224 Chapter 7 left the United States during and after the war. Among them were several thousand African Americans and Native Americans, including Mohawk chief Joseph Brant. Most of the Loyalists went to Canada. There they settled new towns and provinces. They also brought English traditions to areas that the French had settled. To this day, Canada has both French and English as official languages. The Revolution had been a civil war that left both Patriots and Loyalists with bitter memories. Patriots found it especially difficult to forgive the former American general Benedict Arnold. In 1780 Arnold had betrayed his country by trying to turn over an American fort to the British. Throughout American history, the name Benedict Arnold is used to mean traitor. SUMMARIZE List some of the costs of the war. The Treaty of Paris KEY QUESTION What did America gain most from the Treaty of Paris? Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay began formal peace negotia- tions with the British on September 27, 1782. The final Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War, was signed on September 3, 1783. PAYING FOR THE WAR The Continental Congress—our first national government—did not have the power to tax; it asked for funds and then hoped that the states would pay. It did have the power to borrow, however. Fighting the Revolutionary War cost America around $100 million, and by 1782, the new U.S. government was approximately $30 million in debt. To fund the Continental Army, the United States borrowed money in several ways. Do you think it’s a good idea for a modern government to borrow money? Why or why not? CONNECT Economics and History TREASURY NOTES A treasury note states the government’s promise to repay a specified amount at a specified date. Notes were sold to patriotic investors and to foreign coun- tries such as France. CERTIFICATES Printed money, known as “certificates,” could be exchanged for an amount of silver—if the government had enough. This is how many “regulars” (soldiers), farmers, and tradespeople were paid. PERSONAL NOTES Wealthy individuals, such as Haym Salomon and Robert Morris—the country’s first superintendent of finance—issued personal notes (or loans) to pay government expenses. Connect Today to Answer: An estimated 27,000 Americans died and abut 8,200 were wounded. Also, the war left America with a debt of about $27 million. 224 • Chapter 7 DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 4 Teach The Treaty of Paris Reader, Recorder, Reporter • What was the Treaty of Paris? (the peace agreement that formally ended the Revolutionary War) • Why do you think neither side fully met the terms outlined in the treaty? (Possible Answer: People on both sides were still angry about the war and may have felt that their country had been treated unfairly in the treaty.) • Categorize How could you organize the terms of the Treaty of Paris into different categories? (Possible Answer: by listing terms that favor Britain and terms that favor America) CONNECT Economics and History PAYING FOR THE WAR Congress had few options when it came to paying off war debts. Rather than assessing Americans with a tax, the government elected to print more paper money. As a result, inflation rates rose, and the value of American currency dropped. Inflation caused America to be stuck with a currency worth little more than the paper it was printed on. • Do you think printing more currency was a good way to solve the problem of paying down the war debt? (Possible Answers: Yes, the currency gave people a tangible return on the war; No, the currency was essentially worthless because there was so much of it in circulation.) ANSWER Connect to Today Possible Answers: Yes—they have to get the money somewhere and borrowing it can help the lender if the debt is paid back with interest later; No—governments should not borrow money if they are unable or unwilling to pay it back to the lender. Unit 3 Resource Book • Economics in History, p. 108 Gifted & Talented Draw a Political Cartoon Provide students with several examples of political cartoons. Discuss characteristics and ways political cartoonists convey information by using symbols. Then have students draw a political cartoon relating to the “Connecting Economics and History” feature on p. 224 in their textbooks. Post completed cartoons on a bulletin board in the classroom or hallway. Struggling Readers Write Benedict Arnold’s Epitaph Supply students with articles and biographies about Benedict Arnold. Working in small groups, have students use the information to write an epitaph about him. Epitaphs should include details about Arnold’s role in the Revolutionary War and in the legacy that Arnold’s actions left on American society.