Chapter 8 1.1

unit twoPlant Structure, Chemistry, Growth, Development, Genetics, Biodiversity, and Processes6 Structure of Higher Plants7 Plant Growth & Development8 Plant Chemistry & Metabolism9 Genetics & Propagation10 Cultivated Plants: Naming, Classifying, Origin, Improvement & Germplasm Diversity and Preservation 11 Photosynthesis & Respiration12 Water Relations13 Mineral Nutrition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

List the major biochemicals found in plants.KEY LEARNING CONCEPTSExplain how some of those chemicals are formed and some of their uses.Describe how carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur combine to create structures or perform functions required for plant growth and development. After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Metabolites are molecules that make up the plant.Basis for plant nutritional needs

Part of plant structures or involved in plant processes.

Can be primary or secondary

Chlorophyll a

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

It all starts (and depends) with photosynthesis

Plants depend on carbohydrates (from photosynthesis) for structure & energy storage

CO2 + H2O + Light + Chlorophyll = Carbohydrate Lots of steps in betweenLimiting growth factor

Carbo carbon hydrate water General formula: C(H2O)

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Creation (synthesis) & metabolism of carbohydrates or sugars begins with photosynthesis.Plants are carbohydrate-rich organisms, depending on carbohydrates for structure & energy storage.Three carbohydrate elements come from water & CO2 and are not considered nutritional elements.If insufficient, growth & development can be inhibited.The general composition of carbohydrates is what their name implieshydrate (water) and carbon. The general formula for carbohydrates is C(H2O)One carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms & one oxygen atom.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Carbohydrates

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates structural groups:Monosaccharidessingle carbohydrate molecules falling into two general categories: aldoses & ketoses.Disaccharidestwo carbohydrate molecules linked together.Oligosaccharidesmore than two molecules, but less than seven molecules linked together.Polysaccharidescombinations of seven or more molecules linked together.

The smallest molecules considered carbohydrates are three-carbon molecules such as glyceraldehyde.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesThree structural forms of glucose allow it to take on a lot of roles in the plant.Glucose is in the hexose family of carbohydrates Hexose = 6-carbon

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesCarbon atoms in the molecule are numbered according to a set of rulesIUPAC nomenclature system Vertical lines in the ring structure represent the hydroxol (OH) groups.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesMore about carbohydrates:Position of OH groups determines structure and chemical properties. Ring structures differ only by position of OH at carbon 1.Greek letters alpha () and beta () are used to distinguish between the two

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesThe pentose riboseRibonucleic acidDeoxyribonucleic acid

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesGlucose and ribose are important, but there are others.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesImportance of structural details in defining function of carbohydrates is illustrated by comparison of the structures of starch & cellulose.The 14 notation means the linkage between the two glucose molecules is from carbon 1 of one molecule to carbon 4 of the next molecule.Thenotation means that the OH group at position 1 of the ring structure is down.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesStarch vs. cellulose

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesOnly one simple change in the structure of starch is needed to make the structure of cellulose.The two structures differ only in the position of the OH group at carbon 1.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Carbohydrates and s properties are very different.Starch is slightly water soluble, can be broken down to glucose

Cellulose is insoluble in water, assembled into fibrils, provides rigidity required for cell walls.

starchcellulose

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Carbohydrates and s properties are very different.Starch is slightly water soluble, can be broken down to glucoseMain plant-stored carbohydrate; important in animal nutrition.Cellulose is insoluble in water, assembled into fibrils, provides rigidity required for cell walls.Main structural component in plants; inert to digestion by most higher organisms.

starchcellulose

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

CarbohydratesSucrose, the most common form of carbohydrate used in carbon transport in plants.A dissacharide comprised of a glucose & a fructose molecule

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsFatty acids & lipids are compounds derivative of glycerol.Important in cell membrane structure and for energy storage especially in seeds.FAs and lipids are hydrophobic (not soluble in water) but are soluble in fats.Glycerol

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsA wide variety of fatty acids play a role in plantsThe general structure:

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsPlants and animals have a wide variety of fatty acids, which have the following general structure.Depending on the fatty acid, this number is generally between 10 and 22.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsFatty acids are saturated or unsaturated.Unsaturated refers to the presence of C=C double bonds, instead of CC single bonds.Stearic acid acid is saturated

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsFatty acids are saturated or unsaturated.Unsaturated refers to the presence of C=C double bonds, instead of CC single bonds.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsLipid molecule = fatty acid + glycerola triglyceride moleculeIncludes fats, waxes, and oilsGlycerol group

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsMembrane lipids are phospholipidsPhosphate group replaces fatty acid on glycerol molecule

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Lipids

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsIn the membrane, the phosphate & attached group are oriented to give two different chemical surfaces:The phosphate & other attached group are charged and hydrophilic. The long hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids are hydrophobic.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsPhospholipids arrange in a double layer mutual attraction among the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsPhospholipids arrange in a double layer mutual attraction among the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsMembrane fatty acids affect ability of plants to withstand cool temperatures.More unsaturated fatty acids in cold-tolerant plants.Saturated fatty acids start to solidify in cool temperatures, often at or below 55 F.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsSterols increase membrane stabilityUp to 50% of membranes in some plants.Similar to cholesterol

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

LipidsWhen sterols are inserted into the membrane, they increase the stability of the membrane structure.Sterol content of some plant membranes reaches 50%.Sitosterolthe most common sterol in plant membranesis closely related to cholesterol.The main sterol in animal membranes.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Proteins

Amino acids all have a common structure consisting of N, H, C, and O.But differ by a wide variety of chemical groups attached to the common structure.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsAmino acids are synthesized when ammonium and carbon combine to form glutamate (transamination)

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Proteins20 amino acids, 8 are essentialEssential = cannot be synthesized by animalsAll the others

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsThere are twenty different amino acids found in proteinsarranged in precise order to give each protein its special characteristics and function.The precise sequence of the amino acids in proteins is determined by the makeup of the DNA of genes.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsProteins long chains of linked amino acids that create complex three-dimensional molecules.Can be: structural, storage units for N, catalysts, (enzymes)

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsAmino acids are linked together between the carbon of one amino acid & the amino (NH) group of another amino acid to form the peptide bond.Amino acid order forms primary structure

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

=ProteinsAmino acids are linked together between the carbon of one amino acid & the amino (NH) group of another amino acid to form the peptide bond.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsAfter the series of peptide bonds is completed, the chain can be folded to give two general types of secondary structure.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsPrimary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

Primary structure:

An a helix or a b pleated sheet.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsSecondary structure: An a helix or a b pleated sheet.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Proteins

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsTertiary structure: a helix and b pleated sheets fold again

Canchange conformation depending on conditions in the cell.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Proteins

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsQuaternary structure: two or more of the tertiary structures (or subunits) combine in a specific wayMostly enzymes

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Proteins

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Proteins

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

ProteinsSeeds contain various storage protein structures.Usually between 5% and 25% of dry weight.

In plants, N needed for proteins is the nutrient taken up by the roots in the largest quantities.It is often deficient & must be supplied by fertilizer.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsNucleosides are comprised of the sugar ribose coupled to an N-containing organic base.Ribose:

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsOrganic bases important in metabolism are derivatives of compounds known as purines or pyrimidines.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsOrganic bases important in metabolism are derivatives of compounds known as purines or pyrimidines.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsOrganic bases important in metabolism are derivatives of compounds known as purines or pyrimidines.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsIn DNA and RNA, one of four organic bases is attached to each ribose at carbon 1.Adenine, guanine, thymidine, or cytosine.

Long chain DNA molecules make up chromosomes in a cell nucleus, and carry genetic information to create the proteins to build & maintain the organism.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)Ribose + organic base + tri-phosphateHigh energyMobile

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most important molecules in all of metabolism.ATP is very mobile & moves readily to participate in a variety of enzymatic reactions.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Secondary ProductsSecondary metabolites are not part of the main processes of metabolism in plants

Plants will not die immediately without them

Plant defense, pollinator attraction

A lot of what we use medicinally

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Secondary Products - AlkaloidsMorphinethe first alkaloid identified, synthesized & extracted from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).Long used as a pain killer, but can lead to addiction.Cocaineproduced by the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca), from the Andes mountains of South America.Relatively harmless in small doses, but concentrated, purified cocaine is strongly addictive and dangerous.Nicotinefrom Nicotiana tabacum.Toxic when consumed in large quantities, it constricts blood vessels when consumed in small doses via smoke.Caffeineobtained from (Coffea arabica), the coffee plant, common in many popular beverages.Acts as a stimulant in warm-blooded animals.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Secondary Products - AlkaloidsMost alkaloids are formed rapidly from precursors upon wounding of the plantas when the plant is attacked by a chewing insect or grazed by animals.Most of these compounds have a bitter taste and act as deterrents or protective chemicals.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Secondary Products - PhenolicsThe term phenolics comes from the presence of the phenol molecule in some form in these compounds.The most important : lignin

Lignin is deposited in many cell walls to provide rigidity & strength.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Secondary Products - PhenolicsOther important phenolics are flavonoidswhich act as pigments in flowers to attract insects and birds.Flowers produce flavonoid pigments that absorb (UV) light.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

Secondary Products - PhenolicsOther important phenolics are flavonoidswhich act as pigments in flowers to attract insects and birds.Flowers produce flavonoid pigments that absorb (UV) light.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

TerpenoidsThis largest class of secondary metabolites Polymers of the hydrocarbon isoprene.Carotenoids protect plants from too much lightAnd provide yellow fall color

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

TerpenoidsThis largest class of secondary metabolites Polymers of the hydrocarbon isoprene.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 8 - Plant Chemistry and Metabolism

TerpenoidsRubber is a terpenoid, from latex.Latex is obtained from the tropical tree Hevea brasiliensis.

Some terpenoids are poisonous

On carbon1 in glucose if the OH group is above the plain of the ring then this is Beta glucose. If the OH on carbon 1 is below the plain of the ring then this is Alpha glucose. When bigshot scientists are talking bigshot scientist talk they say that the glucose units in starch are connected by alpha linkages, and that the glucose units in cellulose are connected by beta linkages. Does this make any difference? It makes a lot of difference! The most important difference in the way the two polymers behave is this: You can eat starch, but you can't digest cellulose. Your body contains enzymes that will break starch down into glucose to fuel your body. But we humans don't have enzymes that can break down cellulose. Some animals do, like termites, who eat wood, or cattle, who eat grass, and break down cellulose in their four-chambered stomachs. So unless you're a termite or a cow, don't try to nourish yourself on woodchips. Cellulose is a lot stronger than starch. Starch is practically useless as a material, but celluose is strong enough to make fibers from, and hence rope, clothing, etc. Cellulose doesn't dissolve in water the way starch will, and doesn't break down as easily. Breaking down or dissolving in water just would be a little too inconvenient for something we use to make clothes. Not to mention, a good soaking rain would wash away all the wooden houses, park benches, and playground equipment if cellulose were soluble in water.*