Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry Chapter Preview Questions 1. A chemical bond is a. a way of organizing elements in the periodic table. b. the force that holds two atoms together. c. how elements react with each other. d. a result of combustion.
Dec 16, 2015
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A chemical bond is
a. a way of organizing elements in the periodic table.
b. the force that holds two atoms together.
c. how elements react with each other.
d. a result of combustion.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A chemical bond is
a. a way of organizing elements in the periodic table.
b. the force that holds two atoms together.
c. how elements react with each other.
d. a result of combustion.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The ways in which an atom can bond with other atoms depends on the atom’s
a. valence electrons.
b. nucleus.
c. atomic number.
d. atomic mass.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The ways in which an atom can bond with other atoms depends on the atom’s
a. valence electrons.
b. nucleus.
c. atomic number.
d. atomic mass.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
3. In a carbon dioxide molecule (CO2), carbon forms a(n)
a. ionic compound with oxygen.
b. atomic number.
c. polyatomic ion.
d. double bond with each of two oxygen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
3. In a carbon dioxide molecule (CO2), carbon forms a(n)
a. ionic compound with oxygen.
b. atomic number.
c. polyatomic ion.
d. double bond with each of two oxygen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
4. The most loosely held electrons in an atom are
a. unstable electrons.
b. covalent electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. low-energy electrons.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
4. The most loosely held electrons in an atom are
a. unstable electrons.
b. covalent electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. low-energy electrons.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Natural gas contains mostly
methane (CH4), a compound
made of carbon and hydrogen.
When methane burns, is energy
absorbed or released?
How do you know?
Why does carbon have a central role in the chemistry of living organisms?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1: Properties of Carbon
Standard 8.6.a Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Why does carbon play a central role in the chemistry of living organisms?
Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
With four valence electrons, each carbon atom is able to form four bonds. Carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Carbon atoms and the bonds between them can be modeled in several ways.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms of pure carbon?
At very high temperatures and pressures, carbon atoms can form diamonds.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms of pure carbon?
Another form of the element carbon is graphite. In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded tightly to three other carbon atoms in flat layers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms of pure carbon?
In 1985, scientists made a new form of carbon, a fullerene. It consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms of pure carbon?
In 1991, scientists made another form of carbon, a nanotube. It consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a long, hollow tube.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick QuizWhat is the shape of pure carbon fullerenes?
A. flat layers
B. hard, solid crystal shaped like a ball
C.hollow tube
D.hollow ball with a pattern like a geodesic dome
Answer – D – hollow ball with a pattern like a geodesic dome
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick QuizWhich form of pure carbon is formed of layers that slide past one another?
A.graphite
B.diamond
C.fullerene
D.nanotube
Answer – A - graphite
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick QuizHow many chemical bonds can each carbon atom form?
A.one
B.two
C.three
D.four
Answer – D - four
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick QuizWhich form of pure carbon is so hard that it can be used in cutting tools?
A.graphite
B.diamond
C.nanotube
D.fullerene
Answer – B - diamond
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick QuizIn a nanotube, carbon atoms are arranged in
A.the shape of a hollow sphere.
B.the shape of a spiral ladder.
C.the shape of a long, hollow cylinder.
D.flat layers.
Answer – C – the shape of a long, hollow cylinder
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick QuizCarbon is able to bond with atoms of other elements in many different ways because it has
A.four valence electrons.
B.six valence electrons.
C.six protons.
D.four electrons.
Answer – A – four valence electrons
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2: Carbon Compounds
Standard 8.3.c Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers.
Standard 8.6.a Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Organic CompoundsWhat are some similar properties shared by organic compounds?
organic compounds
Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting points, boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity, and solubility.
Carbon compounds are so numerous that they are given a specific name. With some exceptions, compounds that contain carbon are called organic compounds.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Organic CompoundsWhat are some properties of hydrocarbons?
hydrocarbon
Like many other organic compounds, hydrocarbons mix poorly with water. Also, all hydrocarbons are flammable.
A compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
Examples:Methane – CH4 (natural gas)
Ethane – C2H6
Propane – C3H8
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
What kind of structures and bonding do hydrocarbons have?
Structural Formula
The carbon chains in a hydrocarbon may be straight, branched, or ring-shaped.
A structural formula shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
The graph shows the boiling points of several hydrocarbons. (Note: Some points on the y-axis are negative.)
Use the graph to answer the following questions.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Almost in the center of the y-axis
Reading Graphs:
Where is 0ºC on the graph?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
C3H8: about –44ºC;C5H12: about 34ºC;C6H14: about 68ºC
Interpreting Data:
What is the approximate boiling point of C3H8? C5H12? C6H14?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
About 78ºC
Calculating:
What is the temperature difference between the boiling points of C3H8 and C5H12?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10 are gases because their boiling points are below room temperature (about 22ºC). C5H12 and C6H14 may be liquids or solids, depending on their melting points.
Drawing Conclusions:
At room temperature (about 22ºC), which of the hydrocarbons are gases? How can you tell?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are called isomers. Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in HydrocarbonsSaturated hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with only single bonds that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible on their carbon chains
Hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds that have fewer hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom than saturated hydrocarbons.
In general, a chain hydrocarbon ending in –ane is saturated. A chain hydrocarbon ending in –ene or –yne is unsaturated.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
What are some characteristics of substituted hydrocarbons?
If just one atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, a different compound is created.
A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by atoms of other elements.
Substituted hydrocarbons include halogen-containing compounds, alcohols, and organic acids.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Substituted HydrocarbonsAlcohols
When a hydroxyl group (-OH) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in methane (CH4), methanol is formed.
A hydroxyl group (–OH) is made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom. An alcohol is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one more more hydroxyl groups.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Substituted Hydrocarbons
Organic Acids An organic acid is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups. A carboxyl group is written as –COOH.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Esters
What are some characteristics of esters?
An ester is a compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid.
Esters are responsible for the smells of pineapples, bananas, strawberries, and apples.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers
What are some characteristics of polymers?
A polymer is a very large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules bonded together.
The smaller molecules are called monomers.
Organic compounds, such as alcohols, esters, and others, can be linked together to build polymers with thousands or even millions of atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick QuizWhat is another name for carbon compounds?
A.hydrocarbons
B.fullerenes
C.organic compounds
D.carbohydrates
Answer – C – organic compouns
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick QuizCompounds that contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen are called
A.isomers.
B.carbon chains.
C.substituted hydrocarbons.
D.hydrocarbons.
Answer – D - hydrocarbons
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick QuizWhat can you tell about methane (CH4) from its molecular formula?
A.It contains four hydrogen atoms.
B.It contains four carbon atoms.
C.It forms groups of four molecules.
D.It contains one hydrogen atom.
Answer – A – It contains four hydrogen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick QuizWhat property do all hydrocarbons have?
A.They dissolve in water.
B.They make good conductors of electricity.
C.They have high melting points.
D.They burn easily.
Answer – D – They burn easily.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick QuizButane and isobutane have the same chemical formula (C4H10). However, butane is a straight chain, whereas isobutane is a branched chain. Butane and isobutane are examples of
A.monomers.
B.isomers.
C.substituted hydrocarbons.
D.unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer – B - isomers
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick QuizThe alcohol methanol (CH4OH) forms when one of the hydrogen atoms in methane (CH4) is replaced with a hydroxyl group (-OH). Alcohols are examples of
A.carbohydrates.
B.esters.
C.substituted hydrocarbons.
D.unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer – C – substituted hydrocarbons
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick QuizA very large organic molecule made up of chains of smaller molecules is called a
A.substituted hydrocarbons.
B.polymer.
C.monomer.
D.saturated hydrocarbon.
Answer – B - polymer
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3: Polymers and Composites
Standard 8.3.c Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forming Polymers
How do polymers form?
Polymers form when chemical bonds link large numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers and CompositesNatural Polymers Plants, animals, and other living things produce many natural materials
made of large polymer molecules.
Cellulose is a flexible but strong natural polymer found in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables.
Proteins are polymers formed from smaller molecules called amino acids.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers and Composites
Synthetic Polymers The properties of synthetic polymers make them ideal starting materials for many common objects.
The starting materials for many synthetic polymers come from coal or oil.
Plastics are the most common synthetic polymers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers and Composites
What are composites made of?
Many composites include one or more polymers.
A composite combines two or more substances in a new material with different properties.
Wood is a natural composite made of cellulose and lignin. The two polymers are weak by themselves, but they are strong when combined together.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Recycling PlasticsHow can you help reduce the amount of plastic waste?
You can help reduce the amount of plastic waste by recycling.
Plastics do not react very easily with other substances, so they do not degrade into simpler materials in the environment.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 Quick QuizWhich of the following is a polymer formed from smaller molecules called amino acids?
A.ester
B.protein
C.starch
D.cellulose
Answer – B - protein
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 Quick QuizWood is a natural composite made of two plant polymers, lignin and cellulose. Without cellulose, a tree branch would probably
A.be as hard as steel.
B.be made of denser wood.
C.bend more easily in the wind.
D.snap more easily.
Answer – D – snap more easily
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 Quick QuizWhich of the following statements about synthetic polymers is NOT true?
A.Synthetic polymers last a long time.
B.Synthetic polymers are inexpensive to make.
C.Synthetic polymers react easily with other substances.
D.Synthetic polymers increase the volume of trash.
Answer – C – Synthetic polymers react easily with other substances.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4: Life With Carbon
Standard 8.6.b Students know that living organisms are made of molecules consisting largely of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Standard 8.6.c Students know that living organisms have many different kinds of molecules, including small ones, such as water and salt, and very large ones, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Life With CarbonWhat are four classes of organic compounds required by living things, and how are they used in the body?Carbohydrates
Proteins
The four classes of organic compounds required by living things are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.The body breaks down starch into glucose, which is used by the body as energy to carry out its life functions.
The body uses proteins from food to build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Life With CarbonLipids Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your body as do carbohydrates.
Lipids include fats and oils. Fats are usually solid at room temperature, whereas oils are liquid.Cholesterol is a lipid used by the body to build cell structures and to form important compounds. An excess of cholesterol in the blood can contribute to heart disease.Cholesterol is often found in the same foods as saturated fats.Saturated fats can affect the level of cholesterol in the blood.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Life With CarbonNucleic Acids There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.
DNA is made from four kinds of nucleotides.RNA is also made from four kinds of nucleotides, but the nucleotides in RNA differ from those in DNA.The differences among living things depend on the order of nucleotides in their DNA.When living things reproduce, they pass DNA and the information it carries to the next generation.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Other NutrientsWhy do organisms need water, vitamins, minerals, and salts?
Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Salts
Organisms require water, vitamins, minerals, and salts to support the functioning of large molecules.
Water makes up about 90 percent of the liquid part of blood. Nutrients are dissolved in the watery part of blood and carried throughout the body.
Vitamins serve as helper molecules in a variety of chemical reactions in the body.
Minerals are elements in the form of ions needed by the body.
Salts are ionic compounds that help the body in such processes as muscle contraction, bone growth, and pH balance.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
The Molecules of Life
Complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all large organic molecules. They are built of smaller molecules linked in different patterns.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 Quick QuizSubstances that provide the energy and raw materials the human body needs are
A.nutrients.
B.substituted hydrocarbons.
C.esters.
D.unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer – A - nutrients.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 Quick QuizThe classes of organic compounds found in all living things are
A.halogen compounds, alcohols, organic acids, and esters.
B.carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
C.vitamins and minerals.
D.simple carbohydrates and hydrocarbons.
Answer – B – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 Quick QuizWhich organic compound carries information from one generation to the next during reproduction?
A.carbohydrates
B.lipids
C.proteins
D.DNA
Answer – D - DNA