Chapter 7: Nationalism and Sectionalism

• 1. What did overland 1. What did overland transportation consist of in the transportation consist of in the early nineteenth century? early nineteenth century? (p.228)(p.228)

• Overland transportation Overland transportation consisted of carts, wagons, consisted of carts, wagons, sleighs, and stagecoaches sleighs, and stagecoaches pulled by horse or oxen over pulled by horse or oxen over dirt roads.dirt roads.

PICTURE – OXEN PULL

• 2. What are turnpikes and what was the effect of turnpikes? (p.228)

• Answer: turnpikes are roads for which users had to pay a toll. The effect of turnpike is that only a few turnpikes made a profit, and most failed to lower transportation costs or increase the speed of travel.

• 3. 3. What is the National Road What is the National Road and where did the roadway and where did the roadway extend fromextend from? (pp.228-229)? (pp.228-229)

• One of the few decent One of the few decent turnpikes was the National turnpikes was the National Road; it extended from west Road; it extended from west from Maryland to the Ohio from Maryland to the Ohio River (in present-day West River (in present-day West Virginia) in 1818.Virginia) in 1818.

• 4. 4. What was the first major What was the first major advance in transportationadvance in transportation? (p.229)? (p.229)

• The first major advance in The first major advance in transportation was the transportation was the development of the steamboat. development of the steamboat.

• *By burning wood or coal , the *By burning wood or coal , the engine boiled water to create engine boiled water to create steam. The force of the steam steam. The force of the steam turned a large rotating paddle, turned a large rotating paddle, which pushed the boat. which pushed the boat.

• 5. 5. Who developed the first Who developed the first commercially successful steamboat commercially successful steamboat AND what was the steamboat calledAND what was the steamboat called? ? (p.229)(p.229)

• The first commercially successful The first commercially successful steamboat was developed by Robert steamboat was developed by Robert Fulton and was called the Clermont.Fulton and was called the Clermont.

• *In 1807, the Clermont made its *In 1807, the Clermont made its journey from New York to Albany, journey from New York to Albany, (see map on next slide) proving to the (see map on next slide) proving to the world the possibilities of steam world the possibilities of steam navigation navigation

• 6. 6. What were the effects of the What were the effects of the steamboatsteamboat? (p,229)? (p,229)

• Made it easier to travel upstream, Made it easier to travel upstream, against the current, which decreased against the current, which decreased travel time. *travel time. *ExampleExample, before the , before the steamboat it took 4 months to travel steamboat it took 4 months to travel from New Orleans to Louisville, from New Orleans to Louisville, Kentucky along the Mississippi and Kentucky along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers; steamboat made same Ohio Rivers; steamboat made same journey in 20 days.journey in 20 days.

• 7. 7. What was the effect of the Erie CanalWhat was the effect of the Erie Canal? ? (p.29)(p.29)

• Linked farms to the expanding Linked farms to the expanding cities via water transportation.cities via water transportation.

• Prior to the development of the Prior to the development of the canal, the cost of shipping goods canal, the cost of shipping goods decreased. *It would cost $100 or decreased. *It would cost $100 or more to ship a ton of freight more to ship a ton of freight overland from Buffalo to New York overland from Buffalo to New York City; with the canal the cost was $4City; with the canal the cost was $4

• #7 CONTINUED#7 CONTINUED

• Made New York City the nation's Made New York City the nation's greatest commercial center; as greatest commercial center; as a result population soareda result population soared

• The canal also enhanced the The canal also enhanced the value of farmland in the Great value of farmland in the Great Lakes region because these Lakes region because these farmers now had access to sell farmers now had access to sell in New York. in New York.

• 8. What was the most 8. What was the most dramatic advance in dramatic advance in transportation in the 1800s? transportation in the 1800s? (p.229)(p.229)

• The most dramatic advance The most dramatic advance in transportation in the in transportation in the 1800s was the RAILROAD.1800s was the RAILROAD.

• 9. What were the effects of 9. What were the effects of the railroad? (pp.229-230)the railroad? (pp.229-230)

• Compared to canals, Compared to canals, railroads cost less to build railroads cost less to build and could more easily scale, and could more easily scale, climb, hills; moved faster climb, hills; moved faster than ships and could carry than ships and could carry more weight. more weight.

• 10. List all the major 10. List all the major developments of developments of transportation between 1800 transportation between 1800 and 1860. (Hint – you already and 1860. (Hint – you already did them in 1-9).did them in 1-9).

• Turnpikes – National RoadTurnpikes – National Road• Steamboat – ClaremontSteamboat – Claremont• RailroadRailroad• CanalCanal

• 11. What is the industrial revolution 11. What is the industrial revolution AND what was its effect? (p.230)AND what was its effect? (p.230)

• The Industrial Revolution are The Industrial Revolution are developments in technology and developments in technology and how it transformed how it transformed manufacturing. manufacturing.

• The effect of the Industrial The effect of the Industrial Revolution is it changed not only Revolution is it changed not only the nation’s economy but also its the nation’s economy but also its culture, social life, and politics.culture, social life, and politics.

• 12. What did Samuel Slater build12. What did Samuel Slater build? (p. 231)? (p. 231)

• Samuel Slater used his detailed Samuel Slater used his detailed knowledge of the textile knowledge of the textile machinery to build the nation’s machinery to build the nation’s first water-powered textile mill in first water-powered textile mill in 1793. at Pawtucket, Rhode Island1793. at Pawtucket, Rhode Island

• The mill used the flowing The mill used the flowing Blackstone River to power its Blackstone River to power its machinery, which produced one machinery, which produced one part of the textile: part of the textile: cotton threadcotton thread

COTTON THREAD

• 13. What is the family system? (p. 231)

• The family system was when entire families, including parents and children, were employed in the mills.

• 14. 14. Francis Cabot Lowell developed Francis Cabot Lowell developed a mill HOW IS LOWELL’s MILL a mill HOW IS LOWELL’s MILL DIFFERENT THAN SAMUEL DIFFERENT THAN SAMUEL SLATERSSLATERS? (p.231).? (p.231).

• Organized a company called the Organized a company called the Boston Associates. Built first mill at Boston Associates. Built first mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, in which Waltham, Massachusetts, in which all operations in the manufacture of all operations in the manufacture of cloth occurred – instead of just the cloth occurred – instead of just the production of thread.production of thread.

Cloth

• 15. 15. Who were the Lowell GirlsWho were the Lowell Girls? (p.231)? (p.231)• The Lowell Girls were young, single The Lowell Girls were young, single

women recruited from area farms to women recruited from area farms to work at the Lowell Textile Mill. These work at the Lowell Textile Mill. These girls lived on the grounds of the girls lived on the grounds of the factories in boardinghouse and had to factories in boardinghouse and had to follow strict rules of behavior. After follow strict rules of behavior. After years of work, most of the young years of work, most of the young women married and left the factory.women married and left the factory.

• 16. What changes occurred In the United 16. What changes occurred In the United States with the rise of industry in the States with the rise of industry in the early 1800s? (READ THE SECTION, early 1800s? (READ THE SECTION, “Factory Work Changes Lives,” on page “Factory Work Changes Lives,” on page 231.231.

• It changed the working lives of It changed the working lives of thousands of peoplethousands of people

• Machines increased the pace of work Machines increased the pace of work and divided labor into many small and divided labor into many small tasks done by separate workerstasks done by separate workers

• 17. 17. Explain the purpose of Explain the purpose of interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts. .

• To improve efficiency in To improve efficiency in factories, manufacturers factories, manufacturers designed interchangeable designed interchangeable parts, identical components, a parts, identical components, a part of a whole, that could be part of a whole, that could be used in place of another. used in place of another. Invented by Eli WhitneyInvented by Eli Whitney

• !7. ANSWER CONTINUED:!7. ANSWER CONTINUED:

• Traditionally. Items such as clocks Traditionally. Items such as clocks and muskets were built one at a and muskets were built one at a time by skilled artisans who made time by skilled artisans who made each part and assembled the each part and assembled the device from start to finish by hand; device from start to finish by hand; as a result the part that worked in as a result the part that worked in one clock/musket may not work in one clock/musket may not work in another.another.

• 17. Whitney’s 17. Whitney’s interchangeable parts interchangeable parts allowed one part that allowed one part that would work in one musket would work in one musket would work in another would work in another musket – the parts are musket – the parts are interchangeable interchangeable

INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

•18. Who invented interchangeable parts?

•Eli Whitney

• 19. What did Samuel F.B. Morse invent AND what was its effect?

• Invented the electric telegraph. A message could be delivered much faster

• 20. How did the industrial 20. How did the industrial revolution impact farming? revolution impact farming? (p.232) (p.232)

• American farms became more American farms became more productive, raising larger crops productive, raising larger crops for the market. After 1840 many for the market. After 1840 many large farms also employed the large farms also employed the steel plow invented by John steel plow invented by John Deere.Deere.