CHAPTER 7 GUIDED READING The Age of Jackson

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism 57

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GUIDED READING The Age of JacksonSection 3

A. As you read about the Jacksonian era, write answers to the questions about eventsthat appear on the time line.

By this point, theCherokee have estab-lished themselves asa nation.

Congress passes theIndian Removal Act.Jackson forces theChoctaw from theirlands.

Jackson forces the Saukand Fox from their lands.

Jackson forces the Chickasaw from their lands.

The Supreme Court ruleson Worcester v. Georgia.

The Cherokee beginleaving Georgia.

President Van Burenorders the forcedremoval of all Cherokeefrom Georgia.

B. On the back of this paper, identify or explain each of the following:

Democratic-Republican Party spoils system

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1827

1830

1831

1832

1835

1838

1. Who were the “five civilized tribes”?

2. What did the act call for, and why did Andrew Jacksonsupport it?

3. What did the court decide in the case?

4. What was Jackson’s response to the court ruling?

5. Why is this forced removal referred to as the Trail of Tears?

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RETEACHING ACTIVITY The Age of JacksonSection 3

Completion

A. Complete each sentence with the appropriate term or name.

kitchen cabinet Cherokee Henry Clay Electoral Collegeproperty John Calhoun Seminole brain trust

1. Because no candidate received a majority of the vote of the ________________, the House of Representatives had to decide the election of 1824.

2. By the presidential election of 1828, many states had dropped their ______________qualifications for voting.

3. Andrew Jackson’s group of close advisers was known as his ____________.

4. So many ______________ died along the group’s forced march west that the journeybecame known as the Trail of Tears.

5. Supporters of Andrew Jackson accused John Quincy Adams and Speaker of theHouse ____________ of conspiring to give Adams the presidency in 1824.

Evaluating

B. Write T in the blank if the statement is true. If the statement is false, write F in theblank and then write the corrected statement on the line below it.

_____ 1. Andrew Jackson found his greatest support among the nation’s wealthy and elite.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____ 2. The “five civilized tribes” included the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Sioux.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____ 3. In Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia officials could not occupy Cherokee land.

_____________________________________________________________________

____ 4. Despite the expansion of voting rights to more white males during the 1820s, the number of voters was roughly the same in the elections of 1824 and 1828.

_____________________________________________________________________

____ 5. Under the Indian Removal Act, the federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force Native Americans to move west.

_____________________________________________________________________

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GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: REGION

Jackson Finally Becomes PresidentDirections: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answerthe questions that follow.

Section 3

In the election of 1824, Jackson had won the pop-ular vote, but because there were four major

candidates, no one received a majority of electoralvotes. Jackson had 99 to John Quincy Adams’s 84,with 78 electoral votes given to the other two can-didates. However, when the vote went to theHouse of Representatives, under electoral law,Adams got the most votes and became president.

But in 1828, Jackson was not to be denied.Though he was actually well-to-do, Jackson por-trayed President Adams as a New England elitistand was able to make himself seem more like aman of the people. In this way, Jackson was able toconnect with the majority of the new voters. Moststates had by now eliminated property ownership as

a qualification for voting, and this meant that hun-dreds of thousands of men, few of whom werewealthy, voted in 1828 for the first time. (The pop-ular-vote totals between 1824 and 1828 went from365,833 to 1,148,018—a more than 200 percentjump.)

This time Jackson won the majority of both thepopular and electoral votes. His first four-year termwas significant for, among other things, the shorten-ing the party name Democratic Republicans toDemocrats (seen as the beginning of today’sDemocratic Party), the establishment of a national-party convention for picking presidential candi-dates, and the system of awarding government jobsto friends and supporters.

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MO

3

IL

3IN

5

OH

16

KY

14

TN

11

MS

3

AL

5

GA

9

LA

5

SC

11

NC

15

VA

24

PA

28

NY

20 16

ME

1

8

VT

7

NH

8

FLORIDA TERRITORY

UNORGANIZED

TERRITORY

OREGON

COUNTRY

MEXICO

CANADA

MICHIGAN

TERR.

MA

15

RI

4CT

8

DE

3

NJ

8

MD

6

5

The Election of 1828Democratic-Republican 642,553Jackson

National Republican 500,897Adams

Party Popular VoteCandidate

178

83

Electoral Vote

ARKANSAS

TERR.

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66 Unit 2, Chapter 7

Interpreting Text and Visuals

1. Which three states split electoral votes between the two candidates?

2. Explain how the map tells you which candidate got only one electoral vote from Maine.

Which candidate got six of Maryland’s electoral votes?

3. How many more popular votes did Jackson receive than Adams?

How many more electoral votes did Jackson receive in 1828 than in 1824?

4. How would you describe the regions in which Jackson’s strength was the greatest?

5. Why does it seem natural that Adams’s support came from the region that it did?

6. Look at the map of election results again. Why is it not surprising that the

Democratic Party has traditionally been strong in the South?

7. From the looks of the 1828 election map, how does it appear that westward

expansion might affect national politics?

Name Jackson Finally Becomes President continued

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OUTLINE MAP The Indian Removal Act of 1830Section 3

A.. Review the map of the Indian Removal Act on textbook page 227. Then label thefollowing bodies of water, areas of original Native American settlements, andterritories on the accompanying outline map. In addition, label all the existingstates. (Abbreviations for states are acceptable; if necessary, use the map ontextbook pages A6–A7.)

Bodies of Water Native American Settlements Territories

Gulf of Mexico Cherokee Potawatomi Unorganized TerritoryAtlantic Ocean Chickasaw Miami Indian TerritoryMississippi River Creek Shawnee and Seneca Arkansas Territory (state, 1836)Lake Michigan Choctaw Seminole Florida TerritoryLake ErieMissouri RiverOhio River

B. After completing the map, use it to answer the following questions.

1. The routes of what two Native American groups crossed over part of the Gulf of Mexico?

2. “Down the Ohio, up the Mississippi, and westward on the Missouri River” describes

the principal route of which group?

3. In what present-day states was the Cherokee Nation once found?

4. How many principal routes did the Cherokee take to Indian Territory?

Through which states and territory did the routes take the Cherokee?

5. How did the destination of the Potawatomi, Miami, Shawnee, and Seneca differ

from that of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole?

6. About how many miles long was the route traveled by the Seminoles?

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Native American Movement, 1830–1842

300 Miles

300 Kilometers

0

0

90°W 80°W

30°N

40°N

Name The Indian Removal Act of 1830 continued

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PRIMARY SOURCE Political CartoonOne of the first things that Andrew Jackson did on taking office was to firedozens of federal workers appointed by President John Quincy Adams. Jacksonreplaced them with people who had supported his run for the presidency. Thispractice of elected officials replacing holdovers from the previous administrationwith their own loyal supporters is known as the spoils system.

Section 3

Discussion Questions1. How does this political cartoon depict President

Jackson?2. Why do you think the cartoonist chose to show

Jackson riding a pig?

3. Do you agree with the cartoonist’s viewpoint ofthe spoils system? Why or why not?

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PRIMARY SOURCE from The Cherokee Nation’sAppeal to the American People

The Cherokee Nation fought the Indian Removal Act by first sending a delegation toappear before Congress and President Jackson. Meeting with little success, theCherokee then published a direct appeal to the American people on July 17, 1830. Asyou read this excerpt, notice how the Cherokee felt about leaving their homeland.

Section 3

We wish to remain on the land of our fathers.We have a perfect and original right to

remain without interruption or molestation. Thetreaties with us, and laws of the United Statesmade in pursuance of treaties, guaranty our resi-dence and our privileges, and secure us againstintruders. Our only request is, that these treatiesmay be fulfilled, and these laws executed.

But if we are compelled to leave our country, wesee nothing but ruin before us. The country west ofthe Arkansas territory is unknown to us. From whatwe can learn of it, we have no prepossessions in itsfavor. All the inviting parts of it, as we believe, arepreoccupied by various Indian nations, to which ithas been assigned. They would regard us as intrud-ers, and look upon us with an evil eye. The far great-er part of that region is, beyond all controversy, badlysupplied with wood and water; and no Indian tribecan live as agriculturalists without these articles. Allour neighbors, in case of our removal, though crowd-ed into our near vicinity, would speak a language to-tally different from ours, and practice different cus-toms. The original possessors of that region are nowwandering savages lurking for prey in the neighbor-hood. They have always been at war, and would beeasily tempted to turn their arms against peacefulemigrants. Were the country to which we are urgedmuch better than it is represented to be, and were itfree from the objections which we have made to it,still it is not the land of our birth, nor of our affec-tions. It contains neither the scenes of our childhood,nor the graves of our fathers. . . .

It is under a sense of the most pungent feelingsthat we make this, perhaps our last appeal to thegood people of the United States. It cannot be thatthe community we are addressing, remarkable forits intelligence and religious sensibilities, and pre-eminent for its devotion to the rights of man, willlay aside this appeal, without considering that westand in need of its sympathy and commiseration.We know that to the Christian and to the philan-thropist the voice of our multiplied sorrows and

fiery trials will not appear as an idle tale. In our ownland, on our own soil, and in our own dwellings,which we reared for our wives and for our littleones, when there was peace on our mountains andin our valleys, we are encountering troubles whichcannot but try our very souls. But shall we, onaccount of these troubles, forsake our beloved coun-try? Shall we be compelled by a civilized andChristian people, with whom we have lived in per-fect peace for the last forty years, and for whom wehave willingly bled in war, to bid a final adieu to ourhomes, our farms, our streams and our beautifulforests? No. We are still firm. We intend still tocling, with our wonted affection, to the land whichgave us birth, and which, every day of our lives,brings to us new and stronger ties of attachment.We appeal to the judge of all the earth, who willfinally award us justice, and to the good sense of theAmerican people, whether we are intruders uponthe land of others. Our consciences bear us witnessthat we are the invaders of no man’s rights—wehave robbed no man of his territory—we haveusurped no man’s authority, nor have we deprivedany one of his unalienable privileges. How thenshall we indirectly confess the right of another peo-ple to our land by leaving it forever? On the soilwhich contains the ashes of our beloved men wewish to live—on this soil we wish to die. . . .

from “Memorial of the Cherokee Nation,” as reprinted inNile’s Weekly Register, August 21, 1830.

Activity Options1. What reasons do the Cherokee give for remain-

ing in their homeland?2. Which of those reasons do you find most persua-

sive? the least persuasive? Explain.3. The Cherokee Nation finally took its case to the

Supreme Court, but like its appeal to the presi-dent, the Congress, and the American people,these efforts also failed. What else do you thinkthe Cherokee could have done to prevent beingforced from their homeland?

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LITERATURE SELECTION from The President’s Ladyby Irving Stone

In this excerpt from the novel, Andrew and Rachel Jackson travel to Washingtonwith Andrew’s nephew Andy and his wife Emily to await the outcome of the 1824presidential election, the first in which voters—not Congress—elected the presi-dent. What emotions do the Jacksons experience before and after the election?

Section 3

They were scheduled to leave for WashingtonCity during the first week in November.

Rachel found herself with a packing problem. Howlong was she to be gone: four months or four years?Did she take only winter clothes, or summerclothes as well? Should she have Sarah Bentleymake an inaugural gown in Nashville? Should shekeep the house open and running so they couldcome back to it at the end of March, or cover thefurniture and put away the silver, china and linens?Did she interrupt her son’s term at school and takehim with her, or did she leave him behind?

There was no use going to anyof Andrew’s friends for information:they had already moved her intothe White House, even the usuallylevelheaded John Overton. But shehad learned from experience thatfor the Jacksons fulfillment rarelycame when anticipated; generally itwas achieved later, when it had lostmuch of its meaning and savor. Sherecalled how eagerly Andrew hadwanted to be appointed governor ofLouisiana back in 1804, and howsure everyone was that PresidentJefferson would give him theappointment; she rememberedhow terribly he had wanted to be judge of the Mississippi Territory, and how certainhe was that he would get it; she recalled how hehad been kept out of Canada during the War of1812 by an Administration that was desperate forcommanding generals, only to be sent to Natchezand then dismissed without firing a shot.

When had he ever achieved anything the easyway? Why should they expect a smooth passage tothis highest office in the land when even their sim-plest ambitions had taken years of disappointment,frustration and defeat? . . .

At eleven o’clock on December 7 they crossedthe bridge which led into Washington from

Virginia. Rachel pointed out to Emily the BulfinchDome of the Capitol. They made their way up a dirtroad called Pennsylvania Avenue. When they passedthe White House Rachel said to Emily, “That’swhere Mr. and Mrs. Monroe live.” Emily leaned outthe window, gazing rapturously at the structure.

“And where the four of us are going to live!”O’Neale’s Tavern at the corner of Pennsylvania

Avenue and Twenty-first Street had changed handsand was now known as the Franklin House. Rachel

and Andrew had a comfortablesuite of bedroom and parlor, whileAndy and Emily had a considerablysmaller one. Rachel was concernedover the fact that these two suitescost them a hundred dollars aweek, including their meals.

“I’ve just found a good reason tohope you are elected, Andrew. Therent at the White House should besomewhat cheaper than it is here.”

Andrew shook his head, smilingironically.

“Not really. Mr. Monroe tellsme he is going out poor and dissat-isfied.”

“And that’s the office for which you, Mr. Adams, Mr. Crawford and Mr. Clay arebattling so furiously!”

“Maybe it’s part of the genius of this form of government that men want to serve in thehighest offices, knowing that they will come out im-poverished and tender from the many beatings. . . .”

On December 16, the results from the last stateto vote, Louisiana, reached Washington.

Andrew had the largest popular vote, 152,901; Mr.Adams came in second with 114,023; Mr. Clay

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She had learnedfrom experience thatfor the Jacksons ful-fillment rarely camewhen anticipated;generally it was

achieved later, whenit had lost much of

its meaning andsavor.

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47,217 and Mr. Crawford 46,979. In the electoralvotes by states Andrew had a decisive lead also: 99to Adams’s 84, with Crawford showing a surprising41 to eliminate Mr. Clay from the race. Because noone candidate had achieved a majority the electionwould go into the House. Andrew’s supporterswere certain he would be selected: after all, themost people had wanted him, and the most states:he had the electoral votes of eleven states andneeded only two more for a majority. With Mr.Clay out, the Kentucky legislature adopted a reso-lution recommending that their representative inthe House support Mr. Jackson; the Missouri rep-resentative declared that since the people of hisstate wanted Clay first and Jackson second, he con-templated casting his vote for General Jackson;Ohio should be his, too, for he had received only afew votes less than Clay, with Mr. Adams runningan unpopular third.

In January there were blizzards and snowstormswhich brought Rachel down with a cold. TheSenate was in session and Andrew attended faithful-ly each day. Old friends came in for dinner. ThoughAndrew refused to let them joinpolitics with their food, they werenevertheless surrounded by in-trigue: if he would make certainpromises, commit himself as towhom he would name Secretary ofState, the presidency could be his.There were rumors to the effectthat Henry Clay had made such abargain with John Quincy Adams,Mr. Clay to throw all of his influenceand votes to Mr. Adams in returnfor Mr. Adams’s appointment of Mr.Clay as Secretary of State. JohnEaton was disturbed, but Andrewdid not take it seriously.

“Mr. Adams is an honest manand a good man. He would not engage in a corruptbargain. If he gets the majority of votes in the House, I will be content. He was my first choice,anyway.”

They awakened on the morning of February 9,the day of decision, to find snow falling heavily.Andrew donned a greatcoat and boots and left thehotel in time to reach the Capitol by noon, so thathe might participate in the senatorial count whichwould name John Calhoun as vice-president. WhenRachel asked if he were intending to remain after

the Senate adjourned and the House took its seatto vote for president, he replied that he did notthink it proper for him to be in the House whilethe members were being polled.

He was back shortly after one o’clock, orderingdinner sent up to their room so they could avoid themilling crowds below in the tavern. The first coursehad just been set on their parlor table when Andycame in, the expression on his face clearer than anymarked ballot: Mr. Adams had been elected on thefirst count! By prodigious efforts and brilliantmaneuvering Henry Clay, singlehanded, had swungKentucky, Ohio and Missouri behind Adams.

John Eaton stormed in, his face black with dis-appointment and chagrin, and proceeded to giveHenry Clay a thorough castigation. Andrew heardhim out, then said quietly:

“That’s not altogether fair to Mr. Clay, John. Hehas a right to throw his influence to the man hethinks best for the job. You remember he onceaccused me, right on the floor of the House, ofbeing a ‘military chieftain who would overthrow theliberties of the people.’ ”

That evening they attended thelast of President Monroe’s regularWednesday levees [receptions].Andrew congratulated Mr. Adamscordially. While riding back to thehotel in the Jackson carriage, JohnEaton commented on how quietthe city was: no bonfires, no victorycelebrations or cheering crowds.

“They wanted you, General,”Eaton concluded morosely. “Theyfeel cheated.”

But nothing could shakeAndrew’s calm acceptance. For herown part, Rachel was content. Onthe whole it had been a decentelection; the predictions that the

Republic would fall into ruin because its ChiefExecutive was to be chosen by popular vote hadfailed to materialize; and so had her own fears ofbeing pilloried by the opposition.

Back in their suite with a log fire crackling onthe hearth, they had a hot toddy with Andy andEmily.

“How much longer do you think we will be inWashington, Uncle Andrew?” asked Andy anxiously.“I must be getting back to Nashville and startingmy practice. I’ve got a bride to support, you know.”

Name The President’s Lady continued

On the whole it hadbeen a decent elec-tion; the predictions

that the Republicwould fall into ruin

because its ChiefExecutive was to bechosen by popularvote had failed to

materialize.

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“Your uncle and I have a wedding present foryou that will make things a little easier,” saidRachel, knowing how disappointed the two young-sters had been at Andrew’s defeat. “We are going togive you the Sanders plantation.”

There were expressions of joy and much embrac-ing before the young couple left for their rooms.Despite the fire, the room waschilly; Andrew wrapped a blanketabout Rachel’s legs, tucking itunder her feet.

“Well, Rachel, my dear, I tried tomake you First Lady of the land. Youare not too disappointed, are you?”

She smiled inwardly, ran her fin-gers over the bony ridge of his face.

“Whatever disappointment Imay feel is for you.”

“Well, then, I’ll be happy to getback to the Hermitage.”

“For how long?” she asked soft-ly. “ . . . until the next election?”

His eyes met hers. They were stern.“I will be fifty-eight in a month. Mr. Adams is cer-

tain to serve the regular two terms. Surely you don’tthink at the age of sixty-six . . . ? This is forever!”

He used that word to me at home, thought Ra-chel, but this time he means it. Perhaps at long lasthe will be content to remain a gentleman planter.

Forever lasted five days. On February 14,President-elect Adams offered the post of Secretaryof State to Henry Clay. All hell broke loose, inWashington and across the nation . . . and particu-larly in their two rooms in the Franklin House.People came and went continually, all passionatelyprotesting against what now appeared to have beena swap of votes for office.

Every ounce of Andrew’s calm and acceptancevanished. She knew from the sense of outrage thatshook his long lean frame that nothing in histumultuous career, always excepting the maraud-ings of the British, had ever made him so utterlydetermined to avenge a wrong. As he stood in thefar corner of the room surrounded by his mostardent supporters, she heard him cry:

“So the Judas of the West has closed the con-tract and will receive the thirty pieces of silver?The end will be the same. Was there ever wit-nessed such a bare-faced corruption before?”

A dozen voices answered him at once.“But surely Mr. Clay will know that the whole

country is outraged?” “He can’t be so stupid as toaccept . . .”

“What, refuse his part of the booty?” Andrew’svoice, as it penetrated to her, was shrill and cold.“But he must go before the Senate for confirma-tion. By the Eternal, gentlemen, I still have a votethere, and I pledge you my word that I shall

unboosom myself. This barter of votes is sheer bribery, and ifallowed to continue will destroy ourform of government.”

Three weeks later, in a slantingrainstorm, the family left the capi-tal, all four riding in the carriagewith the extra horses tied behind.Andrew was silent, his head on hischest, his eyes closed; he was stillsmarting from his defeat in theSenate where he had been able togarner only fourteen votes againstthe appointment of Mr. Clay. She

had persuaded him that, as a matter of form, heshould attend the inauguration. He had complainedto her that Mr. Adams “had been escorted to theCapitol with the pomp and ceremony of guns anddrums, which is not consistent with the character ofthe occasion.” However he had been among thefirst to shake hands with Mr. Adams, and hadadministered the oath to Calhoun, the new Vice-President, in the Senate.

As the carriage passed the boundary ofWashington City she felt him stiffen at her side. Heturned in his seat, gazing long and hard at the capi-tal. In his expression she saw the unshatterableresolve she had known so well during the yearsleading up to the Battle of New Orleans.

He brought his face around to hers.“We’ll be back.”

Discussion Questions1. What range of emotions do the Jacksons experi-

ence before and after the election?2. Why does Andrew Jackson lose the election?3. In your opinion, who should have won the 1824

presidential election? Cite evidence from theexcerpt and from your textbook to support youropinion.

4. Compare current U.S. politics with the politics ofthe 1800s, as represented in this novel excerpt.

Name The President’s Lady continued

On February 14,President-elect

Adams offered thepost of Secretary ofState to Henry Clay.All hell broke loose,in Washington andacross the nation.

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CHAPTER 7 GUIDED READING The Age of Jackson

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