Chapter 7 (Psych 41)Pdf

Kathleen Stassen Berger

Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield

Tattoon, M.A.

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Part II

The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Chapter Seven

Emotional Development

Theories About Infant

Psychosocial

The Development of Social Bonds

Conclusions in Theory and

Practices

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The First Two Years: Psychosocial

Development

• The interaction of infants’ emotions

and their social context is dynamic

• This interplay is seen in a tiny baby

smile at an engaging face or a toddler

flop to the floor, kicking and

screaming

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Emotional Development in Infancy

• ―Within the first two years, infants

progress from reactive pain and

pleasure to complex patterns of

social awareness.‖

• a period of life with ―high emotional

responsiveness…‖

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• Specific Emotions

– infants progress from pleasure and pain

• happy and relaxed when fed, then drift off to

sleep

• cry when hurt or hungry, are tired or frightened

or have colic

– social smiles are evoked by a human face,

normally evident about 6 weeks after birth

– anger is evident at 6 months

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– fully formed fear in response to some

person, thing, or situation emerges at

about 9 months

• stranger wariness… infant no longer smiles at

any friendly faces, and cries if an unfamiliar

person moves to close, too quickly

• separation anxiety… expressed in tears,

dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver

leaves

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– separation anxiety is normal at age 1

– intensifies by age 2, and usually subsides

after that

– 1-year-olds fear not just strangers but also

anything unexpected

– emotions that emerge in the first month

strengthen at about age 1

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• Self Awareness– ... emotional growth that has the infant

realizing that his or her body, mine,

and actions are separate from those

of other people• around age 1 an emerging sense of ―me‖ and

―mine‖

– self-recognition emerges at about 18 months• pretending and using first person pronouns

– I, me, mine, myself, my

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Theories About Infant Psychosocial

Development

• Psychoanalytic Theory

– connects biosocial and psychosocial

development

• emphasizing the need for response

maternal care

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Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development

• Freud: Oral and Anal Stages

– the first year is the oral stage

• the mouth is the young infant’s primary

source of gratification

– the second year is the anal stage

• the infant’s main pleasure comes from

the anus… sensual pleasure of bowel

movement… the pleasure of controlling

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• Erikson: Trust and Autonomy– first psychosocial crisis…

infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, etc.) are met

– second stage crisis of psychosocial development … toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies

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• Behaviorism

– emotions and personality are molded as

parents reinforce or punish the child’s

spontaneous behaviors

– Infants experience social learning… learning

by observing others

• apparent in families… from giggling to cursing…

much like their parents

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• Cognitive Theory

– holds that thoughts and values determine a

person’s perspectives

• early experiences are important

– beliefs, perceptions and memories

– infants use early relationships to develop a

working model

• a set of assumptions that the individual uses to

organize perceptions and experiences

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• Epigenetic Theory

– holds that every human characteristic is

strongly influenced by each person’s unique

genotype… inborn predispositions

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• Temperament

– Inborn differences

between one person and

another in emotions,

activity, and self-control.

Temperament is

epigenetic, originating in

genes but affected by

child-rearing practices.

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• The Parents’ Role

– infant temperament often changes with adult

guidance

– interaction between culture influences and

inherited traits tend to shape behavior

– parents need to find a goodness of fit

• goodness of fit is a similarity of temperament

and values that produces a smooth interaction

between an individual and his or her social

context, including family, school, and

community

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• Sociocultural Theory– ―…human development

occurs in a cultural context.‖

– sociocultural theorists argue culture:

• has a substantial influence on infants

• has a major impact on infant-caregiver relationships, thus the development of the infant

So the is question…How much influence does culture have?

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• Ethnotheories• ethnotheory

– a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture and that becomes apparent through analysis and comparison of those practices, although it is not usually apparent to the people within the culture

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– Proximal and Distal Parenting• proximal parenting

–parenting practices that involve close physical contact with the child’s entire body, such as cradling and swinging

• distal parenting–parenting practices that focus on the

intellect more than the body, such as talking with the baby and playing with an object

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• Synchrony

– is a coordinated

interaction between

caregiver and infant,

an exchange in

which they respond

to each other with

split-second timing

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• Attachment– according to Ainsworth, ―is an affectional

tie‖ that an infant forms with the

caregiver—a tie that binds them

together in space and endured over time

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• Secure and Insecure Attachment– secure attachment

• relationships in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

– insecure-avoidant attachment• a pattern of attachment in which an infant

avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return

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• Secure and Insecure Attachment– insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

• a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant is very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion

– disorganized attachment• a type of attachment that is marked by an

infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return

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• Secure and Insecure Attachment

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• Measuring Attachment

– strange situation

• developed by Ainsworth

• a laboratory procedure for measuring

attachment by evoking infants’ reaction to

stress

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• Measuring Attachment

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• Insecure Attachment and Social Settings

– infants shift in attachment status between

one age and another

– most trouble children may be those who

are classified as type D (table 7.4)

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• Social Referencing– seeking information

about how to react to an unfamiliar ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions—that other person becomes a social reference

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• Referencing Mothers

– most social referencing occurs with mothers

– infants heed their mother’s wishes, expressed

in tone and facial expression

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• Referencing Fathers

– increases in maternal

employment have expanded

the social references

available to infants

– fathers now spend

considerable time with their

children

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• Infant Day Care– more than ½ of all 1-year-olds in the U.S. are in

―regular scheduled‖ nonmaternal care

– family day care• child care that occurs in another caregiver’s home—

usually the caregiver is paid at a lower rate than in center care, and usually one person shares of several children of various ages

– center day care• child care in a place especially designed for the

purpose, where several paid providers care for many children. Usually the children are grouped by age, the day care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development

Chapter 7 (Psych 41)Pdf

Education

psychosocial crisis

infants main pleasure

memories infants

unexpected emotions

emotional growth

theory andprepared

social context

social learning learning