Chapter 6.3 WASH 6.3.0 Policy Framework - Punjab, Pakistan 6.3 Wash.pdf6.3.2 Performance and Indicators of key WASH Outcomes ˚is section focuses on the performance of WASH sector

6.3.0 Policy Framework

6.3.1 WASH after 18th Amendment

Against the backdrop of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Government of Punjab has endeavored to adopt a holistic approach towards solving the issues of water and sanitation facilities in the province. Subsequently, there has also been a signi�cant increase in government funds allocated towards the areas of water and sanitation. Evidence of this is seen in the increase in the budget allotted to water and sanitation by 50 percent within a span of a year: from around Rs.24 billion to Rs.36 billion in the �nancial year 2015-16. Moreover, the Planning and Development body of Punjab has also proposed to allocate an additional funding of Rs.40 billion per year for the sector for the next 10 years.

Nonetheless, concerns with regards to over-exceeding proposed budgets are valid and must be taken into account. Over-all expenditure directed towards development within the province directs approximately 10 percent of its total allocated amount towards water supply and sanitation. Assuming that 80 percent of urban areas and 65 percent of rural areas are covered with piped water (with an estimated cost of about Rs.217 billion), and 82 percent of urban areas and 70 percent of rural areas are covered with underground drains (with an estimated cost about Rs.205 billion), the total cost averages out to around Rs.423 billion for the period 2014-24 which roughly implies 50 percent for water supply and 50 percent for sanitation (sewerage and drainage). �is estimates an annual expense of around Rs. 42 billion compared to the announced Rs.30 billion per year in development funding for the sector for the next 10 years. Despite this �nancial challenge, the Government of Punjab has already invested about Rs.12 billion annually up till 2013-2014 in water supply, sanitation and other municipal development sectors.

Not withstanding glaring �nancial constraints and other challenges, the water and sanitation indicators in the province of Punjab have demonstrated a considerable degree of consistency and, compared to other provinces, have shown satisfactory results. A comparison of Punjab with the other provinces can be drawn using the statistics of safe drinking water and access to sanitation mentioned in the Punjab Sector Development Plan 2014-24. Pakistan’s target of safe drinking water coverage is 93 percent, and it has only achieved 89 percent coverage up till now whereas in Punjab, 94 percent of the population already has access to improved drinking water1. Additionally, Pakistan targeted a coverage of 90 percent in terms of access to sanitation and it has only achieved 72 percent coverage of the entire population, whereas Punjab, with the similar target, has been able to provide access to sanitation to 78 percent of its population. Furthermore, the government of Punjab has also taken several other targeted measures in order to further improve the access of water and sanitation facilities throughout the province.

In the year 2011, for instance, the Government of Punjab introduced the Punjab Drinking Water Policy. �e objective of this policy has been to improve rural water supply and to create awareness about clean drinking water amongst people. Following from this, was the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Sector Development Plan introduced from 2012 up till 2014. �e purpose of WASH Sector Development Plan was to improve water supply and quality along with sanitation and wastewater management in the province. Subsequently, the government introduced the Punjab Sanitation Policy in 2015, the purpose of which was to improve access to sanitation facilities in both urban and rural areas. �is policy has also served to involve communities in such initiatives and to invest in public toilets so that open defecation may be reduced. Subsequent chapters of this report will attempt to analyze these di�erent policy actions in light of various key trends and recommend policy actions for the future.

�e objectives of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector development plan, as outlined by the Punjab Annual Development Report (ADR) included indicators related to water supply, water quality, and sanitation and waste-water management. In order to explore the e�cacy of these initiatives, this section focuses primarily upon the institution-al structure pertaining to the implementation of the WASH development plan. It also focuses on the Punjab Local Government Act 2013 which was the �rst comprehensive act post devolution and summarizes the key governing bodies in charge of water and sanitation in the process. Furthermore, this section also discusses the proposed management struc-ture for WASH under the Local Governments Act of 2013, thus outlining a number of key challenges as well as potential opportunities that this initiative faces.

Chapter 6.3

WASH

1Mul�ple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2014

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Institutional Structure

At the provincial level, the two main departments responsible for water, sanitation and housing are the Urban Develop-ment and Public Health Engineering Department (HUD & PHED) and Local Government and Community Develop-ment Department (LG & CDD). City District Governments are responsible for carrying out water and sanitation func-tions through Water and Sanitation Agencies (WASAs) and Solid Waste Management Companies. Town/Tehsil Munici-pal Administrations (TMAs) take care of both rural and urban water and sanitation within their respective tehsils. Coor-dination between these two departments is improving gradually. However, there is much that needs to be done in order to bring it up to an optimal level. Several national and international partners have collaborated with the Government; these include UNICEF, WSP, WaterAid, WSCC, Plan International, RSPN, UN-HABITAT and IRSP.

Legislation

Apart from the various federal legislations and policies related to water and sanitation, such as the Pakistan Environ-mental Protection Act 1997 and the amendment to the Environmental Protection Act 1997 in 2012, the main legisla-tion at present governing drinking water and sanitation is the Punjab local Government Act 2013. �e main purpose of this legislation is to systematize the various branches of the provincial government that deal with water and sanita-tion. �is has received more importance after 2011 because of legislations such as the 18th amendment. �e following table lists the key responsibilities concerning water and sanitation.

Figure 1: Ins t-upFigure 1: Ins�tu�onal Set-up

Source: Drinking Water sanita�on and Hygiene: Punjab Sector Development Plan, 2014-24

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Table 1: Punjab Local Government Act 2013

Sanit ry disposal of solid, liquid, industrial and hospital wsastes

Source: drinking water, sanita hygiene: Punjab Sector Development Plan, 2014–24

Table 1: Punjab Local Government Act 2013

Source: drinking water, sanita�on and hygiene: Punjab Sector Development Plan, 2014-24

�ere are several other acts that are currently under review, such as the Punjab Municipal Water Act, which propos-es the setting as well as control of standards of water quality. �e central focus of these acts is the implementation of the main themes outlined under the institutional structure of the WASH program.

Management Structure, Opportunities and Challenges

�e proposed management structure under the 18th amendment decentralizes the responsibility of the provision of the WASH sector facilities to the rural and urban areas of the district, tehsil, and Union Council (UC) level local government bodies. �e tehsil municipal administration and UCs serve as critical chains between community orga-nizations such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) and district level organizations.

While there has been gradual movement from the provincial level to the district/elected councils level, this process is still in transition, and the WASH program is facing numerous challenges. For instance, various provincial depart-ments responsible for the implementation of the WASH program are in dire need of an integrated approach for the

purpose of envisioning and subsequently, designing common implementation plans that are owned by multiple departments and supported by all major support organizations. Currently, issues with regards to speci�c coordina-tion arrangements within and between di�erent committees exist in the province where stakeholders share their perspectives and initiatives, but there is no single coordinating body that manages the �ow of these perspectives and initiatives from one sub sector to another. Subsequently, there is a lack of cohesion and management, and information is transferred and relayed sluggishly. �ere needs to be a speci�c mechanism that assumes the responsi-bility of transferring information and agendas within and between WASH stakeholders, while ensuring that stake-holders collaborate and engage with one another.

In addition, the WASH program su�ers from a host of other challenges. For instance, the program faces major vertical and horizontal coordination barriers amongst speci�c stakeholders. Consequently, there is a need to high-light and pinpoint the exact objectives of each sub-organization within the program in order to ensure that overlap remains limited and stakeholder organizations function e�ciently. Additionally, lack of institutional linkages may also lead to a lack of uniformity and standardization within the WASH program. In other words, the implementa-tion of the WASH program may face non-uniformity in its implementation across various districts: some organiza-tions are limited in their scope with regards to geographical districts and subsequent activities taking place within those districts or sectors. �e WASH program may therefore have gaping holes where these organizations lack data. Subsequently, there needs to be a greater degree of coordination as well as consultation amongst district level departments in order to ensure that inadequacies are kept to the minimum. A bene�cial step may involve conduct-ing these consultations under the guidance of the local government. Part C of the Punjab Government rules of business encourages consultation from di�erent departments of the Punjab Government such as Chief Minister’s inspection team, Home department, Consultation with Finance Department, etc. �e WASH sector can capitalize on the consultation of the di�erent departments of Punjab to increase the e�ciency of their schemes. �ere is also a need for capacity building of the sta� involved in the WASH sector, including professionals, managers, and administrators.

Concentrating on the challenges that need to be tackled in order to ensure the successful implementation of the WASH project, this report’s main recommendation would be to make the existing committees functional and to establish a provincial-level steering committee and a program management unit on the WASH program while encouraging coordination, and monitoring and evaluation of water sanitation interventions within the provinces. Upon consultation with academia and professionals, special committees working under di�erent sectors of the WASH program should be established in order to design better policies and direct interventions. To achieve long-term and sustainable ful�lment of the goals of the WASH program, a well thought out plan with complete and adequate details of both actual and committed �nancial resources needs to be drawn which is in line with the Punjab Drinking Water Road Map and Punjab Road Map for Clean Cities i.e. a clean environment with sustain-able sources of water and energy.

P U N J A B ECONOMIC | REPORT

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6.3.2 Performance and Indicators of key WASH Outcomes

�is section focuses on the performance of WASH sector based on the key indicators from the MICS survey. A compari-son is drawn between the key WASH indicators in the MICS 2008 survey and compared with the MICS 2014 to identify any shifts due to the implementation of the program.

A change in the source of water supply is reported from the previous survey indicating a fall in the usage of hand pumps to access groundwater to 31 percent in 2014 from 32 percent in the 2007-08 survey. In 2014, 39.1 percent of the house-hold in urban areas and 9.7 percent of the population in the rural areas of Punjab used piped water as a source of drinking water, compared to 38.9 percent and 11.1 percent respectively in 2008. In total, only 19.3 percent of the households of Punjab had access to clean drinking water from piped sources in 2014 as compared to 19.8 percent in 2008. �is decrease can mainly be attributed to the increase in use of underground sources of water for drinking purposes. �ere has been a relatively larger shift to motorized pumps with 41 percent in 2014 compared to 39 percent in 2008 which may not be the result of better water management strategy as part of the WASH plan; overall increase in self provision through motorized pumps or hand pumps is not a good signal as this will lead to the depletion of water resources. �e use of other sources of water such as protected wells or springs, public taps, etc. have remained constant over the years. Other alterna-tive sources of water, which did not exist in the MICS 2007-08 survey, such as access to water through small tanks and drums, have gone up to 4 percent. �ese patterns are shared in Table 2.

�ere are several other acts that are currently under review, such as the Punjab Municipal Water Act, which propos-es the setting as well as control of standards of water quality. �e central focus of these acts is the implementation of the main themes outlined under the institutional structure of the WASH program.

Management Structure, Opportunities and Challenges

�e proposed management structure under the 18th amendment decentralizes the responsibility of the provision of the WASH sector facilities to the rural and urban areas of the district, tehsil, and Union Council (UC) level local government bodies. �e tehsil municipal administration and UCs serve as critical chains between community orga-nizations such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) and district level organizations.

While there has been gradual movement from the provincial level to the district/elected councils level, this process is still in transition, and the WASH program is facing numerous challenges. For instance, various provincial depart-ments responsible for the implementation of the WASH program are in dire need of an integrated approach for the

purpose of envisioning and subsequently, designing common implementation plans that are owned by multiple departments and supported by all major support organizations. Currently, issues with regards to speci�c coordina-tion arrangements within and between di�erent committees exist in the province where stakeholders share their perspectives and initiatives, but there is no single coordinating body that manages the �ow of these perspectives and initiatives from one sub sector to another. Subsequently, there is a lack of cohesion and management, and information is transferred and relayed sluggishly. �ere needs to be a speci�c mechanism that assumes the responsi-bility of transferring information and agendas within and between WASH stakeholders, while ensuring that stake-holders collaborate and engage with one another.

In addition, the WASH program su�ers from a host of other challenges. For instance, the program faces major vertical and horizontal coordination barriers amongst speci�c stakeholders. Consequently, there is a need to high-light and pinpoint the exact objectives of each sub-organization within the program in order to ensure that overlap remains limited and stakeholder organizations function e�ciently. Additionally, lack of institutional linkages may also lead to a lack of uniformity and standardization within the WASH program. In other words, the implementa-tion of the WASH program may face non-uniformity in its implementation across various districts: some organiza-tions are limited in their scope with regards to geographical districts and subsequent activities taking place within those districts or sectors. �e WASH program may therefore have gaping holes where these organizations lack data. Subsequently, there needs to be a greater degree of coordination as well as consultation amongst district level departments in order to ensure that inadequacies are kept to the minimum. A bene�cial step may involve conduct-ing these consultations under the guidance of the local government. Part C of the Punjab Government rules of business encourages consultation from di�erent departments of the Punjab Government such as Chief Minister’s inspection team, Home department, Consultation with Finance Department, etc. �e WASH sector can capitalize on the consultation of the di�erent departments of Punjab to increase the e�ciency of their schemes. �ere is also a need for capacity building of the sta� involved in the WASH sector, including professionals, managers, and administrators.

Concentrating on the challenges that need to be tackled in order to ensure the successful implementation of the WASH project, this report’s main recommendation would be to make the existing committees functional and to establish a provincial-level steering committee and a program management unit on the WASH program while encouraging coordination, and monitoring and evaluation of water sanitation interventions within the provinces. Upon consultation with academia and professionals, special committees working under di�erent sectors of the WASH program should be established in order to design better policies and direct interventions. To achieve long-term and sustainable ful�lment of the goals of the WASH program, a well thought out plan with complete and adequate details of both actual and committed �nancial resources needs to be drawn which is in line with the Punjab Drinking Water Road Map and Punjab Road Map for Clean Cities i.e. a clean environment with sustain-able sources of water and energy.


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6.3.2.1 Improved source of drinking water

Has there been an improvement in the sources of drinking water due to the WASH program? Under the metric which de�nes improved sources of drinking water, using any of the following types of supply: piped water (into dwelling, compound, yard or plot, to neighbor, public tap/standpipe), tube well/borehole, protected well, protected spring, and rainwater collection, one may argue that there has been a marginal decline from 96 percent of households having access to improved water sources in 2007-08 to 94 percent in 2013-14 (these numbers are calculated by adding rows (1), (2), (3), (5), (6) and (9) in table 2.

According to MICS 2007-08, and 20013-14, the share of rural areas access to an improved source, mainly hand pump and motorized pump, has remained constant at 97 percent. However, in major cities, these numbers have declined from 94.8 percent in 2007-08 to 86.8 percent in 2013-14, while in other urban areas, 91.5 percent of households have improved access to water sources as compared to 97.6 percent in 2007-08. �is is due to the fact that major cities and other urban areas have diverted their usage of piped into dwelling (51.1 percent and 22.3 percent in 2008 to 38.5 percent and 12.0 percent in 2014 respectively) as a source of drinking water, which is an improved source, to Tanker/Cart with small tank (1.8 percent and 0.5 percent in 2008 to 10.6 percent and 7.1 percent in 2014 respectively) as a source of drinking water, which is an unimproved source, hence decreasing the overall improved source of drinking water in major cities and other urban areas. �e following �gure highlights the evolution of improved sources of drinking water in rural, major city and urban area of residence at the macro level:

�e data suggests that from the main sources of drinking water, there has been a deterioration in improved sources in each category, with the magnitude of deterioration and decline di�erent for each region. For example, in rural areas, this number has declined only marginally, the di�erence is negligible; from 94.2 percent to 94.1 percent having access to improved source of drinking water. However, for urban areas, such as major cities, this number has declined from 89.6 percent in 2007-08 to 73.5 percent in 2013-14. Digging deeper, one may also extract the sources of the decline in improved sources per area of residence (or the sources behind the rise in unimproved water usage).

Table 2: Percent Dist s by source of drinking water

Source: Author

Figure 2: Percentage household using improved drinking water sources according to area of residence

Source: Figur 4

Figure 2: Percentage Household using Improved Drinking Water Sources according to Area of Residence

Table 2: Percent Distribu�on of Household Members by Source of Drinking Water

Source: Authors calcula�ons using MICS 2007-08 and 2013-14

Source: Figure plo�ed based on authors calcula�ons usimg MICS 2007-08 and 2013-14


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To this end, the usage of unimproved sources of water has been tabulated, taking into account regions that utilize these sources, as well as the nature of the sources themselves. �e table shows the percentage of household population using unimproved drinking water sources as sources of drinking water. �e chart also attempts to draw a comparison between MICS 2007-08 with 2013-14 across area of residence and nature of source used. Data from the reports produced by MICS show that the percentage of household population using unimproved drinking water sources as sources of drink-ing water increased from 3.2 percent in 2007-08 to 5.6 percent in 2013-14. Going into the speci�cs, the results suggest that while the use of unprotected well has remained constant over time and across area of residence, the reliance on tanker/cart with small drum has become more widespread. For example, of all the sources of water, the reliance on tanker/cart with small drum went up from 0.5 percent in 2007-08 to 1.8 percent in 2013-14. Similar patterns have also been observed across other areas of residence, with urban areas exhibiting a rise of approximately 650 percent reliance on tankers/carts (from 1.2 percent to 9.2 percent).

Comparing the di�erence at district level, in most districts, over 95 percent of the population has access to improved sources of drinking water. Compared to the provincial average of 94.4 percent, Multan has the highest access with approximately 98.2 percent of households using improved sources of drinking water. DG Khan, which had less than 90 percent access to improved sources of drinking water in the 2007-08 survey is now well above the provincial average. However, Faisalabad is on the lower side, as only 82.3 percent households have been re-ported to have improved access to water in 2013-14: this is in sharp contrast to the 94.3 percent households in 2007-08 who had access to improved sources of drinking water. �is is because of an increased trend of the usage of tanker/cart with small tank as a source of drinking water; from 2.7 percent in 2007-08 to 16.4 percent in 2013-14. �is increase in the in�uence of tanker ma�a along with a decrease in the use of motorized pumps as sources of drinking water (from 44.3 percent in 2007-08 to 36.1 percent in 2013-14) lead to a decrease in the percentage of household population in Faisalabad using improved drinking water sources. Table 4 also con�rms this report’s earlier calculations about having access to water, and outlining the overall decline in some cities, which is then re�ected in the overall provincial average as well. Further research is required in order to identify these shifts.

Conclusively, the data highlights that the performance of the water sector of Punjab has been satisfactory and stable.

Table 3: Percent dis ding to main source of drinking water and percentage of household popula oved drinking water sources, Punjab 2007-08 and 2013-14Table 3: Percent distribu�on of household popula�on according to main source of drinking water and percentage of household popula�on using improved drinking water sources, Punjab 2007-08 and 2013-14


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6.3.2.2 Quality of drinking water

Moving onto the quality of drinking water, two important indicators form second part of the WASH Sector Develop-ment Plan 2014-24 which aims to test and monitor water quality. First, the data indicators describing whether house-holds treat water at home to make it safer to drink: boiling, adding bleach or chlorine, water �lters and solar disinfection have been considered to be proper treatment of drinking water. Second, a comparison is drawn between the degree of bacterial contamination over time.

�e number of households that consume untreated water has remained constant at around 94 percent mark, with 93.8 percent households drinking untreated water in 2007-08, compared to 93.6 percent in 2013-14. �ere have been some changes with regards to how households purify water and the most common method of purifying water observed has been boiling, with 2.8 percent households boiling water in 2007-08, compared to 4.1 percent in 2013-14. 2 percent of the households used water �lters in 2007-08 whereas 1.8 percent households used this method in 2013-14.

�ere was a large divide amongst rural and urban areas in water quality levels. As expected, urban households put more emphasis on treating water (14.9 percent in 2007-08 to 14.4 percent in 2014-15) as compared to rural households (2.2 percent in 2007-08 compared to 2.5 in 2013-14). �ere was a signi�cant variation across districts, with a general improvement in the percentage of households treating water. For example, in Lahore, 86 percent of households in 2007-08 and 83.2 percent in 2013-14 used no treatment to purify water. Across treatment methods, boiling water remained the popular choice of water treatment consistently across the time-period 2007-14. �e marginal improvement in the access and quality of drinking water could be attributed to the Punjab Drinking Water Policy 2011.

6.3.2.3 Use of sanitary means for excreta disposal

Other indicators such as access to improved sanitation facilities also highlight similar trends and point to large regional disparity. �ere has been an improvement in access to improved sanitation facilities; according to Punjab MICS 2014, 75.2 percent of the population is living in households with improved sanitation facilities, compared to 69.5 percent in 2008.

Table 4: Percent dis s by source of drinking water (city level)

Source: Author

2007-08 2013-14

Table 5: Percentage household treatment (city level)

Source: Author

2013-14



Table 4: Percent distribu�on of household members by source of drinking water (city level)

Table 5: Percentage household treatment (city level)

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�is positive pattern has been observed across districts as well. At the district level in Punjab, there is a large dispersion in the percentage of the population using improved sanitation facilities, with 90.1 percent of the house-holds in Lahore having access to improved sanitation facilities in 2014, while almost half of the households of districts such as that of Multan did not have access to improved sanitation facilities in 2014. However, apart from Multan, most districts have shown an overall increase in using improved sanitation facilities means of excreta disposal; a pattern which is consistent with the overall improvement witnessed for Punjab. With regards to Multan, the negative change may be attributed to a fall in the percentage of households on the indicator ‘�ush/pour �ush to pit latrine’ (24.1 percent in MICS 2008 to 11.1 percent in MICS 2014). �e overall patterns for the districts, as well as the overall positive percentage change between MICS 2007-08 to 2013-14 are highlighted in column (3). Table 6 highlights these numbers.

Overall Trends in Water and Sanitation indicators

Overall trends in Punjab point towards changes in water and sanitation indicators over the time period under consider-ation. While a minor decrease has been recorded in improved sources of drinking water, there has been an overall increase in the usage of improved sanitation facilities for excreta disposal from 2008 to 14; in 2008, 69.5 percent of the house-holds used improved sanitation facilities whereas the number rose to 75.2 percent in 2014. A combination of both indicators suggests an overall improvement in the quality of water and sanitation across the sample.

Table 6: Percentage household using sanitary means of excrete disposal

Source: Author

MICS 2007-08 MICS 2013-14

and sanitary means of excrete disposal (Punjab)

Source: Figur 4


Source: Figure plo�ed based on authors calcula�ons using MICS 2007-08 and 2013-14

Table 6: Percentage household using sanitary means of excrete disposal

Figure 3: Percentage household using improved drinking water sources and sanitary means of excrete disposal (Punjab)


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What is driving these trends? A closer inspection of the data reveals that this decline is consistent when divided into groups. While these indicators have remained relatively constant in rural areas, access to drinking water and sanitary means of disposal have, in fact, declined in all urban areas and in major cities. �is has contributed to an overall decline in both indicators in these regions. Figure 4 plots these patterns.

�e overall trends over time and across districts may be studied further by using the ranking of districts based on Z-scores (Z scores indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean). Subsequently, a ranking is constructed based on how far a certain district is from the average level within the province. Districts are then ranked over a period of time in order to show how trends change over the years. In addition, this also demonstrates the improvement in water and sanitation well-being over time as well as the dispersion across districts. Figure 5 plots the ranking of these districts over time.

Figure 5 makes clear that there is a lot of dispersion in water and sanitation well-being over time and across districts. Firstly, the vertical distance in graph for a given district highlights the how these indicators have evolved over time. A larger distance implies that there has been a positive or negative change in these indicators for that district over time. For example, Lahore, which is approximately middle of the ranking displays consistent results in the ranking order, as it is ranked 2 based on MICS 2007, and 1 based on MICS 2011 and 2014. However, other districts like Khanewal display considerable improvement in these indicators, ranked 15 based on MICS 2007, 7 based on MICS 2011, but fell to a

Figure 5: Rankings of Districts based on water verage percentage

Source: Author 4

rank of 32 in the latest MICS. �is decrease in water and sanitation well-being may be explained by the �oods of Septem-ber 2014 which a�ected other regions also captured by this index (Vehari, Multan as well as other districts in South Punjab).

Figure 5 also suggests the degree of variation in water and sanitation facilities across districts. In terms of consistency and performance, Gujranwala ranks amongst the top 5 across all the districts, with Kasur, Nankana Sahib, Muza�argarh, and Rajanpur consistently ranking amongst the bottom 5. A closer inspection of the data reveals that this is not due to the rural-urban divide; Faisalabad, despite being relatively urban consistently ranks in the bottom 10. �is is primarily due to lack of improved sources of drinking water in this district. However, further analysis is required in order to examine these variations extensively, as some districts bring anomalous information to light by displaying above-average improved water sources but a worsening of sanitation facilities.

Figure 5: Rankings of Districts based on water and sanita�on well-being average percentage

Figure 4: Percentage household using improved drinking water sources and sanitary means of excreta disposal (Area of residence)

Source: Figur 4

Figure 4: Percentage household using improved drinking water sources and sanitary means of excreta disposal (Area of residence)

Source: Figure plo�ed based on authors calcula�ons using MICS 2007-08 and 2013-14

Source: Authors calcula�ons using MICS 2007-08, 2011 and 2013-14


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6.3.3 Progress against SDGs

6.3.4 WASH Financing

6.3.4.1 Sectoral Overview

In order to extensively analyze the progress made by the WASH program against the Sustainable Development Goals it is important to gauge Punjab’s performance against the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); in particular, the Goal 7 of the MDGs which aims to promote sustainable development with a focus on sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. In terms of national averages, Pakistan is on track with regards to increasing access to improved sources of drinking water (89 percent against the target of 93 percent), and it is o� track with regards to access to sanitation (72 percent against the target of 90 percent). Furthermore, Punjab has achieved the target of improved ‘sources’ of water with 95 percent coverage, whereas it is lagging behind on access to sanitation with an achieve-ment of 78 percent against the target of 90 percent. �is implies that Punjab is in line to achieve Goal 6 of the SDGs which targets achieving universal and equitable access to safe and a�ordable drinking water for all, substantially increas-ing water use e�ciency across all sectors and ensuring sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity, and substantially reducing the number of people su�ering from water scarcity.

However, given the sanitation numbers and statistics - as indicated by the �gures in prior sections - it may be di�cult to achieve Goal 6 of SDGs, which targets access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and ending open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. Nonetheless, the government of Punjab has undertaken numerous initiatives (outlined in this report’s key initiatives) which suggest a strong inclination towards improving water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally, capacity-building support to developing countries in water and sanitation related activi-ties and programs, including water harvesting, desalination, water e�ciency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies. Supporting and strengthening the participation of local communities is necessary for the purpose of improving water and sanitation management.

�e Planning and Development Department of Punjab, in collaboration with Housing Urban Development and Public Health Engineering department (which has been facilitated by UNICEF), has actively o�ered recommendations to concerned departments through various documents, reports, conferences and technical consultation. However, there is a greater need for further strategic direction to guide and steer the process of developing a sector plan and determining and setting priorities.

Bearing in mind the policy framework outlined in this report, as well as the water and sanitation objectives of the WASH program, it is necessary to establish that the Government of Punjab has been steadily increasing its investments in water supply and sanitation.

Figure 6 illustrates these trends since 2009/10 – 2013/14 which show investments rise from PKR 8.9 billion to PKR 36 billion in 2015-16 (including the investment on Saaf Paani which was PKR 10 billion). Current revenue expenditure has also increased during this period, primarily due to salaries and utilities. As highlighted, the Government of Punjab set aside PKR 10 billion for clean water in 2015-16 as part of special projects, beyond the total sectoral allocation of PKR 26 billion. Overall, the increase in development revenue expenditure has been modest from 9 billion in 2009-10 to an allocation of PKR 36 billion in 2015-16, and it is expected to experience some growth for 2016-17 and 2017-18. �is implies that Pakistan is one of the top 10 countries by total WASH expenditure between 2009 and 2016.

Figure 5 makes clear that there is a lot of dispersion in water and sanitation well-being over time and across districts. Firstly, the vertical distance in graph for a given district highlights the how these indicators have evolved over time. A larger distance implies that there has been a positive or negative change in these indicators for that district over time. For example, Lahore, which is approximately middle of the ranking displays consistent results in the ranking order, as it is ranked 2 based on MICS 2007, and 1 based on MICS 2011 and 2014. However, other districts like Khanewal display considerable improvement in these indicators, ranked 15 based on MICS 2007, 7 based on MICS 2011, but fell to a

rank of 32 in the latest MICS. �is decrease in water and sanitation well-being may be explained by the �oods of Septem-ber 2014 which a�ected other regions also captured by this index (Vehari, Multan as well as other districts in South Punjab).

Figure 5 also suggests the degree of variation in water and sanitation facilities across districts. In terms of consistency and performance, Gujranwala ranks amongst the top 5 across all the districts, with Kasur, Nankana Sahib, Muza�argarh, and Rajanpur consistently ranking amongst the bottom 5. A closer inspection of the data reveals that this is not due to the rural-urban divide; Faisalabad, despite being relatively urban consistently ranks in the bottom 10. �is is primarily due to lack of improved sources of drinking water in this district. However, further analysis is required in order to examine these variations extensively, as some districts bring anomalous information to light by displaying above-average improved water sources but a worsening of sanitation facilities.


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Punjab spends a signi�cantly large amount on the water and sanitation sector compared to other provinces of Pakistan. �erefore, Punjab is performing well in the water and sanitation sector as compared to the other provinces.

According to the Punjab Sanitation Policy, 2015, the �nancial resources for the WASH sector shall be provided by the Punjab government from its own budget, private sector, donor grants and by tapping community investment with lease loaning from international agencies. However, one of the main area of concern is related to the throw forward of on-go-ing schemes. �e other reason could be attributed to the non-completion of projects and which result in higher throw forward each year. Figure 3.8 highlights that the throw forward of on-going schemes of the sector is greater than the cost of new schemes. �e development portfolio already has a large volume of throw forward with new schemes being added. �ese trends have made the development portfolio of the sector unsustainable and have also resulted in unrealistic over-time which could have dire implications.

Figure 6: Current, development and total expenditure in water supply and sanit on

Source: Planning and Development Department, Government of Punjab, report: Analysis of Annual

Figure 7: Water et, 2015-16

Source: Planning and Development Department, Government of Punjab, report: Analysis of Annual Development Programme 2015-16

�e key indicators of the water and sanitation sector also highlight that the development portfolio of the sector has become unsustainable. For the year 2015-16, the throw forward stands at Rs.43 billion as compared to Rs.27 billion last year, which shows an increase of 60 percent.

Figure 6: Current, development and total expenditure in water supply and sanita�on



Figure 7: Water and Sanita�on Sector Development Budget, 2015-16


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According to the Punjab Sanitation Policy, 2015, the �nancial resources for the WASH sector shall be provided by the Punjab government from its own budget, private sector, donor grants and by tapping community investment with lease loaning from international agencies. However, one of the main area of concern is related to the throw forward of on-go-ing schemes. �e other reason could be attributed to the non-completion of projects and which result in higher throw forward each year. Figure 3.8 highlights that the throw forward of on-going schemes of the sector is greater than the cost of new schemes. �e development portfolio already has a large volume of throw forward with new schemes being added. �ese trends have made the development portfolio of the sector unsustainable and have also resulted in unrealistic over-time which could have dire implications.

�e key indicators of the water and sanitation sector also highlight that the development portfolio of the sector has become unsustainable. For the year 2015-16, the throw forward stands at Rs.43 billion as compared to Rs.27 billion last year, which shows an increase of 60 percent.

Table 7 highlights the development portfolio of the sector in the last few years. A number of worrying trends surface within this portfolio. First of all, while the share of new and on-going schemes in the year 2014-15 and 2015-16 has gone up from 3.18 million to 3.87 million, the number of such schemes has also gone up. In both years, 44 percent of the schemes are new schemes. Similarly, the cost of new schemes may have declined as the government has become more e�cient in securing low-cost schemes. On the other hand, the average cost of the portfolio 2015-16 has decreased signi�-cantly from Rs.156 million to Rs.97 million. Especially for new schemes, the decrease in average costs is signi�cant. However, the average revised allocation for new schemes has decreased signi�cantly from Rs.25 million in 2013-14 to Rs.13 million in 2015-16. �is shows that the completion period for new schemes will prolong and will result in a large volume of throw forward placing a burden on future policy plans.

�e size distribution of schemes, when evaluated by taking into account their total cost, indicates that the cost of majori-ty of on-going schemes amounts to Rs. 100 million (and above) compared to new schemes. Only 110 on-going schemes out of total 509 on-going schemes (which is less than 25 percent of the total) constitute the total cost of Rs.100 million and above; and, cumulatively their total cost is Rs. 34,485 million or 47 percent of the total cost of portfolio of ADP 2015-16. �is shows that the portfolio comprises of schemes with large amounts, which will take time to reach comple-tion. A huge investment will be needed to pay for the throw forward expenditures from last year and to �nance the schemes planned for the current year.

Figure 8: Size of Throw Forward and Cost of New Schemes

Source: Drinking water, sanita hygiene: Punjab Sector Development Plan, 2014-24

Table 7: Development Po olio

going

going

going

going going


Figure 8: Size of Throw Forward and Cost of New Schemes

Table 7: Development Portolio

Source: Drinking water, sanita�on and hygiene: Punjab Sector Development Plan, 2014-24



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�e data suggests that from the main sources of drinking water, there has been a deterioration in improved sources in each category, with the magnitude of deterioration and decline di�erent for each region. For example, in rural areas, this number has declined only marginally, the di�erence is negligible; from 94.2 percent to 94.1 percent having access to improved source of drinking water. However, for urban areas, such as major cities, this number has declined from 89.6 percent in 2007-08 to 73.5 percent in 2013-14. Digging deeper, one may also extract the sources of the decline in improved sources per area of residence (or the sources behind the rise in unimproved water usage).

6.3.5 Key Initiatives and Achievements

�e Government of Punjab has taken a number of initiatives for the implementation of WASH, and their water and sanitation targets in light of SGDs.

Both, institutional support in the form of technology as well as human resource related support was provided by Plan International Pakistan to support the above-mentioned initiatives. Furthermore, a Training of Trainers (TOT) on PATS was conducted at the Punjab Local Government Academy Lalamusa, in which 120 Master trainers were trained compris-ing of LG&CD o�cers from PHQ, sta� from WASH support unit, district o�cers (CO), LG&CD, 75-Secretaries Union Councils, and district o�cers from education, health and social welfare departments. A number of orientation sessions have also been organized in order to familiarize district stakeholders with the project: seven orientation sessions have been conducted at the district level, in which LG&CD sta� from PHQ joined alongside district o�cers (Education, Social Welfare, Health, Auqaf, Information, Public Health Engineering), Union Council secretaries, electronic & print media persons and representatives of local NGOs.

Formation of Village Development Committees (VDC): �e local government and community development departments of the government of Punjab have encouraged community participation initiatives in WASH speci�c areas. Speci�cally, there has been talk of replicating the `Sae-maul Undong model’, which is a South Korean initia-tive that aims to build and empower local communities through the formation of Village Development Commit-tees (VDC). �is has already been implemented in over 9 districts in Punjab and will be scaled up to other districts soon. �ese communities have been active in looking after the health and sanitation in their respective districts, relying on an evidence-based policy as well as policies of capacity building. �e government of Punjab has also supported Union Council secretaries in conducting training sessions at the community level whilst relying on the VDC’s. However, there is little evidence to show the e�ect of these VDC’s, and further work needs to be done in order to highlight them.

Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation: �e department of Local Government & Community Development (LG&CD) has initiated scaling up the Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation (PATS) Project in Punjab in seven districts in collaboration with Plan International Pakistan. �e objectives of the project include:

Taking appropriate measures to upscale the PATS approach in targeted districts;Taking necessary steps for the ODF certi�ed villages to sustain the status;Enhance access of households and schools to sustainable sanitation and WASH facilities;Encourage regular practice among households and students to improve WASH behaviors, particularly hand washing with soap and safe water treatment and storage, improvement of rural sanitation;Capacity building of LG&CD Sta�, institutional strengthening.

1.

2.

Initiatives for Solid Waste Management (SWM):

Development of solid waste management system at the village level relying on the formation of committees shall be promulgated. �ese committees will arrange for the collection of solid waste of the entire village in communal containers which will be placed at suitable locations in the village. Furthermore, large containers will also be placed at suitable locations in the villages for public use.

3.

Punjab Municipal Development Fund Company (PMDFC), as part of the Punjab Municipal Services Improve-ment project funded by the World Bank has developed GIS maps of SWM services (with the assistance of Urban Unit) which aims to map zones and services. Such initiatives illustrate main and secondary collection points and help devise the location of containers, route of trolleys as well as dumping and disposal sites thus enabling e�cient waste disposal and collection.

Lahore Waste Management Company (LWMC) has been established based on a Turkish model and is responsible for solid waste collection, transportation and disposal using modern corporate practices and an integrated SWM approach. Since its inception, the collection e�ciency has increased from 61 percent in the �rst quarter of 2011-12 to 100 percent in the �rst quarter of 2013-14. Other initiatives include, Lakhodair Waste Disposal Facility, Lahore Compost Project, sale of waste contracts, and refuse derived fueled plants. Furthermore, LWMC is using the number of systems for e�cient waste management in Lahore, such as vehicle trip counting systems, vehicle track-ing and management systems, complaint redressed and penalty management systems. �e Lahore model’s success has paved way for the replication of this model in other cities of Punjab, including Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Multan, and Bahawalpur districts.

Figur


Figure 9: Funding alloca�on per scheme



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Capacity Building: �e Punjab Local Government Academy Lala Musa (PLGA) has conducted important stand-alone training for administrators of union councils. It has also hosted training sessions with foreign donors. An important area of training within this program includes WASH: it conducts training sessions designed to capacity building skills of government functionaries, development partners and elected representatives of local governments at the district, tehsil and union council level in Punjab. �ese training programs are penetrative, and could further the goals of WASH. For example, in 2014, it conducted a series of 7 courses, training over 124 participants. Other regular activities o�ered include training programs for UC secretaries, which trained over 475 participants over 17 courses. (WASH training details). However, it is pertinent to mention that these training sessions are not assessment based, and do not track the e�ect on public sector delivery. �ere is no monitoring and evaluation mechanism, which could further �ne-tune these training mechanisms, especially with regards to WASH programs.

Public-Private Partnerships: A public-private partnership can be described as a cooperation between the public and the private sector in which the government and private sector carry out a project together on the basis of an agreed division of tasks and risks, each party retaining its own identity and responsibilities. �e government of Punjab has launched numerous projects under WASH, comprising of agreements with private entities. One such project includes an MoU with a Turkish and Chinese �rm for the purpose of launching a ‘surface water treatment plant at Jhang Branch Canal, Faisalabad’ with the objective of meeting the water de�ciency of the city and avoiding the depletion of ground-water resources via extraction by tube wells. It is pertinent to mention that water is supplied to the city of Faisalabad through extraction by tube wells, which are the primary reason behind water depletion of water resources and the resulting high cost of delivery. Other projects include the construction of a wastewater treatment plant at Madhuana Drain, Faisalabad and the improvement of water supply system in Murree.

Punjab Saaf Pani Companies i.e. North and Southern: �e Khadam-e-Punjab Saaf Pani Program is an initiative which caters towards the provision of clean drinking water in Punjab. It includes the establishment of the ‘Punjab Saaf Pani Company’ as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for the purpose of conceiving, planning, designing, executing and managing projects for the provision of safe drinking water to communities living in its constituent areas. �e Punjab Saaf Pani Company has taken a professional approach towards planning and executing technically sound and socially acceptable water supply solutions so that the schemes it proposes become functional on sustainable grounds. �e process involves following steps:

Evidence-based need assessment mapping of the provinceProcurement of Engineering Management Consultants and Social Mobilization & Engagement Partners (NGOs) through a competitive and transparent processIdenti�cation of the plants/schemes through engineering and social surveys, feasibility studies and detailed engineering designConstruction supervision till commissioning of the plants/schemesOperation & Maintenance with community participation and engagement

Initiatives for Solid Waste Management (SWM):

Development of solid waste management system at the village level relying on the formation of committees shall be promulgated. �ese committees will arrange for the collection of solid waste of the entire village in communal containers which will be placed at suitable locations in the village. Furthermore, large containers will also be placed at suitable locations in the villages for public use.

Punjab Municipal Development Fund Company (PMDFC), as part of the Punjab Municipal Services Improve-ment project funded by the World Bank has developed GIS maps of SWM services (with the assistance of Urban Unit) which aims to map zones and services. Such initiatives illustrate main and secondary collection points and help devise the location of containers, route of trolleys as well as dumping and disposal sites thus enabling e�cient waste disposal and collection.

Lahore Waste Management Company (LWMC) has been established based on a Turkish model and is responsible for solid waste collection, transportation and disposal using modern corporate practices and an integrated SWM approach. Since its inception, the collection e�ciency has increased from 61 percent in the �rst quarter of 2011-12 to 100 percent in the �rst quarter of 2013-14. Other initiatives include, Lakhodair Waste Disposal Facility, Lahore Compost Project, sale of waste contracts, and refuse derived fueled plants. Furthermore, LWMC is using the number of systems for e�cient waste management in Lahore, such as vehicle trip counting systems, vehicle track-ing and management systems, complaint redressed and penalty management systems. �e Lahore model’s success has paved way for the replication of this model in other cities of Punjab, including Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Multan, and Bahawalpur districts.

4.

5.

6.


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2Plan WASH Punjab Sector Development Plan, 2014-24, h�p://www.pndpunjab.gov.pk/system/files/Punjab%20WASH%20Sec-tor%20Development%20Plan%202014-24.pdf

6.3.6 Key Challenges and reform area/recommendations

Keeping in mind the data constraints, a number of key challenges remain:

Budgeting issues: A major issue highlighted when looking at the budgeting numbers outlined in section 6, is �nance related – the amount needed (PKR 64 billion needed in 2015-16, PKR 40 billion needed every year till 2024)2 lies above the development funds committed. It may therefore become necessary to engage international donors or to redirect development funds allocated to other programs, towards WASH if the stated objectives are to be achieved. Another important concern is related to the throw forward of on-going schemes. �e development portfolio already has a large volume of throw forward, while new schemes are added constantly. �ese trends have made the development portfolio of the sector unsustainable and unrealistic overtime, which could have dire impli-cations.

Targeted Interventions: It is necessary to prioritize di�erent objectives within WASH. In particular, allocated fund-ing amounts for water/sanitation objectives should be split adequately. Furthermore, funding requirements across regions and districts need to be identi�ed appropriately. For example, certain regions and/or districts might require a more targeted water policy but not a targeted sanitation policy as they may already have good �ltering programs at home. As mentioned in earlier Chapter 2, which looks at well-being rankings across districts and highlights the

�e Punjab Saaf Pani Company conducts evidence-based need assessments in order to ensure that water supply schemes are feasible and sustainable. �ese assessments have been conducted by a technical working group comprising of o�cials from the Punjab Saaf Pani Company. �e group receives technical assistance and information support of various national and international agencies including UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Proactive Governance Program, Punjab Information Technology Board, the Urban Unit, a team of researchers from Lahore University of Management Sciences, Departments of Public Health Engineering, Health, Local Government & Community Development etc. Based on this exercise, a priority area mapping with multiple indexes of water quality, waterborne diseases, rural water supply coverage and pover-ty has been developed.

Simultaneously, the Punjab Saaf Pani Company (PSPC) is also preparing a Master Plan for sustainable safe drinking water solutions for the rural, semi-rural and peri-urban population of the province in a comprehensive and integrated manner. �is brings the PSPC to the daunting challenge of institutional redesigning of the entire water supply sector in rural and peri-urban areas, which are not covered by Water and Sanitation Agencies in metro cities, or by Town/Tehsil Municipal Administrations in small and medium-sized towns. After a comprehensive planning process, the Punjab Saaf Pani Company has now entered into the implementation phase starting with feasibility survey and identi�cation for execution of schemes in the Bahawalpur Region that consists of district of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalnagar and Lodhran. Along with selecting dysfunctional schemes for rehabilitation and up-gradation, the construction of new water supply schemes, �ltration plants and other solutions have also been proposed. �e physical work on the identi�ed projects in four priority tehsils of Hasilpur, Lodhran, Khanpur and Minchanabad has now been started. �e execution period for water supply solutions in these regions is six-ten months and it is expected to deliver bene�ts from December 2015. �e following initiatives were taken to improve the drinking water system of Punjab:

According to the Planning and Development Department, Government of the Punjab, other initiatives in the process of being rolled out include the following:

PATS Programme being administered by HUD-PHED in 36 districts of PunjabWater Quality mapping is being planned in PunjabWater Metering is being planned in �ve major cities in phases.Design cell has been established in HUD-PHED for cost e�ective solutionsOrganizational assessment of HUD-PHED and WASA taking place for restructuring and capacity developmentMIS for WASH is being developed on android based.

75 schemes for Urban Water Supply schemes160 Urban Sewerage / Drainage schemes340 Rural Water Supply schemes650 Rural Sewerage / Drainage schemes

1.

2.

need for targeting interventions based on comparisons with other districts and provincial averages. Indeed, a number of over-lapping suggestions have been proposed to resolve this issue, especially related to district and area speci�c ventures. �e WASH policy brief recommends devising a formula for distribution of WASH funds at the district and regional (divisional) level, based on poverty measures, WASH access, district size, with three years rolling investment plans. Indeed, this is a welcome �rst step to resolve the inter-regional heterogeneity in the indicators outlined earlier and may even pave the way in resolving intra-district heterogeneity as well.

Wash Indicators: In terms of the WASH indicators and objectives, a number of key initiatives as out-lined in the previous section have been undertaken. However, each of these objectives face a number of challenges:

Water Resources: Strengthen municipal capacities in climate change adaptation, mitigation and resilience, develop rainwater harvesting interventions in mega and intermediate cities with ample precipitation, and increase use of surface water for municipal services.

Drinking Water: Rehabilitate the non/dysfunctional water supply schemes, increase access to tap water including selective use of �ltration plants, introduce innovative approaches like energy e�cient water supply schemes and enhance water storage capacities with regular maintenance.

Water quality: Strengthen periodic water quality testing at source and distribution network with regular chlorina-tion of overhead reservoirs and storage tanks.

Sanitation: Enhance coverage of GIS mapping for sewerage and drainage, ensure optimal sewerage maintenance facilities and equipment, increase coverage for sewerage and drainage, create demand for ending open defecation and replace old and contaminated sewer lines.

Waste management: Make solid waste management an integral component of district WASH plans, implement e�ective and e�cient solid waste management strategies at district or sub district levels as per circumstances, intro-duce waste to energy solutions where feasible and ensure safe disposal of industrial and slaughter waste.


331

Keeping in mind the data constraints, a number of key challenges remain:

Budgeting issues: A major issue highlighted when looking at the budgeting numbers outlined in section 6, is �nance related – the amount needed (PKR 64 billion needed in 2015-16, PKR 40 billion needed every year till 2024)2 lies above the development funds committed. It may therefore become necessary to engage international donors or to redirect development funds allocated to other programs, towards WASH if the stated objectives are to be achieved. Another important concern is related to the throw forward of on-going schemes. �e development portfolio already has a large volume of throw forward, while new schemes are added constantly. �ese trends have made the development portfolio of the sector unsustainable and unrealistic overtime, which could have dire impli-cations.

Targeted Interventions: It is necessary to prioritize di�erent objectives within WASH. In particular, allocated fund-ing amounts for water/sanitation objectives should be split adequately. Furthermore, funding requirements across regions and districts need to be identi�ed appropriately. For example, certain regions and/or districts might require a more targeted water policy but not a targeted sanitation policy as they may already have good �ltering programs at home. As mentioned in earlier Chapter 2, which looks at well-being rankings across districts and highlights the

3.

Long-term planning, engaging �eld experts and dissemination of research �ndings: It is also recognized that government priorities are often driven by political expediency and advocacy of international and national partners based on research and evidence. A number of research institutes and universities in Punjab have conducted research on water, sanitation, wastewater and solid waste management for the province but evidence generated from these studies has not been widely disseminated or used in the planning and execution of WASH programs. �ere is a strong need for identifying a water and sanitation research agenda that feeds into the development of new programs and initiatives of the government of Punjab.

Integrated approach to WASH: A common theme that has emerged from this report is that di�erent provincial departments responsible for WASH are in dire need of developing an integrated approach in order to envision and design common implementation plans that are owned by multiple departments and supported by all major support organizations. Currently issue speci�c coordination arrangements through di�erent committees exist in the province where stakeholders share their perspectives and initiatives, but there is no single coordinating focal point that holds the di�erent sub-sectors together. �ere is a compelling need for a speci�c provincial mechanism that takes the responsibility of coordination with WSH stakeholders and for setting and delivering the agenda of WASH in collaboration with other stakeholders.

4.

5.

need for targeting interventions based on comparisons with other districts and provincial averages. Indeed, a number of over-lapping suggestions have been proposed to resolve this issue, especially related to district and area speci�c ventures. �e WASH policy brief recommends devising a formula for distribution of WASH funds at the district and regional (divisional) level, based on poverty measures, WASH access, district size, with three years rolling investment plans. Indeed, this is a welcome �rst step to resolve the inter-regional heterogeneity in the indicators outlined earlier and may even pave the way in resolving intra-district heterogeneity as well.

Wash Indicators: In terms of the WASH indicators and objectives, a number of key initiatives as out-lined in the previous section have been undertaken. However, each of these objectives face a number of challenges:

Water Resources: Strengthen municipal capacities in climate change adaptation, mitigation and resilience, develop rainwater harvesting interventions in mega and intermediate cities with ample precipitation, and increase use of surface water for municipal services.

Drinking Water: Rehabilitate the non/dysfunctional water supply schemes, increase access to tap water including selective use of �ltration plants, introduce innovative approaches like energy e�cient water supply schemes and enhance water storage capacities with regular maintenance.

Water quality: Strengthen periodic water quality testing at source and distribution network with regular chlorina-tion of overhead reservoirs and storage tanks.

Sanitation: Enhance coverage of GIS mapping for sewerage and drainage, ensure optimal sewerage maintenance facilities and equipment, increase coverage for sewerage and drainage, create demand for ending open defecation and replace old and contaminated sewer lines.

Waste management: Make solid waste management an integral component of district WASH plans, implement e�ective and e�cient solid waste management strategies at district or sub district levels as per circumstances, intro-duce waste to energy solutions where feasible and ensure safe disposal of industrial and slaughter waste.


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Chapter 6.3 WASH 6.3.0 Policy Framework - Punjab, Pakistan 6.3 Wash.pdf6.3.2 Performance and Indicators of key WASH Outcomes ˚is section focuses on the performance of WASH sector

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