Chapter 6 The skeletal system Structural terms – Match the pairs. Definition Term the articular end of a long bone k a) yellow marrow dense bone substance at the outer part of a bone g b) diaphysis the type of bone tissue consisting of lattice-shaped spicules; its structure is usually filled with red bone marrow e c) articular cartilage the shaft of a long bone, consisting of a tube of compact bone enclosing the medullary cavity b d) red bone marrow the cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone containing the marrow i e) spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone the thick fibrous membrane covering a bone h f) endosteum the tissue lining the medullary cavity of a bone f g) compact (cortical) bone the type of bone marrow in which blood cells are produced (the site of hematopoiesis) d h) periosteum the bone marrow that is rich in fat, occurring in adults a i) medullary cavity (canal) the external opening for the entrance of blood vessels in a bone. j j) nutrient foramen a type of hyaline connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of bones c k) epiphysis Page 37 The neurocranium (Cranium cerebrale) consists of 7 bones: frontal bone (os frontale), the bone at the forehead temporal bones (os temporale dextrum et sinistrum) the bones at the temple parietal bones (os parietale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones making up the wall of skull occipital bone (os occipitale): the bone at the back of the skull sphenoidal bone (os sphenoidale): the wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull The facial skeleton (Cranium viscerale) consists of 15 bones: ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale): the sieve-like bone at the cranial base nasal bones (os nasale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones of the nose lacrimal bones (os lacrimale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones at the tear canal zygomatic bones (os zygomaticum dextrum et sinistrum): the yoke-shaped cheek bones Turbinate bones (concha nasalis inferior dextra et sinistra): bones in the nasal cavity vomer : the sharp bone forming the nasal septum palatine bones (os palatinum dextrum et sinistrum): bones of the roof of the mouth maxilla bones(maxilla dextra et sinistra):upper jaw bones mandible bone (mandibula): lower jaw bone
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Chapter 6 The skeletal system
Structural terms – Match the pairs.
Definition Term
the articular end of a long bone k a) yellow marrow
dense bone substance at the outer part of a bone g b) diaphysis
the type of bone tissue consisting of lattice-shaped spicules; its structure is usually filled with red bone marrow
e c) articular cartilage
the shaft of a long bone, consisting of a tube of compact bone enclosing the medullary cavity
b d) red bone marrow
the cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone containing the marrow i e) spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone
the thick fibrous membrane covering a bone h f) endosteum
the tissue lining the medullary cavity of a bone f g) compact (cortical) bone
the type of bone marrow in which blood cells are produced (the site of hematopoiesis)
d h) periosteum
the bone marrow that is rich in fat, occurring in adults a i) medullary cavity (canal)
the external opening for the entrance of blood vessels in a bone. j j) nutrient foramen
a type of hyaline connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of bones
c k) epiphysis
Page 37
The neurocranium (Cranium cerebrale) consists of 7 bones:
frontal bone (os frontale), the bone at the forehead
temporal bones (os temporale dextrum et sinistrum) the bones at the temple
parietal bones (os parietale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones making up the wall of skull
occipital bone (os occipitale): the bone at the back of the skull
sphenoidal bone (os sphenoidale): the wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
The facial skeleton (Cranium viscerale) consists of 15 bones:
ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale): the sieve-like bone at the cranial base
nasal bones (os nasale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones of the nose
lacrimal bones (os lacrimale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones at the tear canal
zygomatic bones (os zygomaticum dextrum et sinistrum): the yoke-shaped cheek bones
Turbinate bones (concha nasalis inferior dextra et sinistra): bones in the nasal cavity
vomer : the sharp bone forming the nasal septum
palatine bones (os palatinum dextrum et sinistrum): bones of the roof of the mouth
maxilla bones(maxilla dextra et sinistra):upper jaw bones
mandible bone (mandibula): lower jaw bone
Page 38
Bones of the trunk - Ossa trunci
The bones of the trunk consist of the spinal column (columna vertebralis) and the bones of the chest (ossa thoracis) The first part of the spinal column is the 7 cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales), of which the 1st one is the atlas, which articulates with the occipital bone and bears the weight of the skull. The 2nd cervical vertebra is the axis or epistropheus, which is so named because it is responsible for the rotational movement of the skull. The 7th cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens) got its name from its longer spinous process. 12 thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) articulates 12 pairs of ribs (costae). The first 7 pairs of ribs are named true ribs (costae verae) because of their individual cartilage connection to the breastbone (sternum). The rest of the ribs are called false ribs (costae spuriae), of which the last 2 are named floating ribs (costae fluctuantes), because they do not connect to the sternum. The 3rd part of the spinal column consists of the 5 lumbar vertebrae (vertebrae lumbales), situated at the lower back or loin. The next part is the fusion of 5 vertebrae named sacrum (os sacrum) that means sacred or sacrificial. The last part is the coccyx (os coccygis) or tailbone, which got its name from its resemblance to the beak of the bird cuckoo.
Page 39
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the upper limb - Ossa extremitatis superioris
The free upper limb is connected to the trunk by the bones of the shoulder girdle, i.e. by the clavicle (_clavicula) and the shoulder blade (scapula). The free upper limb consists of the upper arm bone or humerus, the two bones of the forearm, the medial one is ulna, and the lateral one is radius. The bones of the hand comprise 8 bones of the wrist or carpal bones (ossa carpi), 5 metacarpals (ossa metacarpalia) and the bones of the fingers or phalanges (phalanges manus). Bones of the lower limb – Ossa extremitatis inferioris The free lower limb is connected to the trunk by the pelvic girdle, that is the hip bone (os coxae) and the sacrum. The hip bone consists of 3 fused bones, the upper portion is the ilium (os ilium), the middle part is the pubic bone (os pubis), the lower part is the „sitting bone” or ischium (os ischii). The longest bone of our body is the femur, which joins the hip bone at the hip joint. At the knee joint a flat, round shaped bone, patella is situated. Lower leg comprises the larger medial shinbone (tibia) and a lesser, lateral bone, the fibula. The bones of the foot include 7 tarsal bones (ossa tarsi), 5 metatarsals (ossa _metatrsalia) and the bones of the toes or phalanges pedis
Page 41
2. Group the bones according to the categories.
Cranium Ossa cervicis et trunci Ossa extremitatis superioris
Ossa extremitatis inferioris
os occipitale os sphenoidale, atlas, os parietale, os nasale,
costae verae, sternum, os coccyges, axis, vertebrae lumbales,
1. Put each word from singular into plural and vice versa.
Singular Plural Plural Singular
ulna, ulnae f ulnae venae vena
vertebra, ae f vertebrae laminae lamina
radius, radii m; radii rami ramus
stratum, strati n strata bacteria bacterium
index, indicis m indices cortices cortex
articulatio, onis f; articulations regiones region
auris, auris f; aures bases basis
pelvis, is f; pelves diagnoses diagnosis
cartilago, -inis f; cartilagines tendines tendo
ren, renis m renes extremitates extremitas
corpus, corporis n; corpora crura crus
crus, cruris n; crura foramina foramen
species, speciei f; species facies facies
2. Decide whether the following terms are Singular or Plural, then transform them.
brachium Sing/Plur brachia
phalanges Sing/Plur phalanx
bacilli Sing/Plur phalanx
costae Sing/Plur costa
vertebra Sing/Plur vertebrae
digiti Sing/Plur digitus
3. Anatomical abbreviations (Sing. Nom. and Plur. Nom.)
Abbr. Sing. Nom.
Sing. Nom. Abbr. Plur. Nom.
Plur Nom. English
a. arteria aa. arteriae artery
v. vena vv. venae vein
m. musculus mm. musculi muscle
n. nervus nn. nervi nerve
lig. ligamentum ligg. ligamenta ligament
gl. glandula gll. glandulae gland
Page 50 - Chapter 7 Connections of bones
Structural parts of diarthroses or synovial joints – Identify them.
Page 51 - Terms of movements
Find the appropriate Latin term from above to each of the definitions.
Latin name Definition pronatio 1 A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing
position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.
supinatio 2 The rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.
inversio 3 The movement of the sole towards the median plane, “turning in”
eversio 4 The movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane. “turning out”
circumductio 5 Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path.
rotatio 6 A rotary movement of a bone around its own long axis
adductio 7 A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb.
abductio 8 A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body (or, in the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot)
flexio 9 Closing the angle at a joint
extensio 10 Opening the angle at a joint
dorsalflexio 11 Flexion of the entire foot superiorly, as if taking one's foot off an automobile pedal.
plantarflexio 12 Flexion of the entire foot inferiorly, as if pressing an automobile pedal.
1 caput articulare
2 cavitas articularis
3 facies articularis
4 cartilago articularis
5 cavum articulare
6 synovia
7 capsula articularis
8 ligamentum
Names of synovial joints
1. Identify the joints on the basis of their Latin names.
2. Find the Latin name matching the English description
elbow joint art. cubiti
joint between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae atlantoaxialis
joint between the ankle bone and the bones of lower leg talocruralis
joint between temporal bone and lower jaw temporomandibularis
joints between the bones of the spinal column intervertebralis
knee joint genus
joint of the medial and lateral bone of forearm close to elbow radioulnaris proximalis
joint between the medial and lateral bones of the leg tibiofibularis
joints between the ribs and the vertebrae costovertebralis
joint between the breastbone and the clavicle sternoclavicularis
3 articulatio acromioclavicularis
28 art. atlantoaxialis
27 art. atlantooccipitalis
12 art. carpometacarpea
16 art. costovertebralis
19 art. coxae
5 art. cubiti
20 art. genus
4 art. humeri
6 art. humeroradialis
7 art. humeroulnaris
11 art. intercarpea
14 art. interphalangea manus
26 art. interphalangea pedis
17 art. intervertebralis
13 art. metacarpophalangea
25 art. metatarsophalangea
10 art. radiocarpea
9 art. radioulnaris distalis
8 art. radioulnaris proximalis
18 art. sacroiliaca
2 art. sternoclavicularis
15 art. sternocostalis
23 art. talocruralis
24 art. tarsometatarsea
1 art. temporomandibularis
21 art. tibiofibularis
22 syndesmosis tibiofibularis
Page 53 – Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks in the sentences by choosing from the list below.
Ligament connection of bones is termed as syndesmosis. Articulating surfaces are covered by cartilage
articularis. Joint cavity is filled by synovia, and surrounded by capsula articularis. The cartilage connection
of the pubic bones is symphysis pubica. The bony fusion of the sacrum bone is named synostosis. When a
limb is turned around its own axis it is rotatio, and moving a part so that its end follows a circular path is
major - parvus - serratus - minimus ____________________________
tendo - origo - cartilago - insertio - ____________________________
7. Match the pairs.
Latin English Latin Greek
serratus d a) straight musculus e a) psoa, psoas
sphincter e b) slender, thin lumbus a b) cleid-
levator i c) short fibularis d c) gastr-
rectus a d) saw-tooth shaped clavicula b d) peroneus
magnus h e) closing muscle venter c e) my-, mys-
gracilis b f) laughter
Sartorius j g) long and round
teres g h) big, large
risorius f i) m. that raises
brevis c j) tailor’s
8. Opposite pairs
flexor ↔ extensor
depressor ↔ levator
parvus 3 ↔ magnus
minimus 3 ↔ maximus
abductor ↔ adductor
supinator ↔ pronator
brevis 2 ↔ longus
synergeta ↔ antagonista
insertio ↔ origo
minor ↔ maior
9. Define/translate the highlighted words within the terms.
m. orbicularis oris circular
m. mentalis chin
m. intercostalis internus between the ribs
m. extensor carpi ulnaris m. that opens the
wrist
m. obliquus externus abdominisslanting
m. serratus posterior superior saw-tooth shaped
m. flexor digitorum superficialis closes the fingers
m. biceps femoris two-headed
mm. levatores costarum raising the ribs
mm. interossei palmares between the bones
10. Give the Latin name equivalent of the definition.
transverse m. of the belly m. transversus abdominis the larger pectoral muscle m. pectoralis major
the m. that extends little fingerm. extensor digiti minimi the straight m. of the thigh m. rectus femoris
circular m. of the eye m. orbicularis oculi front m. over the shinbone m. tibialis anterior
11. Fill in the blanks from the list below. You do not need all of them!
Muscles produce movement by contractio. The muscle fibers make up bundles or fasciculus. Muscles or groups of muscles are covered by a sheath orfascia, which is continuous with the fibrous tissue, called tendo that attaches the muscle to a bone. The fixed attachement point of the muscle is origo, the other one that is more mobile is insertio. The muscle that works together with the prime mover or agonist is termed as synergist. The muscle whose contraction opposes the contraction of an other muscle is called antagonist. A flat, wide tendon is called aponeurosis, and the bands that keep tendons in place at the wrist and ankles are named retinaculum.
The name of diseases involving permanent inflammation of muscles is myositis.
All these diseases share the feature of permanent inflammation of muscles involving weakness of muscles,
pain in muscles (myalgia) and sometimes fever.
One of the autoimmune diseases is myasthenia gravis involving severe weaknes of muscles.
cardiomyopathia is the chronic disease of the heart muscles which results in the weakening of the heart
contractions so that the heart is unable to circulate the necessary amount of blood.
Gas gangrene is a disease that causes the death of muscle tissue, and is named Clostridialis myonecrosis.
Myoma is a benign tumour of muscle tissue occurring most frequently in the uterus. The softening of the
heart muscle of the ventricles is termed as myomalacia cordis. Sudden and involuntary contraction of
muscles is named myospasmus, the paralysis of the muscles is termed myoparalysis.
Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word. Are they positive or comparative or
superlative in degree?
major • malus • intimate • pejorative • optimist • pluralist • extreme • plus • pessimist
1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word. Are they positive or comparative or
superlative in degree?
An overwhelming greater force of nature having unavoidable consequences (greater force) i.e. vis major.
Knowledge of Latin gives you an advantage or plus in studying medicine. Many say climate change causes
abnormally high and very low or extreme temperatures even in Hungary. A society that tolerates many
different opinions and values is called is called pluralist. Someone who always expects that the worst thing
will happen can be called a pessimist. In contrary, someone who always believes that good things will happen
is an optimist. Car insurance companies apply a bonus-malus system for motivating good drivers and punishing
bad drivers. If a word or expression is used as a disapproval or in a negative sense it is pejorative. When you
share the innermost secrets with somebody, you can say you are intimate friends.
Positive Comparative Superlative
E.g. bonus
2. Fill in the blanks.
M. pectoralis major is the _________ pectoral muscle. Tunica intima is the _________ layer of the vein.
Pars inferior is the _____________ part of a structure. Dosis minima is the ______________ dosage.
Lig. cruciatum anterius is the ____________ cruciate ligament. Ossa brevia means__________ bones.
3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate adjective.
The broadest m. of the back is m. ________________ dorsi. The lower limb is membrum(!) _________.
The larger part of the pelvis is pelvis _____________. The smallest m. of buttock is m. gluteus __________.
The highest level of honours: ________ cum laude. The longest m. of the chest is m. _________ thoracis.
Chapter 9 Greek roots
1. What is the meaning of the Greek roots in the names of medical specialities? (N.B. -logy
stands for study of something)
Medical speciality What do they treat? (Use common English words.)
Name of the system related
dermatology E.g. skin a) a) Integumentary system
angiology vessels d b) male reproductive system
gynecology female reproductive organs f c) mental diseases
andrology male reproductive organs b d) circulatory system
arthrology joints j e) nervous system
otorhinolaryngology ear, nose, throat g f) female reproductive system
myology muscles i g) auditory meatus, nasal cavity, voice box
stomatology oral cavity h h) oral cavity
psychiatry mental diseases c i) muscular system
neurology nerves e j) articular system
Inflammation Greek root Meaning Inflammation Greek root Meaning
rhinitis rhin-+ it is infl. of nose neuritis neur- infl. of nerve
otitis ot- infl. of ear mastitis mast- infl. of breast
osteitis oste- infl. of bone gastritis gastr- infl. of stomach
stomatitis stomat- infl. of oral cavity arthritis arthr- infl. of joint
3. Form the following names of inflammatory conditions. Consult vocabulary.
inflammation of the kidney nephritis inflammation of the skin dermatitis
inflammation of the liver hepatitis inflammation of the veins phlebitis
inflammation of the small intestine enteritis inflammation of the muscles myositis
inflammation of the large intestine colitis inflammation of the navel omphalitis
4. Figure out which body part or organ is affected by the following diseases, procedures or
devices.
colonoscopy endoscopic examination of the large intestine
enterocolitis inflammation of small and _ large intestine
nephropathy disease of kidneys
angiography image making procedure of vessels
dactylogramm fingerprint
electrocardiograph image making device of heart
chiroplasty reconstructive surgery of hand
laparoscopy endoscopic examination of abdominal wall
odontalgia pain in teeth
hepatomegaly enlargement of liver
stethoscope a device for listening the sounds from chest
podalgia pain in feet
dermatomycosis fungal infection of skin
hydrocephalus enlargement of head or ventricles due to increased amount of liquor
acrocyanosis bluish colour of extremities
trichosis abnormal growing of hair
psychopathy disease of mind
myoma benign tumour of muscle
splenomegaly enlargement of spleen
ophthalmoscope a device for examination of eyes
otoscopy visual examination of ear
mastoectomy surgical removal of breast
pneumonia inflammation of lungs
osteoporosis decrease in calcium level of bones
Grammar 9 Latin and Greek prefixes related to numerals and quantities There are both Latin and Greek prefixes that express quantities or numbers and modify the word in this
sense. Latin prefixes are more frequent in anatomy, Greek prefixes are found rather in clinical terms.
Latin English Greek Latin example Greek example
semi- half- hemi- semi hemisphaerium (half of brain)
Revision Test of Chapters 6-9 1. Choose the one right answer. Mark it with an „X” at the appropriate box!
1. M. masseter means: a, closing muscle b, laughter c, m. for chewing d, pear-shaped
2. The tail bone at the lower end of the spine is os ... a. coxae b. caudale c. cochleare d. coccygis
3. M. occipitalis is at the: a, back of the head b, back of the neck c, belly button d, cheek
4. The name of musculus gracilis means: a, broad b, slender c, straight d, sawtooth-shaped
5. The connection of bones only by ligament is: a, intervertebralis b, synostosis c, gomphosis d, syndesmosis
6. First cervical vertebra in Latin is: a, talus b, atlus c, atlas d, axis
7. Greek word root of a joint is...: a. chondr/o- b. my/o- c. ten/o- d. arthr/o-
8. Turning the palm upwards is...: a. supination b. dorsalflexion c. anteversion d. pronation
9. The Greek word root that refers to cartilage is...: a. chondr/o- b. arthr/o- c. in/o- d. syndesm/o-
10. Movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis is: a. circulation b. rotatio c. circumductio d. flexio
11. Synovial joints of bones are called ...: a. diarthroses b. retinaculum c. synarthroses d. aponeuroses
12. The name of the movement which closes the angle of a joint: a. flexio b. extensio c. elevatio d. depression
13. Peg-like connections of the teeth to the jaws are named: a. sutura b. cartilaginous joint c. gomphosis d. amphiarthrosis
14. Four-sided muscle of the loin in Latin is m. ... lumborum.: a. quadratus b. quadriceps c. quadriformis d. quartus
15. The sheath of a muscle is...: a. fascia b. fasciculus c. epimysium d. retinaculum
16. A muscle raising a part is called...: a. inferior b. levator c. depressor d. minor
17. The muscle having saw-tooth shape is m.: a. serratus b. levator c. masseter d. psoas
18. Lumbricalis m. means: a. lumbal b. lateral c. worm-like d. lubricated
19. Latissimus means: a. the longest b. the strongest c. the broadest d. the most lateral
20. The joint between the medial and lateral bone of the lower leg is articulatio ... a. radioulnaris b. talocruralis c. talotibialis d. tibiofibularis
21. The name of m. teres means: a. thankful b. vast c. slim, thin d. long and round
22. The ligament between the upper part of hip bone and bones of lower back is ligamentum... a. ilioinguinale b. iliofemorale c. pubofemorale d. iliolumbale
23. M. sphincter means: a. belly muscle b. belly of the leg c. m. regulating an opening d. back of knee
24. The bones in the middle part of foot are ossa ... a. metatarsalia b. metacarpalia c. plantaria d. tarsi
25. The 7th cervical vertebra is vertebra ... a. septem b. prominens c. protuberans d. longa
2. Give the Latin name of the bones based on the description. 5/___
os brachii humerus os menti mandibula
os mediale cruris tibia os anterius pelvisos pubis
os laterale antebrachii_radius ossa palmae ossa metacarpalia
3. Name the joints in Latin based on the description. 5/___
joint between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae art. atlantoaxialis
joint between temporal bone and lower jaw art. temporomandibularis
joint between the breastbone and clavicle art. sternoclavicularis
joint between bones of palm and bones of fingers art. metacarpophalangea