CHAPTER 7 Urban Migration and Urban Transportation 7.1 Population Migration The United Nations Multilingual Demography Dictionary defined ‘migration’ as follows: “Migration is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a change in residence from the place of origin or place of departure, to the place of destination or place of arrival. Such migration is called permanent migration and should be distinguished from other forms of movement which do not involve a permanent change of resident” Migration has two processes – ‘Emigration or immigration refers to going out of a country while immigration refers to coming into a country. Thus, emigration reduces population of a country while immigration increases it. At regional level, migration on a lower scale is termed as ‘in-migration - out migration’: Migration increases mobility, migration means the change of place of living for a permanent period. It refers to the leaving of some political or established regional boundary. However, small it may be when people are leaving one place and going to a new place for a temporary span of time, it is no migration from the demographic point of view. Family and individual migration have played an important role in the growth and distribution of population. 7.1.1 TYPES OF MIGRATION Migration whether outward or inward, has been classified on the basis of time; distance and motivation have been recognized depending upon the length of the stay. Similarly, on the basis of Estelar
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CHAPTER 7
Urban Migration and Urban Transportation
7.1 Population Migration
The United Nations Multilingual Demography Dictionary defined
‘migration’ as follows:
“Migration is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility
between one geographical unit and another, generally involving
a change in residence from the place of origin or place of
departure, to the place of destination or place of arrival. Such
migration is called permanent migration and should be
distinguished from other forms of movement which do not
involve a permanent change of resident”
Migration has two processes – ‘Emigration or immigration refers
to going out of a country while immigration refers to coming into a
country. Thus, emigration reduces population of a country while
immigration increases it. At regional level, migration on a lower scale
is termed as ‘in-migration - out migration’:
Migration increases mobility, migration means the change of
place of living for a permanent period. It refers to the leaving of some
political or established regional boundary. However, small it may be
when people are leaving one place and going to a new place for a
temporary span of time, it is no migration from the demographic point
of view. Family and individual migration have played an important
role in the growth and distribution of population.
7.1.1 TYPES OF MIGRATION
Migration whether outward or inward, has been classified on the
basis of time; distance and motivation have been recognized
depending upon the length of the stay. Similarly, on the basis of
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distance involved, long distance and short distance migrations have
been distinguished. Further, motivation if economic, gives rise to
economic-migration and if matrimonial, to marital migration.
Geography is a spatial science so a distance-or-area based
classification may appeal more, i.e. migrations that take place with-in
the same country and those across the international boarder, the
former are often know as internal migrations and the latter as external
or international migrations.
7.1.1.1 Internal Migrations
When migration takes place within the territorial limits of one
country it can be classified into four types
a. Rural to Urban
b. Urban to Urban
c. Rural to Rural, and
d. Urban to rural/Sub-urban areas.
7.1.1.2 International migrations
International migration is the migration from one national
political boundary to another such political boundary. It depends on
the laws of the two involved countries.
7.1.2 PUSH AND PULL FACTORS 7.1.2.1 Push factors
1. Decline in a national resource or in the prices paid for it,
decreased demand for a particular product or the services of a
particular industry, expansion of mines, timer, or agricultural
resources.
2. Loss of employment resulting from being discharged for
incompetence, from a decline in need for a particular activity, or
from mechanization or automation of task previously performed
by more labour intensive procedure.
3. Oppressive or repressive discriminatory treatment because of
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political religious or ethnic or membership.
4. Alternation from a community because one no longer subscribe
to prevailing beliefs, customs, or mode of behaviour-either
within one’s family or within the community.
5. Retreat from community because it offers few or no
opportunities for personal development, employment or
marriage.
6. Retreat from a community because of catastrophe flood, fire
drought, earthquake epidemic.
7.1.2.2 Pull factors
1. Superior opportunities for employment in an occupation or
opportunities to enter a preferred occupation.
2. Opportunities to earn a higher income.
3. Opportunities to obtain desired specialized education or
training, such as college education.
4. Preferable environment and living conditions-climate, housing,
schools, other community facilities.
5. Dependency- movement of other persons to whom one is related
or betrothed, such as the movement of dependent with a bread
winner or migration of bride to join her husband.
6. Lure of new or different activities, environments, or people, such
as cultural, intellectual, or recreational activities of a large
metropolis for rural and small town residents.
7.1.3 POPULATION MIGRATION IN URBAN CONTEXT
It is known from the study of the towns that in both the towns
there is mainly two types of migration. First, takes place from one
place to another within the town. It is known as ‘intra-urban’
migration. Second is in which people from outside places come &
settle here. Such types of migration people have a change of place
according to their needs. In it, land value, sunny site, availability of
place with all facilities play main role. In the initial years, people liked
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to live in the internal parts of the town. But, now people’s likings are
changing. Now, people like to live in the outer parts of the town which
are apart from the crowd of the town & problems & where land-value
is relatively less & more place could be available. In second type of
migration that is ‘immigration’ people from other towns settle in these
towns. Its main reasons are commercial, educational & personal
matters.
To show the actual position of migration the researcher has
made a sample survey of three wards each for immigration to the
towns of Nainital & Haldwani-Kathgodam. It gives a clear picture of
migration taking place in these towns.
7.1.3.1 Nainital
In Nainital, sample survey has been made of (1) Bara Bazaar, (2)
Ramsay & (3) Sipahi Dhara. In Bara Bazaar, mainly people settled
before 1960. Some are the descendents of residents of Nainital who
are living here from the very beginning. The people, who mainly
migrated during the British Period, are still settled here. Here most of
the people migrated from Almora and almost all the people have
settled due to commercial activities. In the early age, it was the main
commercial centre of the town so people liked to live here. Today, it
has become the most crowded and high land area of the town. For this
reason, mainly old people are living here who have been living since
early decades. In the beginning, in Ramsay area, there was only
Ramsay Hospital. Here, people lived almost in a negligible number.
Gradually, people started setting here. They started settling due to its
being the sunny side and land-value being less. Here, mainly people
started settling since 1990. Here, there is a majority of salaried
people. Here, people also settled for the education of their children.
People have been attracted to this place due to its peaceful
atmosphere and it being away from the din of the town. For these
reasons, people from other parts of the town have migrated here. After
a survey in Sipahi Dhara, it was known that in the beginning people
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migrated here for jobs and education of the children. It lies in outer
area of the town.
People have migrated to other parts of Nainital; some have
migrated from other parts of Nainital, others have migrated from
Pithoragarh, Almora, Lucknow, Haldwani & other areas. From the
survey, it may be concluded that the largest migration has taken place
from Almora. The situation becomes clear on seeing the table. It is
known after the survey of three wards that mainly in Nainital
migration has taken place from Almora, followed by Pithoragarh. The
main reason of people migrating here from other hilly areas is rapid
development and availability of good education. Due to being more
developed than other hilly areas people are attracted here. There is
also growing tourism here due to which people are able get jobs here.
(Figs. 7.1 and 7.2)
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Immigration in Nainital Town
Business50.00%
Job30.00%
Personal20.00%
Bara Bazaar
Education20.00%
Business30.00%
Job40.00%
Personal10.00%
Ramsay
Education20.00%
Job20.00%
Business60.00%
Sipai Dhara
Fig. 7.1
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Table 7.1 Inmigration in Nainital township Bara Bazaar .S. No. Year Moved From Purpose
1 1910 Pithoragarh Business 2 1890 Almora Business 3 1905 Almora Business 4 1920 Almora Personal Problem 5 NA Nainital NA 6 1950 Almora Job 7 1953 Almora Job 8 1980 Punjab Business 9 1952 Almora Job 10 NA Nainital NA
Ramsay Inmigration S. No. Year Moved From Purpose
1 1958 Almora Job 2 1978 Pithoragarh Job 3 1979 Bhimtal Business 4 1992 Haldwani Personal Problem 5 1997 Mathura Education 6 2003 Almora Job 7 NA Nainital NA 8 2005 Almora Business 9 2005 Lucknow Education 10 1996 Almora Job / Education
Sipai Dhara Inmigration S. No. Year Moved From Purpose
1 1989 Pithoragarh Business 2 1943 Pithoragarh Business 3 1920 Almora Business 4 1995 Udham Singh Nagar Job / Education 5 1977 Udham Singh Nagar Business 6 1995 Udham Singh Nagar Business 7 NA Nainital NA 8 NA Nainital NA 9 1990 Almora Business 10 NA Nainital NA
Source: Field work
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Intramigration in Nainital Town
Business80.00%
Personal20.00%
Bara Bazaar
Better location80.00%
Personal20.00%
Ramsay Nainital
Personal40.00%
Better location60.00%
Sipai Dhara
Fig. 7.2
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Table 7.2 Intramigration in Nainital township Bara Bazaar S. No. Year Moved From Purpose
1 1979 Tallital Business 2 1919 Tallital Business 3 1948 Sipai Dhara Business 4 1952 Sher ka Danda Personal Problem 5 1950 Ayarpatta Business 6 1968 Ayarpatta Business 7 1930 Tallital Business / Personal Problem 8 1971 Sher ka Danda Business 9 1958 Tallital Business 10 1980 Ayarpatta Business / Personal Problem
S. No. Year Moved From Purpose 1 1995 Tallital Bazaar Location / Personal Problem 2 1977 Shri Krishnapur Personal Problem 3 1990 Tallital Personal Problem 4 1989 Tallital Bazaar Location 5 2004 Shri Krishnapur Personal Problem 6 1980 Mallital Location 7 2001 Bara Bazaar Location 8 2000 Sukhatal Personal Problem 9 2002 Tallital Location 10 1997 Tallital Bazaar Location
Source: Field Work
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7.1.3.2 Haldwani
In the town of Haldwani-Kathgodam for the survey and for
showing the position of migration three wards (Bhotiya Parao, Hira
Nagar, Railway Bazaar) have been selected. It was known from the
survey that in Haldwani originally almost all the people have migrated.
In Bhotiya Parao, in the early times Bhotiyas (a tribe of Kumaun)
migrated here during winters and then returned. For this reason, it
was named ‘Bhotiya Parao’. Presently all types of people live here.
Here, most people have migrated from Pithoragarh and Almora.
Besides, people have also migrated from Bhimtal and Nainital. The
reason of people migrating here from the internal parts of the town
was a good locality and a good atmosphere.
Even in Hira Nagar, most people have settled from hilly areas.
Here, people migrated for business purposes. People have mainly
migrated from Almora, Pithoragarh, Lucknow and Nainital. Hira Nagar
is a posh colony of Haldwani due to which people are attracted here.
Here also, people were attracted for jobs and education. Railway
Bazaar is one of the main commercial areas of Haldwani-Kathgodam.
People were attracted here for business and mainly those people have
migrated who are related with business and are indulged in business
in this area. Here, people migrated from Nainital, Pithoragarh, Almora,
Kashipur & Moradabad. Besides, during the partition of India and
Pakistan the refugees also migrated here (Fig. 7.3).
No intramigration was observed in Haldwani township during
S. No. Year Moved From Purpose 1 1980 Almora Job 2 1985 Pithoragarh Job / Education 3 1978 Almora Business 4 1979 Almora Job 5 2004 Lucknow Job 6 1994 Okhalkhanda Business 7 1974 Bhimtal Job 8 1992 Almora Job 9 1980 Almora Relative / Job 10 1990 Gujrat Job
Railway Bazaar
S. No. Year Moved From Purpose 1 1965 Nainital Business 2 1978 Bareily Business 3 1960 Pithoragarh Job / Education 4 1981 Uddhamsingh Nagar Business 5 1968 Uddhamsingh Nagar Business 6 1957 Muradabad Business 7 1960 Muradabad Business 8 1948 Pakistan Personal Problem 9 1950 Pakistan Personal Problem 10 1960 Pithoragarh Business
Source: Field Work
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It was known from the survey of both the towns that people mainly
migrate for seeking jobs and business. Next, they also migrate for good
education of children. Besides, peaceful atmosphere, low land cost
and greater residential facilities also attract people. Presently, people
are being attracted towards the outer areas of the town. Its reason is
same as described earlier. Besides, at these places, the facilities of all
the central parts are available.
7.2 Urban Transportation in General Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one
place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans (“across”)
and portare (“to carry”). The field of transport has several aspects:
loosely they can be divided into airports, railway stations, bus stands
and seaports. The operations that deal with the control of the system,
such as traffic signals and ramp meters, railroad switches, air traffic
control, etc. as well as police, such as how to finance the system (for
example the use of tolls or fuel taxes).
India is poised for rapid economic growth. Such future growth
will largely come from the secondary and tertiary sectors of the
economy i.e., the industrial and services sectors. Since economic
activities in these sectors primarily take place in urban areas, the
state of towns and cities is crucial to India’s future growth.
For a city to be productive, it is of utmost importance that it has
a very sound infrastructure. A good network of roads and an efficient
mass urban transport system make a substantial contribution to the
working efficiency of a large city for its economic and social
development. Over a period of time, due to increasing income and
demand for travel, the proportion of perusal vehicles, including two-
wheelers and four wheelers has increased and that of public transport
has decreased. The consequence of such increase of personalized
transport is acute congestion on city roads and resultant pollution.
The remedy lies in providing efficient and affordable public transport
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system.
Urbanization has been one of the dominant contemporary
processes as a growing share of the global population lives in cities.
Considering this trend, urban transportation issues are of foremost
importance to support the passengers and freight mobility equipment
of large urban agglomerations. Transportation in urban areas is highly
complex because of the modes involved, the multitude of origins and
destinations, and the amount and variety of traffic. Traditionally the
focus of urban transportation has been on passengers as cities were
viewed as location of utmost human interactions with intricate traffic
patterns linked to community, commercial activities. However, cities
are also locations of production, consumption and distribution,
activities linked to movement of freight, conceptually, the urban
transport system is intricately linked with urban form and spatial
structure. Urban transit is an important dimensionality of urban
transportation, notably in high-density areas.
To understand the complex relationships between
transportation and land use and to help the urban planning process,
several models have been developed.
The Ministry of Urban Development is in the process of framing
a National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) to address the various
issues involved with urban transport. The objective of this policy is to
ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, a reliable and sustainable
access for the growing number of city residents to jobs, education,
recreation and such other needs within our cities. This is sought to be
achieved by incorporating urban transportation as an important
parameter at the urban planning stage rather than being a
consequential requirement, bringing about a more equitable allocation
of road space - with people, rather than vehicles, as its main focus,
investing in transport systems that encourage greater use of public
transport and non-motorized modes instead of personal motor
vehicles, reducing pollution level through changes in travelling