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Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3
37

Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Jan 14, 2016

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Page 1: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Chapter 7

Cell Structure and Function

Unit 3

Page 2: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Cytology: the study of cells

Page 3: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Robert Hooke

Page 4: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Robert Hooke

• Mid-1600s• England• Used microscope to

observe living tissues• Named chambers

“cells”

Page 5: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Sketches from Micrographia

Page 6: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

• Mid-1600s• Holland• Used hand lens

microscope to observe pond water

• Observed microscopic life

Page 7: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Leeuwenhoek Microscope

Page 8: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Leeuwenhoek painting by Robert A. Thom

This painting appeared in "Great Moments in Medicine" published by Parke Davis & Company, in 1966.

Page 9: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

German cell biologists1830s: Matthias Schleidan: concluded all plants made from cells

1830s: Theodor Schwann: concluded that all animals made from cells

Page 10: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Rudolph Virchow

• 1855• Germany• New cells can only be

produced from existing cells, confirmed by French scientist Louis Pasteur

Page 11: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Pasteur painting by Robert A. Thom

This painting appeared in "Great Moments in Medicine" published by Parke Davis & Company, in 1966.

Page 12: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Lynn Margulis

• Organelles in larger, complex cells may have been free-living prokaryotic cells in the past.

Page 13: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Cell theory• Cells are made from

preexisting cells.• Cells are the smallest

units of life.• All living things are

made from at least one cell.

Cells dividing

Page 14: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Properties of life• Metabolism

• Homeostasis

• Growth & reproduction

• Cellular basis

Page 15: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Microscopy

• the use of microscopes to study cells

• Different types of microscopes– Light microscope– Transmission electron

microscope– Scanning electron

microscope

Page 16: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.
Page 17: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Light microscope

• visible light passes through specimen glass lenses

Sample of light microscope image (cork):

Page 18: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Transmission electron microscope

• TEM

• studies cellular interiors

Sample of TEM image:

Page 19: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Scanning electron microscope

• SEM

• studies cellular surfaces

Sample of SEM image:

Page 20: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Cellular basis of life

• Multicellular: organisms made up of more than one cell– Ex: protist, fungus, plant, animal

• Unicellular: organisms made up of only one cell– Ex: bacteria, protist, fungus

Page 21: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

To be a cell…• Plasma membrane: cell membrane,

made of 2 layers of phospholipids• Cytoplasm: carbohydrate and water

based solution that suspends all internal parts of the cell

• Ribosomes: produces proteins• DNA: genetic material made of nucleic

acids

Page 22: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Two types of cells• Prokaryote: bacteria, archaebacteria

• Eukaryote: protist, fungus, plant, animal

Page 23: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Prokaryotic cell• No nucleus

• No organelles

• Small

• Simple

• Plasma membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, DNA

Page 24: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Prokaryotic cell• Capsule: durable outer covering that

some bacteria have for protection against water, acids, and viruses

• Flagella: movement

• Cell wall: protective layer around plasma membrane

• Pili: anchoring and DNA exchange

Page 25: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Eukaryote• Complex• 4 basic components +

organelles• Organelles: small

compartments that carry out specialized functions within a cell

• Many variations

Page 26: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

CytoskeletonCell membrane

Endoplasmicreticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes Mitochondrion

Page 27: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Microtubules

• Internal support system (like mini-skeleton)

• Helps with muscle contractions

Page 28: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Smooth ER

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• produces lipids

Page 29: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Rough ER

• dotted with ribosomes, packages proteins made by ribosomes

Page 30: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Golgi apparatus (body)

• Modify, package, and sort protein packages for secretion, outside of cell

Page 31: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Mitochondria

• Organelle responsible for breaking down glucose molecules into ATP energy molecules

Page 32: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Chloroplast

• Organelle in plants and algae that produces sugar molecules by photosynthesis

Page 33: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Lysosome

• Organelle that produces enzymes to destroy foreign molecules and waste

Page 34: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

• Organelle that stores water, salt, food or waste

Vacuole

Page 35: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Nucleus

• Stores DNA

• DNA helps to regulate protein production.

• Proteins regulate cellular activity.

Page 36: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Plant Cell

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Page 37: Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.

Animal Cell

Animal Cell

Centrioles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)