemDoes mitosis occur at the same rate in all of the parts
of anonion root?
ObjectivesIn this BioLab, you will:■ Observe cells in two
different root areas.■ Identify the stages of mitosis in each
area.
Materialsprepared slide of onion root tipmicroscope
Skill HandbookIf you need help with this lab, refer to the Skill
Handbook.
Safety PrecautionsCAUTION: Report any glass breakage to your
teacher.
1. Using diagram A as a guide, locate area X on a prepared slide
of onion root tip.
2. Place the prepared slide under your microscope and uselow
power to locate area X. CAUTION: Use care when han-dling prepared
slides.
3. Switch to high power. 4. Using diagram B as a guide:
a. Identify those cells that are in mitosis and those cellsthat
are in interphase.
b. Create a data table. Record the number of cellsobserved in
each phase of mitosis and interphase forarea X. Note: It will be
easier to count and keep trackof cells by following rows. See
diagram C as a guide tocounting.
5. Using diagram A again, locate area Y on the same pre-pared
slide.
PROCEDUREPROCEDURE
PREPARATIONPREPARATION
-
High-power view
Startcountinghere
Endcountinghere
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
8.3 CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE 215
BB
CC
6. Place the prepared slide under your microscope and use low
power to locatearea Y.
7. Switch to high power.8. Using diagram B as a guide:
a. Identify those cells that are in mitosis and those that are
in interphase. b. Record in the data table the number of cells
observed in each phase of
mitosis and interphase for area Y.9. Clean all equipment as
instructed by your teacher,
and return everything to its proper place.CLEANUP AND
DISPOSAL
ANALYZE AND CONCLUDEANALYZE AND CONCLUDE
1. Observe Which area of the onion root tip (X or Y) had the
greatest per-centage of cells undergoing mitosis? The lowest? Use
specific totals fromyour data table to support your answer.
2. Predict If mitosis is associated with rapidgrowth, where do
you believe is the locationof most rapid root growth, area X or
Y?Explain your answer.
3. Apply Where might you look for cells in thehuman body that
are undergoing mitosis?
4. Think Critically Assume that you were notable to observe
cells in every phase of mito-sis. Explain why this might be,
consideringthe length of each phase.
5. What factors might causemisleading results? How could you
avoidthese problems?
ERROR ANALYSIS
Make and Use Graphs Prepare a circlegraph that shows the total
number of cellscounted in area X and the percentage of cellsin each
phase of mitosis.
Web Links To find out more about mitosis,
visitbdol.glencoe.com/mitosis
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216 CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE
Skin Cancer
Skin cancer accounts for one-third of allmalignancies diagnosed
in the United States,and the incidence of skin cancer is
increasing.Most cases are caused by exposure to harmfulultraviolet
rays emitted by the sun, so skin cancermost often develops on the
exposed face or neck.The people most at risk are those whose fair
skincontains smaller amounts of a protective pigmentcalled
melanin.
Skin is composed of two layers of tissue, theepidermis and the
dermis. The epidermis is thepart that we see on the surface of our
bodies andis composed of multiple layers of closely packedcells. As
the cells reach the surface, they die andbecome flattened.
Eventually they flake away. Toreplace the loss, cells on the
innermost layer ofthe epidermis are constantly dividing.
Your body has a natural protection system toshield skin cells
from potentially harmful raysof the sun. A pigment called melanin
is pro-duced by cells called melanocytes and absorbsthe UV rays
before they reach basal cells.
Types of skin cancers Uncontrolled divi-sion of epidermal cells
leads to skin cancer.Squamous cell carcinoma is a common type
ofskin cancer that affects cells throughout theepidermis. Squamous
cell cancer takes theform of red or pink tumors that can grow
rap-idly and spread. Precancerous growths pro-duced by sun-damaged
basal cells can becomebasal cell carcinoma, another common type
ofskin cancer. In basal cell carcinoma, the can-cerous cells are
from the layer of the epidermisthat replenishes the shed epithelial
cells. Bothsquamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carci-noma are
usually discovered when they aresmall and can be easily removed in
a doctor’soffice. Both types also respond to treatmentsuch as
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiationtherapy.
The most lethal skin cancer is malignantmelanoma. Melanomas are
cancerous growths ofthe melanocytes that normally protect other
cellsin the epithelium from the harmful rays of thesun. An
important indication of a melanoma canbe a change in color of an
area of skin to a vari-ety of colors including black, brown, red,
darkblue, or gray. A single melanoma can have severalcolors within
the tumor. Melanomas can alsoform at the site of moles. Melanomas
can be dan-gerous because cancerous cells from the tumorcan travel
to other areas of the body before themelanoma is detected. Early
detection is essen-tial, and melanomas can be surgically
removed.
Dixie Knight/Medichrome/The Stock Shop
Describe Scientists know that the UV rays of sunlight can
contribute to skin cancer. Write a para-graph describing how you
can minimize the risk.
To find out more about skin cancer, visit
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Epidermis
Melanocytes
MelaningranulesDermis
Structure of the skin
Melanoma
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Section 8.1STUDY GUIDESTUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENT 217Luis M. De La Maza, PhD.M.D./Phototake,
NYC
Section 8.2
Section 8.3
To help you reviewosmosis, use the Organizational StudyFold on
page 195.
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Key Concepts■ Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane.■ Passive transport moves a
substance with
the concentration gradient and requires noenergy from the
cell.
■ Active transport moves materials againstthe concentration
gradient and requiresenergy to overcome the flow of
materialsopposite the concentration gradient.
■ Large particles may enter a cell by endo-cytosis and leave by
exocytosis.
Vocabularyactive transport (p. 199)endocytosis (p.
200)exocytosis (p. 200)facilitated diffusion (p. 198)hypertonic
solution
(p. 196)hypotonic solution
(p. 196)isotonic solution (p. 196)osmosis (p. 195)passive
transport
(p. 198)
CellularTransport
Key Concepts■ Cell size is limited largely by the diffusion
rate of materials into and out of the cell,the amount of DNA
available to programthe cell’s metabolism, and the cell’s
surfacearea-to-volume ratio.
■ The life cycle of a cell is divided into twogeneral periods: a
period of active growthand metabolism known as interphase, and
aperiod that leads to cell division known asmitosis.
■ Mitosis is divided into four phases:prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, andtelophase.
■ The cells of most multicellular organismsare organized into
tissues, organs, andorgan systems.
Vocabularyanaphase (p. 208)cell cycle (p. 204)centriole (p.
208)centromere (p. 206)chromatin (p. 204)chromosome (p.
203)cytokinesis (p. 209)interphase (p. 204)metaphase (p.
208)mitosis (p. 204)organ (p. 210)organ system (p. 210)prophase (p.
206)sister chromatid (p. 206)spindle (p. 208)telophase (p.
209)tissue (p. 210)
Cell Growth andReproduction
Key Concepts■ The cell cycle is controlled by key enzymes
that are produced at specific points in thecell cycle.
■ Cancer is caused by genetic and environ-mental factors that
change the genes thatcontrol the cell cycle.
Vocabularycancer (p. 211)gene (p. 211)
Color-enhanced SEMMagnification: 7500�
Control of theCell Cycle
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Review the Chapter 8 vocabulary words listed inthe Study Guide
on page 217. Determine if each statement is true or false. If
false, replace theunderlined word with the correct
vocabularyword.
1. Mitosis is the result of uncontrolled divisionof cells.
2. Small, dark cylindrical structures that aremade of
microtubules and located just out-side the nucleus are called
genes.
3. Diffusion of water across a selectively per-meable membrane
is called cytokinesis.
4. In a hypotonic solution, the concentrationof dissolved
substances inside cells is higherthan the concentration outside the
cell.
5. Cancer is a period of nuclear division in a cell.
6. What kind of environment is described whenthe concentration
of dissolved substances isgreater outside the cell than inside?A.
hypotonic C. isotonic B. hypertonic D. saline
7. How is osmosis defined?A. as active transportB. as diffusion
of water through a selectively
permeable membraneC. as an example of facilitated diffusionD. as
requiring a transport protein
8. An amoeba ingests large food particles bywhat process?A.
osmosis C. endocytosisB. diffusion D. exocytosis
9. Of what are chromosomes composed?A. cytoplasm C. RNA and
proteinsB. centrioles D. DNA and proteins
10. Which of the following does NOT occurduring interphase?A.
excretion of wastesB. cell repairC. protein synthesisD. nuclear
division
11. During metaphase, the chromosomes move to the equator of
what structure (shown here)?A. polesB. cell plateC. centrioleD.
spindle
12. All but which of the following factors limitcell size?A.
time required for diffusionB. elasticity of the plasma membraneC.
presence of only one nucleusD. surface area-to-volume ratio
13. Which of the following is NOT a knowncause of cancer?A.
environmental influencesB. certain virusesC. cigarette smokeD.
bacterial infections
14. Open Ended How would you expect thenumber of mitochondria in
a cell to berelated to the amount of active transport itcarries
out?
15. Open Ended Suppose that all of theenzymes that control the
normal cell cyclewere identified. Suggest some ways that
thisinformation might be used to fight cancer.
16. Open Ended Substance A’s molecules aresmall. Substance B’s
molecules, which reactwith substance A to produce a
blue-blackcolor, are larger in comparison. If a solutionof
substance A is placed inside a selectivelypermeable bag, and the
bag is placed in asolution of substance B, what will happen?
17. Predict What do you think will happenwhen a freshwater
paramecium is placed insalt water?
218 CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENTEd Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.
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Multiple ChoiceUse the following illustration to answer
questions19–23.
19. Which drawing indicates a cell in metaphaseof mitosis?A. A
C. CB. B D. D
20. During which stage do the chromatids ofchromosomes
separate?A. A C. CB. B D. D
21. Which drawing indicates a cell whosenuclear membrane is
dissolving?A. A C. CB. B D. D
22. Which of the following indicates the correctorder of mitosis
in animal cells?A. A-B-C-D C. C-A-D-BB. B-C-A-D D. C-B-A-D
23. Which drawing shows a cell in anaphase?A. A C. CB. B D.
D
24. A biologist notes that some cells are growingfaster than
others in a tissue culture. A weeklater, the fast-growing cells
have tripled innumber. This observation is a clue that
thefast-growing cells ________.A. have killed the slow-growing
cellsB. might be unable to control mitosisC. were exposed to
radiation or chemicalsD. contain an unknown enzyme
25. Which parts of the nucleosome are made ofDNA?A. 1 and 2 C. 2
and 3B. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 4
26. Which parts of the nucleosome are made ofprotein?A. 1 and 2
C. 2 and 3B. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 4
2 3
Nucleosome
14
A B C D
18. Cystic fibrosisis a genetic disorder that results from
theinability of cells to properly transport somematerials.
Visit
to investigate cystic fibrosis. Write an essay that explains
what you have learnedabout cystic fibrosis and present it to
yourclass.
REAL WORLD BIOCHALLENGE
CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENT 219
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Constructed Response/Grid InRecord your answers on your answer
document.
27. Open Ended The cell cycle can be affected by internal and
external factors. Injury to a tissuecan prompt changes in the cell
cycle of the cells near the injury site. Formulate a
testablehypothesis concerning a specific type of cell’s response to
injury. State your hypothesis, planan investigative procedure to
test your hypothesis, and list the steps.
28. Open Ended Explain why drinking quantities of ocean water is
dangerous to humans.
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Biology: The Dynamics of LifeContents in BriefTable of
ContentsUnit 1: What is biology?Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of
LifeSection 1.1: What is biology?MiniLab 1.1: Predicting Whether
Mildew Is AliveCareers in Biology: Nature Preserve Interpreter
Section 1.2: The Methods of BiologyMiniLab 1.2: Testing for
AlcoholProblem-Solving Lab 1.1Inside Story: Scientific Methods
Section 1.3: The Nature of BiologyProblem-Solving Lab 1.2MiniLab
1.3: Hatching DinosaursInternet BioLab: Collecting Biological
DataBiology and Society: Organic Food: Is it healthier?
Chapter 1 Assessment
BioDigest: What is biology?Unit 1 Standardized Test Practice
Unit 2: EcologyChapter 2: Principles of EcologySection 2.1:
Organisms and Their EnvironmentMiniLab 2.1: Salt Tolerance of
SeedsProblem-Solving Lab 2.1Careers in Biology: Science
Reporter
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy FlowProblem-Solving Lab
2.2Physical Science Connection: Conservation of EnergyPhysical
Science Connection: Conservation of MassMiniLab 2.2: Detecting
Carbon DioxideInside Story: The Carbon CycleDesign Your Own BioLab:
How can one population affect another?Biology and Society: The
Everglades—Restoring an Ecosystem
Chapter 2 Assessment
Chapter 3: Communities and BiomesSection 3.1: CommunitiesMiniLab
3.1: Looking at LichensProblem-Solving Lab 3.1
Section 3.2: BiomesPhysical Science Connection: Salinity and
Density of a SolutionProblem-Solving Lab 3.2MiniLab 3.2: Marine
PlanktonInside Story: A Tropical Rain ForestInvestigate BioLab:
Succession in a JarConnection to Literature: Our National Parks by
John Muir
Chapter 3 Assessment
Chapter 4: Population BiologySection 4.1: Population
DynamicsMiniLab 4.1: Fruit Fly Population GrowthInside Story:
Population GrowthProblem-Solving Lab 4.1
Section 4.2: Human PopulationProblem-Solving Lab 4.2MiniLab 4.2:
Doubling TimeInvestigate BioLab: How can you determine the size of
an animal population?Connection to Chemistry: Polymers for
People
Chapter 4 Assessment
Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and ConservationSection 5.1:
Vanishing SpeciesMiniLab 5.1: Field InvestigationProblem-Solving
Lab 5.1Physical Science Connection: Environmental Impact of
Generating ElectricityPhysical Science Connection: Wave Energy
Section 5.2: Conservation of BiodiversityMiniLab 5.2:
Conservation of SoilProblem-Solving Lab 5.2Internet BioLab:
Researching Information on Exotic PetsConnection to Art:
Photographing Life
Chapter 5 Assessment
BioDigest: EcologyUnit 2 Standardized Test Practice
Unit 3: The Life of a CellChapter 6: The Chemistry of
LifeSection 6.1: Atoms and Their InteractionsProblem-Solving Lab
6.1Physical Science Connection: Chemical Bonding and the Periodic
TablePhysical Science Connection: Conservation of Mass in Chemical
ReactionsCareers in Biology: Weed/Pest Control TechnicianMiniLab
6.1: Determine pH
Section 6.2: Water and DiffusionPhysical Science Connection: The
Structure of Water MoleculesPhysical Science Connection: Density of
LiquidsProblem-Solving Lab 6.2MiniLab 6.2: Investigate the Rate of
Diffusion
Section 6.3: Life SubstancesInside Story: Action of
EnzymesDesign Your Own BioLab: Does temperature affect an enzyme
reaction?BioTechnology: The "Good" News and the "Bad" News About
Cholesterol
Chapter 6 Assessment
Chapter 7: A View of the CellSection 7.1: The Discovery of
CellsPhysical Science Connection: Lenses and the Refraction of
LightMiniLab 7.1: Measuring Objects Under a Microscope
Section 7.2: The Plasma MembraneProblem-Solving Lab 7.1Physical
Science Connection: Solubility and the Nature of Solute and
Solvent
Section 7.3: Eukaryotic Cell StructureProblem-Solving Lab
7.2MiniLab 7.2: Cell OrganellesPhysical Science Connection:
Conservation of EnergyInside Story: Comparing Animal and Plant
CellsInvestigate BioLab: Observing and Comparing Different Cell
TypesConnection to Literature: The Lives of a Cell by Lewis
Thomas
Chapter 7 Assessment
Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell CycleSection 8.1:
Cellular TransportMiniLab 8.1: Cell Membrane Simulation
Section 8.2: Cell Growth and ReproductionProblem-Solving Lab
8.1Problem-Solving Lab 8.2Inside Story: Chromosome StructureMiniLab
8.2: Seeing Asters
Section 8.3: Control of the Cell CycleProblem-Solving Lab
8.3Investigate BioLab: Where is mitosis most common?Connection to
Health: Skin Cancer
Chapter 8 Assessment
Chapter 9: Energy in a CellSection 9.1: The Need for
EnergyProblem-Solving Lab 9.1
Section 9.2: Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun's EnergyMiniLab
9.1: Separating PigmentsMiniLab 9.2: Use Isotopes to Understand
PhotosynthesisInside Story: The Calvin CycleBiotechnology Careers:
Biochemist
Section 9.3: Getting Energy to Make ATPInside Story: The Citric
Acid CycleProblem-Solving Lab 9.2MiniLab 9.3: Determine if Apple
Juice FermentsInternet BioLab: What factors influence
photosynthesis?Connection to Chemistry: Plant Pigments
Chapter 9 Assessment
BioDigest: The Life of a CellUnit 3 Standardized Test
Practice
Unit 4: GeneticsChapter 10: Mendel and MeiosisSection 10.1:
Mendel's Laws of HeredityMiniLab 10.1: Looking at
PollenProblem-Solving Lab 10.1
Section 10.2: MeiosisProblem-Solving Lab 10.2MiniLab 10.2:
Modeling Crossing OverInside Story: Chromosome MappingInternet
BioLab: How can phenotypes and genotypes of plants be
determined?Connection to Math: A Solution from Ratios
Chapter 10 Assessment
Chapter 11: DNA and GenesSection 11.1: DNA: The Molecule of
HeredityProblem-Solving Lab 11.1Inside Story: Copying DNA
Section 11.2: From DNA to ProteinProblem-Solving Lab 11.2MiniLab
11.1: Transcribe and Translate
Section 11.3: Genetic ChangesPhysical Science Connection: Gamma
Radiation as a WaveCareers in Biology: Genetic
CounselorProblem-Solving Lab 11.3MiniLab 11.2: Gene Mutations and
ProteinsInvestigate BioLab: RNA TranscriptionBioTechnology:
Scanning Probe Microscopes
Chapter 11 Assessment
Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human GeneticsSection 12.1:
Mendelian Inheritance of Human TraitsMiniLab 12.1: Illustrating a
PedigreeProblem-Solving Lab 12.1
Section 12.2: When Heredity Follows Different
RulesProblem-Solving Lab 12.2
Section 12.3: Complex Inheritance of Human TraitsInside Story:
The ABO Blood GroupProblem-Solving Lab 12.3MiniLab 12.2: Detecting
Colors and Patterns in EyesDesign Your Own BioLab: What is the
pattern of cytoplasmic inheritance?Connection to Social Studies:
Queen Victoria and Royal Hemophilia
Chapter 12 Assessment
Chapter 13: Genetic TechnologySection 13.1: Applied
GeneticsProblem-Solving Lab 13.1
Section 13.2: Recombinant DNA TechnologyMiniLab 13.1: Matching
Restriction Enzymes to Cleavage SitesInside Story: Gel
ElectrophoresisProblem-Solving Lab 13.2
Section 13.3: The Human GenomeMiniLab 13.2: Storing the Human
GenomeBiotechnology Careers: Forensic AnalystProblem-Solving Lab
13.3Investigate BioLab: Modeling Recombinant DNABioTechnology: New
Vaccines
Chapter 13 Assessment
BioDigest: GeneticsUnit 4 Standardized Test Practice
Unit 5: Change Through TimeChapter 14: The History of
LifeSection 14.1: The Record of LifePhysical Science Connection:
Movement of HeatMiniLab 14.1: Marine FossilsProblem-Solving Lab
14.1Inside Story: The Fossilization ProcessCareers in Biology:
Animal KeeperMiniLab 14.2: A Time Line
Section 14.2: The Origin of LifeProblem-Solving Lab
14.2Investigate BioLab: Determining a Rock's AgeBiology and
Society: The Origin of Life
Chapter 14 Assessment
Chapter 15: The Theory of EvolutionSection 15.1: Natural
Selection and the Evidence for EvolutionProblem-Solving Lab
15.1MiniLab 15.1: Camouflage Provides an Adaptive Advantage
Section 15.2: Mechanisms of EvolutionMiniLab 15.2: Detecting a
VariationInternet BioLab: Natural Selection and Allelic
FrequencyConnection to Math: Mathematics and Evolution
Chapter 15 Assessment
Chapter 16: Primate EvolutionSection 16.1: Primate Adaptation
and EvolutionInside Story: A PrimateMiniLab 16.1: How useful is an
opposable thumb?Problem-Solving Lab 16.1
Section 16.2: Human AncestryMiniLab 16.2: Compare Human Proteins
with Those of Other PrimatesProblem-Solving Lab 16.2Investigate
BioLab: Comparing Skulls of Three PrimatesConnection to Earth
Science: The Land Bridge to the New World
Chapter 16 Assessment
Chapter 17: Organizing Life's DiversitySection 17.1:
ClassificationMiniLab 17.1: Using a Dichotomous Key in a Field
InvestigationProblem-Solving Lab 17.1Careers in Biology: Biology
Teacher
Section 17.2: The Six KingdomsMiniLab 17.2: Using a Cladogram to
Show RelationshipsInside Story: Life’s Six KingdomsProblem-Solving
Lab 17.2Investigate BioLab: Making a Dichotomous KeyBioTechnology:
Molecular Clocks
Chapter 17 Assessment
BioDigest: Change Through TimeUnit 5 Standardized Test
Practice
Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and FungiChapter 18:
Viruses and BacteriaSection 18.1: VirusesMiniLab 18.1: Measuring a
VirusProblem-Solving Lab 18.1Careers in Biology: Dairy Farmer
Section 18.2: Archaebacteria and EubacteriaInside Story: A
Typical Bacterial CellMiniLab 18.2: Bacteria Have Different
ShapesProblem-Solving Lab 18.2Physical Science Connection: Classify
Everyday MatterDesign Your Own BioLab: How sensitive are bacteria
to antibiotics?Biology and Society: Super Bugs Defy Drugs
Chapter 18 Assessment
Chapter 19: ProtistsSection 19.1: The World of ProtistsMiniLab
19.1: Observing Ciliate MotionInside Story: A
ParameciumProblem-Solving Lab 19.1
Section 19.2: Algae: Plantlike ProtistsMiniLab 19.2: Going on an
Algae HuntProblem-Solving Lab 19.2Physical Science Connection:
Interaction of Light and Water
Section 19.3: Slime Molds, Water Molds, and Downy
MildewsProblem-Solving Lab 19.3Design Your Own BioLab: How do
Paramecium and Euglena respond to light?BioTechnology: The
Diversity of Diatoms
Chapter 19 Assessment
Chapter 20: FungiSection 20.1: What is a fungus?MiniLab 20.1:
Growing Mold SporesProblem-Solving Lab 20.1
Section 20.2: The Diversity of FungiMiniLab 20.2: Examining
Mushroom GillsInside Story: The Life of a MushroomProblem-Solving
Lab 20.2Internet BioLab: Does temperature affect yeast
metabolism?Connection to Social Studies: The Dangers of Fungi
Chapter 20 Assessment
BioDigest: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and FungiUnit 6
Standardized Test Practice
Unit 7: PlantsChapter 21: What is a plant?Section 21.1: Adapting
to Life on LandMiniLab 21.1: Examining Land PlantsProblem-Solving
Lab 21.1
Section 21.2: Survey of the Plant KingdomPhysical Science
Connection: Movement of LandmassesMiniLab 21.2: Looking at Modern
and Fossil PlantsProblem-Solving Lab 21.2Design Your Own BioLab:
How can you make a key for identifying conifers?Connection to
Health: Medicines from Plants
Chapter 21 Assessment
Chapter 22: The Diversity of PlantsSection 22.1: Nonvascular
PlantsProblem-Solving Lab 22.1
Section 22.2: Non-Seed Vascular PlantsProblem-Solving Lab
22.2MiniLab 22.1: Identifying Fern Sporangia
Section 22.3: Seed PlantsMiniLab 22.2: Comparing Seed
TypesInside Story: Pine NeedlesCareers in Biology:
LumberjackInternet BioLab: Researching Trees on the InternetBiology
and Society: Environment: Keeping a Balance
Chapter 22 Assessment
Chapter 23: Plant Structure and FunctionSection 23.1: Plant
Cells and TissuesMiniLab 23.1: Examining Plant TissuesInside Story:
A Plant's Body PlanProblem-Solving Lab 23.1
Section 23.2: Roots, Stems, and LeavesProblem-Solving Lab
23.2MiniLab 23.2: Observing Leaves
Section 23.3: Plant ResponsesProblem-Solving Lab 23.3Internet
BioLab: Determining the Number of Stomata on a LeafConnection to
Art: Red Poppy by Georgia O'Keeffe
Chapter 23 Assessment
Chapter 24: Reproduction in PlantsSection 24.1: Life Cycles of
Mosses, Ferns, and ConifersMiniLab 24.1: Growing Plants
AsexuallyProblem-Solving Lab 24.1
Section 24.2: Flowers and FloweringInside Story: Identifying
Organs of a FlowerProblem-Solving Lab 24.2
Section 24.3: The Life Cycle of a Flowering PlantCareers in
Biology: Greens KeeperPhysical Science Connection: Forces Exerted
by SeedlingsMiniLab 24.2: Looking at Germinating SeedsInvestigate
BioLab: Examining the Organs of a FlowerBioTechnology: Hybrid
Plants
Chapter 24 Assessment
BioDigest: PlantsUnit 7 Standardized Test Practice
Unit 8: InvertebratesChapter 25: What is an animal?Section 25.1:
Typical Animal CharacteristicsCareers in Biology: Marine
BiologistMiniLab 25.1: Observing Animal
CharacteristicsProblem-Solving Lab 25.1Inside Story: Cell
Differentiation in Animal Development
Section 25.2: Body Plans and AdaptationsProblem-Solving Lab
25.2MiniLab 25.2: Check Out a Vinegar EelInternet BioLab: Zebra
Fish DevelopmentBioTechnology: Mighty Mouse Cells
Chapter 25 Assessment
Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
RoundwormsSection 26.1: SpongesInside Story: A
SpongeProblem-Solving Lab 26.1
Section 26.2: CnidariansInside Story: A CnidarianMiniLab 26.1:
Watching Hydra FeedProblem-Solving Lab 26.2
Section 26.3: FlatwormsProblem-Solving Lab 26.3Inside Story: A
Planarian
Section 26.4: RoundwormsMiniLab 26.2: Observing the Larval Stage
of TrichinellaProblem-Solving Lab 26.4Investigate BioLab: Observing
Planarian RegenerationBiology and Society: Why are the corals
dying?
Chapter 26 Assessment
Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented WormsSection 27.1:
MollusksInside Story: A SnailProblem-Solving Lab 27.1MiniLab 27.1:
Identifying MollusksPhysical Science Connection: Newton's Third
Law
Section 27.2: Segmented WormsProblem-Solving Lab 27.2MiniLab
27.2: A Different View of an EarthwormInside Story: An
EarthwormBiotechnology Careers: MicrosurgeonDesign Your Own BioLab:
How do earthworms respond to their environment?Connection to Earth
Science: Mollusks as Indicators
Chapter 27 Assessment
Chapter 28: ArthropodsSection 28.1: Characteristics of
ArthropodsMiniLab 28.1: Lobster CharacteristicsPhysical Science
Connection: Polarized LightProblem-Solving Lab 28.1
Section 28.2: Diversity of ArthropodsInside Story: A
SpiderInside Story: A GrasshopperMiniLab 28.2: Comparing Patterns
of MetamorphosisDesign Your Own BioLab: Will salt concentration
affect brine shrimp hatching?Biology and Society: Gypsy Moths Move
Westward
Chapter 28 Assessment
Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate ChordatesSection 29.1:
EchinodermsMiniLab 29.1: Examining PedicellariaeInside Story: A Sea
StarProblem-Solving Lab 29.1
Section 29.2: Invertebrate ChordatesMiniLab 29.2: Examining a
LanceletInside Story: A TunicateProblem-Solving Lab 29.2Investigate
BioLab: Observing and Comparing EchinodermsConnection to Physics:
Hydraulics of Sea Stars
Chapter 29 Assessment
BioDigest: InvertebratesUnit 8 Standardized Test Practice
Unit 9: VertebratesChapter 30: Fishes and AmphibiansSection
30.1: FishesMiniLab 30.1: Structure and Function of Fishes'
GillsProblem-Solving Lab 30.1Physical Science Connection: Buoyancy
and Density of FluidsInside Story: A Bony Fish
Section 30.2: AmphibiansInside Story: A FrogMiniLab 30.2: Frog
and Tadpole AdaptationsInvestigate BioLab: Making a Dichotomous Key
for AmphibiansConnection to Chemistry: Painkiller Frogs
Chapter 30 Assessment
Chapter 31: Reptiles and BirdsSection 31.1: ReptilesInside
Story: An Amniotic EggCareers in Biology: Wildlife
Artist/Photographer
Section 31.2: BirdsMiniLab 31.1: Comparing FeathersPhysical
Science Connection: Newton's Third LawInside Story: FlightMiniLab
31.2: Feeding the BirdsProblem-Solving Lab 31.1Design Your Own
BioLab: Which egg shape is best?Biology and Society: Illegal
Wildlife Trade
Chapter 31 Assessment
Chapter 32: MammalsSection 32.1: Mammal CharacteristicsPhysical
Science Connection: Movement of Heat Through HairMiniLab 32.1:
Anatomy of a ToothPhysical Science Connection: Teeth as Simple
MachinesProblem-Solving Lab 32.1MiniLab 32.2: Mammal
SkeletonsInside Story: A MammalCareers in Biology: Animal
Trainer
Section 32.2: Diversity of MammalsInternet BioLab: Adaptations
in Breeds of DogsBiology and Society: What should be the role of
modern zoos?
Chapter 32 Assessment
Chapter 33: Animal BehaviorSection 33.1: Innate BehaviorMiniLab
33.1: Testing an Isopod's Response to LightProblem-Solving Lab
33.1
Section 33.2: Learned BehaviorMiniLab 33.2: Solving a
PuzzleProblem-Solving Lab 33.2Investigate BioLab: Behavior of a
SnailBioTechnology: Tracking Sea Turtles
Chapter 33 Assessment
BioDigest: VertebratesUnit 9 Standardized Test Practice
Unit 10: The Human BodyChapter 34: Protection, Support, and
LocomotionSection 34.1: Skin: The Body's ProtectionInside Story:
The SkinMiniLab 34.1: Examine Your FingerprintsProblem-Solving Lab
34.1Physical Science Connection: Movement of Heat from the Skin
Section 34.2: Bones: The Body's SupportPhysical Science
Connection: Joints and LeversProblem-Solving Lab 34.2Physical
Science Connection: Wave Types
Section 34.3: Muscles for LocomotionProblem-Solving Lab
34.3MiniLab 34.2: Examining Muscle ContractionPhysical Science
Connection: Muscles Doing WorkInside Story: A MuscleDesign Your Own
BioLab: Does fatigue affect the ability to perform an
exercise?Connection to Physics: X Rays—The Painless Probe
Chapter 34 Assessment
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine SystemsSection 35.1:
Following Digestion of a MealPhysical Science Connection: Physical
and Chemical Changes in MatterInside Story: Your
MouthProblem-Solving Lab 35.1
Section 35.2: NutritionMiniLab 35.1: Evaluate a Bowl of
SoupProblem-Solving Lab 35.2
Section 35.3: The Endocrine SystemProblem-Solving Lab
35.3MiniLab 35.2: Compare Thyroid and Parathyroid TissueInvestigate
BioLab: The Action of the Enzyme Amylase on Breakfast
CerealsBiology and Society: Evaluate the Promise of Weight Loss as
a Promotional Claim
Chapter 35 Assessment
Chapter 36: The Nervous SystemSection 36.1: The Nervous
SystemPhysical Science Connection: Nerve Impulses and Parallel
CircuitsMiniLab 36.1: Distractions and Reaction Time
Section 36.2: The SensesPhysical Science Connection:
LeversInside Story: The EyeProblem-Solving Lab 36.1
Section 36.3: The Effects of DrugsProblem-Solving Lab
36.2Biotechnology Careers: PharmacistMiniLab 36.2: Interpret a Drug
LabelDesign Your Own BioLab: What drugs affect the heart rate of
Daphnia?BioTechnology: Scanning the Mind
Chapter 36 Assessment
Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and ExcretionSection 37.1:
The Respiratory SystemPhysical Science Connection: Elements,
Compounds, and Mixtures in Everyday LifeProblem-Solving Lab
37.1Careers in Biology: Registered Nurse
Section 37.2: The Circulatory SystemMiniLab 37.1: Checking Your
PulseInside Story: Your HeartProblem-Solving Lab 37.2
Section 37.3: The Urinary SystemMiniLab 37.2: Testing Simulated
Urine for GlucoseInvestigate BioLab: Measuring RespirationBiology
and Society: Finding Transplant Donors
Chapter 37 Assessment
Chapter 38: Reproduction and DevelopmentSection 38.1: Human
Reproductive SystemsInside Story: Sex Cell
ProductionProblem-Solving Lab 38.1
Section 38.2: Development Before BirthMiniLab 38.1: Examining
Sperm, Egg, and Early Embryonic DevelopmentMiniLab 38.2: Making a
Graph of Fetal SizeProblem-Solving Lab 38.2
Section 38.3: Birth, Growth, and AgingCareers in Biology:
MidwifeInvestigate BioLab: What hormone is produced by an
embryo?BioTechnology: Human Growth Hormone
Chapter 38 Assessment
Chapter 39: Immunity from DiseaseSection 39.1: The Nature of
DiseaseProblem-Solving Lab 39.1MiniLab 39.1: Testing How Diseases
Are Spread
Section 39.2: Defense Against Infectious DiseasesInside Story:
Immune ResponsesMiniLab 39.2: Distinguishing Blood
CellsProblem-Solving Lab 39.2Internet BioLab: Information on
Emerging and Re-emerging DiseasesBiology and Society: Destroy or
Preserve? The Debate over Smallpox
Chapter 39 Assessment
BioDigest: The Human BodyUnit 10 Standardized Test Practice
Student ResourcesNational Geographic: Focus OnScientific
TheoriesBiomesMicroscopesSelective Breeding of CatsPrimatesKingdoms
of LifeVirusesPlants for PeopleInsectsDinosaursPlacental
MammalsEvolution of the Brain
Science Skill HandbookActive Reading and Study SkillsPreparing
to ReadActive ReadingReview for UnderstandingUnderstanding
Scientific Terms
Math and Problem-Solving SkillsMath SkillsProblem-Solving
Skills
Lab Skills and TechniquesLab SkillsMicroscope Care and Use
Reference HandbookSafety SymbolsDemonstrating Safe Lab
PracticesThe Six-Kingdom Classification SystemThe Three-Domain
Classification SystemPeriodic Table of Elements
Glossary/GlosarioIndexCredits
FeaturesBioLabMiniLabProblem-Solving LabInside
StoryConnectionsNational Geographic: Focus OnCareers in Biology and
BiotechnologyBiology and SocietyBiotechnology
Student WorksheetsBioChallenges and EnrichmentChapter 1:
Biology: The Study of LifeProject 1
Chapter 2: Principles of EcologyProject 8
Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and ConservationProject 2
Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell CycleProject 3
Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human GeneticsProject 4
Chapter 13: Genetic TechnologyProject 4
Chapter 14: The History of LifeProject 5
Chapter 15: The Theory of EvolutionProject 5
Chapter 17: Organizing Life's DiversityProject 5
Chapter 18: Viruses and BacteriaProject 6
Chapter 19: ProtistsProject 6
Chapter 20: FungiProject 6
Chapter 21: What is a plant?Project 7
Chapter 22: The Diversity of PlantsProject 7
Chapter 23: Plant Structure and FunctionProject 7
Chapter 24: Reproduction in PlantsProject 7
Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
RoundwormsProject 8
Chapter 28: ArthropodsProject 1
Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate ChordatesProject 8
Chapter 30: Fishes and AmphibiansProject 9
Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and LocomotionProject 10
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine SystemsProject 10
Forensics and Biotechnology Lab ManualChapter 8: Cellular
Transport and the Cell CycleLab 1
Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human GeneticsLab 9Lab
10
Chapter 13: Genetic TechnologyLab 2Lab 3Lab 4Lab 5Lab 6Lab
10
Chapter 24: Reproduction in PlantsLab 6
Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and LocomotionLab 7
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine SystemsLab 7Lab 8
Laboratory ManualChapter 1: Biology: The Study of LifeChapter 2:
Principles of EcologyChapter 3: Communities and BiomesChapter 4:
Population BiologyChapter 5: Biological Diversity and
ConservationChapter 6: The Chemistry of LifeChapter 7: A View of
the CellChapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell CycleChapter 9:
Energy in a CellChapter 10: Mendel and MeiosisChapter 11: DNA and
GenesChapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human GeneticsChapter 13:
Genetic TechnologyChapter 14: The History of LifeChapter 15: The
Theory of EvolutionChapter 16: Primate EvolutionChapter 17:
Organizing Life's DiversityChapter 18: Viruses and BacteriaChapter
19: ProtistsChapter 20: FungiChapter 21: What is a plant?Chapter
22: The Diversity of PlantsChapter 23: Plant Structure and
FunctionChapter 24: Reproduction in PlantsChapter 25: What is an
animal?Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
RoundwormsChapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented WormsChapter 28:
ArthropodsChapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate ChordatesChapter
30: Fishes and AmphibiansChapter 31: Reptiles and BirdsChapter 32:
MammalsChapter 33: Animal BehaviorChapter 34: Protection, Support,
and LocomotionChapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine
SystemsChapter 36: The Nervous SystemChapter 37: Respiration,
Circulation, and ExcretionChapter 38: Reproduction and
DevelopmentChapter 39: Immunity from Disease
Probeware Lab ManualChapter 2: Principles of EcologyLab 1
Chapter 3: Communities and BiomesLab 2
Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and ConservationLab 3
Chapter 6: The Chemistry of LifeLab 2
Chapter 9: Energy in a CellLab 1Lab 4
Chapter 21: What is a plant?Lab 5
Chapter 30: Fishes and AmphibiansLab 6
Chapter 31: Reptiles and BirdsLab 6
Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and LocomotionLab 7
Chapter 36: The Nervous SystemLab 8
Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and ExcretionLab 9Lab
10
Reading Essentials for BiologyChapter 1: Biology: The Study of
LifeSection 1.1: What is biology?Section 1.2: The Methods of
BiologySection 1.3: The Nature of Biology
Chapter 2: Principles of EcologySection 2.1: Organisms and Their
EnvironmentSection 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Chapter 3: Communities and BiomesSection 3.1: CommunitiesSection
3.2: Biomes
Chapter 4: Population BiologySection 4.1: Population
DynamicsSection 4.2: Human Population
Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and ConservationSection 5.1:
Vanishing SpeciesSection 5.2: Conservation of Biodiversity
Chapter 6: The Chemistry of LifeSection 6.1: Atoms and Their
InteractionsSection 6.2: Water and DiffusionSection 6.3: Life
Substances
Chapter 7: A View of the CellSection 7.1: The Discovery of
CellsSection 7.2: The Plasma MembraneSection 7.3: Eukaryotic Cell
Structure
Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell CycleSection 8.1:
Cellular TransportSection 8.2: Cell Growth and ReproductionSection
8.3: Control of the Cell Cycle
Chapter 9: Energy in a CellSection 9.1: The Need for
EnergySection 9.2: Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun's EnergySection
9.3: Getting Energy to Make ATP
Chapter 10: Mendel and MeiosisSection 10.1: Mendel's Laws of
HereditySection 10.2: Meiosis
Chapter 11: DNA and GenesSection 11.1: DNA: The Molecule of
HereditySection 11.2: From DNA to ProteinSection 11.3: Genetic
Changes
Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human GeneticsSection 12.1:
Mendelian Inheritance of Human TraitsSection 12.2: When Heredity
Follows Different RulesSection 12.3: Complex Inheritance of Human
Traits
Chapter 13: Genetic TechnologySection 13.1: Applied
GeneticsSection 13.2: Recombinant DNA TechnologySection 13.3: The
Human Genome
Chapter 14: The History of LifeSection 14.1: The Record of
LifeSection 14.2: The Origin of Life
Chapter 15: The Theory of EvolutionSection 15.1: Natural
Selection and the Evidence for EvolutionSection 15.2: Mechanisms of
Evolution
Chapter 16: Primate EvolutionSection 16.1: Primate Adaptation
and EvolutionSection 16.2: Human Ancestry
Chapter 17: Organizing Life's DiversitySection 17.1:
ClassificationSection 17.2: The Six Kingdoms
Chapter 18: Viruses and BacteriaSection 18.1: VirusesSection
18.2: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Chapter 19: ProtistsSection 19.1: The World of ProtistsSection
19.2: Algae: Plantlike ProtistsSection 19.3: Slime Molds, Water
Molds, and Downy Mildews
Chapter 20: FungiSection 20.1: What is a fungus?Section 20.2:
The Diversity of Fungi
Chapter 21: What is a plant?Section 21.1: Adapting to Life on
LandSection 21.2: Survey of the Plant Kingdom
Chapter 22: The Diversity of PlantsSection 22.1: Nonvascular
PlantsSection 22.2: Non-Seed Vascular PlantsSection 22.3: Seed
Plants
Chapter 23: Plant Structure and FunctionSection 23.1: Plant
Cells and TissuesSection 23.2: Roots, Stems, and LeavesSection
23.3: Plant Responses
Chapter 24: Reproduction in PlantsSection 24.1: Life Cycles of
Mosses, Ferns, and ConifersSection 24.2: Flowers and
FloweringSection 24.3: The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
Chapter 25: What is an animal?Section 25.1: Typical Animal
CharacteristicsSection 25.2: Body Plans and Adaptations
Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
RoundwormsSection 26.1: SpongesSection 26.2: CnidariansSection
26.3: FlatwormsSection 26.4: Roundworms
Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented WormsSection 27.1:
MollusksSection 27.2: Segmented Worms
Chapter 28: ArthropodsSection 28.1: Characteristics of
ArthropodsSection 28.2: Diversity of Arthropods
Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate ChordatesSection 29.1:
EchinodermsSection 29.2: Invertebrate Chordates
Chapter 30: Fishes and AmphibiansSection 30.1: FishesSection
30.2: Amphibians
Chapter 31: Reptiles and BirdsSection 31.1: ReptilesSection
31.2: Birds
Chapter 32: MammalsSection 32.1: Mammal CharacteristicsSection
32.2: Diversity of Mammals
Chapter 33: Animal BehaviorSection 33.1: Innate BehaviorSection
33.2: Learned Behavior
Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and LocomotionSection 34.1:
Skin: The Body's ProtectionSection 34.2: Bones: The Body's
SupportSection 34.3: Muscles for Locomotion
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine SystemsSection 35.1:
Following Digestion of a MealSection 35.2: NutritionSection 35.3:
The Endocrine System
Chapter 36: The Nervous SystemSection 36.1: The Nervous
SystemSection 36.2: The SensesSection 36.3: The Effects of
Drugs
Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and ExcretionSection 37.1:
The Respiratory SystemSection 37.2: The Circulatory SystemSection
37.3: The Urinary System
Chapter 38: Reproduction and DevelopmentSection 38.1: Human
Reproductive SystemsSection 38.2: Development Before BirthSection
38.3: Birth, Growth, and Aging
Chapter 39: Immunity from DiseaseSection 39.1: The Nature of
DiseaseSection 39.2: Defense Against Infectious Diseases
Reinforcement and Study GuideChapter 1: Biology: The Study of
LifeSection 1.1: What is biology?Section 1.2: The Methods of
BiologySection 1.3: The Nature of Biology
BioDigest: What is biology?Chapter 2: Principles of
EcologySection 2.1: Organisms and Their EnvironmentSection 2.2:
Nutrition and Energy Flow
Chapter 3: Communities and BiomesSection 3.1: CommunitiesSection
3.2: Biomes
Chapter 4: Population BiologySection 4.1: Population
DynamicsSection 4.2: Human Population
Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and ConservationSection 5.1:
Vanishing SpeciesSection 5.2: Conservation of Biodiversity
BioDigest: EcologyChapter 6: The Chemistry of LifeSection 6.1:
Atoms and Their InteractionsSection 6.2: Water and DiffusionSection
6.3: Life Substances
Chapter 7: A View of the CellSe