Chapter 6 Preview In the 1680s, Spanish policy toward TX changed. They had long since given up looking for gold. The journeys were expensive, it was.

Chapter 6 Preview

• In the 1680s, Spanish policy toward TX changed. They had long since given up looking for gold. The journeys were expensive, it was too far from Mexico, and it was too dangerous to send families. However, they still wanted to strengthen their hold on TX lands because of French and English interest in the area.

• They chose to use the mission system to do this.•A mission is an establishment with a church, houses, and farm buildings that is used to spread Christianity.

The Purposes of the Missions

1. Convert the Indians to Christianity

1. Teach the Indians how to farm

1. Protect Spanish interests in TX (claim to the land)

Note: Priests represented not only the church, but also the government.

Presidios and Civil Settlements

• Presidios are small forts where Spanish soldiers were stationed. These were built to protect nearby missions from Indian raids. Oftentimes, one presidio had to protect several missions.

• As the missions and presidios grew, civil settlements developed which became towns. Civilians (usually farmers, ranchers, and merchants) lived there, not priests or soldiers. They provided products and services to the missions and presidios.

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Identify important events, issues, and individuals related to the establishment of Catholic missions in Texas.

• Identify important events, issues, and individuals related to European colonization of Texas.

• Explain why the date 1718 is important to Texas history.

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• France and Spain were the most powerful countries in Europe in the late 1600’s.

The race to claim Texas was on!

•Spanish were in Mexico.•French were in Louisiana.•Both wanted to control Texas.

When Spanish found out the French had established Fort St.

Louis (near Galveston), they sent expeditions to Texas – by

land and sea.

The Spanish wanted to find and destroy La Salle’s Fort.

The Spanish sent Alonso De Leon to find La Salle’s Fort.

de Leon couldn’t find any signs of the French!

• Finally, on De Leon’s fourth expedition, he came across Fort St. Louis.

• The fort was abandoned and lying in ruins.

The Spanish found the bodies of two French soldiers. They buried the

bodies and destroyed the remains of the fort.

Primary Source Father Damian Massanet’s Journal

There was a great lot of scattered weapons, broken by the Indians – firelocks, carbines, cutlasses ... We found two unburied bodies, which I interred (buried)…There were many more torn-up books, and many dead pigs.

Spain Begins Building Missions• Hearing of other French survivors, de

Leon went on to explore the East Texas.• Father Massanet traveled with De Leon.• Massanet visited with the Caddoes, whom

he called “Tejas.”• The Caddoes were very friendly.• De Leon and Massanet interpreted the

Caddoes’ friendliness as eagerness to become Catholics.

• De Leon and Massanet were asked to return to East Texas to found a mission so they could help protect the Spanish government’s claim to the land.

• Several priests and about 100 soldiers went to colonize the “land of the Tejas”.

Spain Begins Building Missions

San Francisco de los Tejas

FIRST EAST TEXAS MISSION

•All appeared to be going well, so de Leon and Massanet returned to Mexico City to obtain supplies and government support.

•Three priests were left to convert the Indians, and three soldiers were left to protect the priests.

The Spanish Have High Hopes

• The Spanish believed that the Caddoes’ friendliness and their trade network with other native groups would help spread the

Catholic religion and secure Texas for Spain.

Spain’s First Mission Fails• Domingo Teran de los Rios and Massanet

checked up on the missions and found that they were in crisis.

•Drought and disease killed many natives.

•Those that were left became hostile.

•They were not interested in giving up their way of life to help priests clear the land and plant crops.

•The mission was running out of supplies.

• The missions lost support of the local people.

• French no longer seemed to be a threat to the Spanish.

• Deciding that the costs outweighed the benefits, Spain abandoned its Texas missions.

Spain’s First Mission Fails

This first attempt to occupy Texas was not a total failure for the Spanish. They learned a lot about

Texas and its native groups. They also learned that they would need to provide military support to

establish settlements in Texas.

FRANCE RETURNS• For the next 20 years, Spain put little effort

into colonizing Texas…So, France became interested once again.

• Of course, when France became interested in Texas, Spain wanted Texas too.

•The French set up two trading posts to trade with the Native Texans. They were beginning to develop trade relationships with Native Americans. This made Spain nervous because the French often had a larger influence on the Indians than the missionaries did.

• Without missions, Father Francisco Hidalgo (a Spanish priest) knew that the Native Texans could not attend church or be baptized.

• Realizing the French were drawing nearer, he decided to make a BOLD request.

• Spain had refused Hidalgo’s request to start another East Texas mission. It was too dangerous and expensive.

• Hidalgo sent a letter to the French Franciscans asking for France to send priests to Texas. It suggested that the French and Spanish work together to establish missions for the East Texas Indians.

• Somehow the letter ended up in the hands of Governor Cadillac, the governor of Louisiana, who thought it was a good idea. He wanted to establish profitable trade with the Indians and the Spanish.

• Cadillac sent Louis de St. Denis to Mexico City.

Trouble Becomes Destiny for St. Denis

• The Spanish commander of the presidio, Diego Ramon, arrested St. Denis for crossing into Spanish territory. The Spanish were shocked that he had marched across Tejas unchecked.

• While in custody, St. Denis became friends with Ramon and fell in love with Ramon’s granddaughter.

• While still in custody, St. Denis was questioned by the viceroy in Mexico city.

• St. Denis said the French had no desire to settle in East Texas and that he only wanted to work with Father Hidalgo to expose the Indians to Christianity.

• St. Denis was eventually set free with a stern warning that trade between the French and the Spanish was not allowed.

• The viceroy agreed to settle more missions but only because he saw the French as a threat.

• He decided that presidios and civil settlements were necessary this time.

• Because St. Denis married Ramon’s grandaughter, he was hired by the Spanish to be a guide on an expedition back to East Texas.

• The Indians welcomed them this time and seemed to have forgotten the problems of twenty years earlier.

• Six new missions were established.• One presidio protected them all.

•In order to succeed, the new missions would need a steady stream of supplies.

•Spain began looking for a suitable midpoint for supply caravans traveling from Central Mexico to East Texas.

• On May 1, 1718, Martín de Alarcón and Father Antonio de Buenaventura y Oliveras established Mission San Antonio de Valero .

The Origin of San Antonio

• This settlement at San Antonio de Bexar would become the most important Spanish colony in Texas.

• It later became the city of San Antonio.

•Across the river from Mission San Antonio de Valero, Alarcon established Presidio San Antonio de Bexar.

•About 10 families settled here. They called it La Villa de Bexar.

War Breaks Out Between France and Spain

• When the French in Louisiana heard about St. Denis, they sent 7 soldiers, led by Lt. Philippe Blondel, to take the mission at Nacogdoches.

• When they arrived, they found only two people: one friar and one lay (not ordained) brother.

• So, they decided to take the sacred vestments and raid the henhouse.

• As the leader mounted his horse after tying the chickens to the pommel of his saddle, the chickens flapped their wings, the horse reared, and the lieutenant was spilled in the dirt.

War Breaks Out Between France and Spain cont.

• The Spanish decided they would not be able to defend themselves, so they fled East Texas.

Without even trying, the French had forced the Spanish out of East Texas.

This incident was called “the Chicken War” and made the Spanish’s presence in

Texas seem weak.http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/5991/sounds.htm

Why did the Spanish think they couldn’t defend themselves against 7 people?

• At the presidio, the friar greatly exaggerated the story.

• He claimed that a LARGE French force was invading Texas.

The Result

• Families, missionaries, and soldiers panicked.

• Captain Domingo Ramon ordered that the East Texas missions be abandoned.

• They went to La Villa at San Antonio de Bexar.

Categorizing Information

Comparing and Contrasting

Fierce rivals, Spain and France both wanted to claim Texas. Spain controlled the lands to the west. France controlled the lands to the east. Each country would have to establish permanent settlements in Texas to keep its rival out.

Spanish and French cultures have strongly influenced Texan culture.

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Identify important events, issues, and individuals related to the establishment of Catholic missions in Texas.

• Identify important events, issues, and individuals related to European colonization of Texas.

• Explain why the date 1718 is important to Texas history.

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Describe important issues surrounding Spanish colonization of Texas.

• Analyze why certain groups of people helped Spain colonize Texas.

• Explain why important population centers developed in Spanish Texas.

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Spain Persists• Twice Spain attempted to establish

missions in East Texas, failing both times. However, the Spaniards could not simply walk away.

• If Spain did not occupy Texas, the French would, and this would bring them dangerously close to Spain’s power base in Mexico.

• In 1721, after “the Chicken War,” the Spanish governor, Aguayo, decided to reopen the abandoned missions and establish new missions and presidios.

• He met up with St. Denis, who was in charge of the French settlement at Natchitoches.

• When Aguayo discovered that the French were trading with the Spanish, St. Denis knew that he would be angry.

• St. Denis made a treaty with Aguayo who agreed not to attack as along as the French promised to withdraw and return to Louisiana.

Meanwhile…• Spain sent Brigadier General Pedro y Rivera

y Villalon to inspect the northern frontier.• He recommended that the East Texas

missions be combined and that Spain reduce the number of troops at the presidios.

• The Spanish government decided to save money and GREATLY reduced the number of soldiers at Los Adaes. They also closed down Presidio Delores.

• This left many of the missions vulnerable to Indian attack – especially the Apaches.

• The priests asked the government to suppress the Indian raids, but the requests were ignored.

• Three missions relocated.

New Colonists Arrive• Aguayo knew that Spanish settlers were

needed to populate the Texas colonies and help make them grow.

• In 1731, 15 new families were sent from the Canary Islands to begin their new lives in Texas because they were willing to take the risk of settling on the frontier.

• These very families would later become the social elite of San Antonio.

• The relationship between the Spanish and the French colonies became more peaceful and an unofficial boundary (the Arroyo Hondo River) was established between Texas and Louisiana.

• The Spanish focused on their missionary work and building colonies.

• The French focused on trading with the Native Americans but did not try again to settle the region.

Embarrassed by the French in the “Chicken War,” Spain vowed to take back East Texas. Colonists and additional soldiers were brought in so life in the missions and presidios could resume. By firmly occupying Texas, Spain finally emerged the victor over France.

Spanish dominance had long-lasting effects on Texas.

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Describe important issues surrounding Spanish colonization of Texas.

• Analyze why certain groups of people helped Spain colonize Texas.

• Explain why important population centers developed in Spanish Texas.

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Explain why Spanish colonization was easier in some areas than in others.

• Summarize the relationship between Spain and native groups to the north and west of Spanish Texas.

• Analyze Spain’s choices regarding its Texas colonies.

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•In 1745 the Tonkawas were tired of their neighbors, the Comanche groups, raiding their settlements. •The Tonkawas needed help and were desperate.

•The Tonkawas called on the Spanish to protect them.

•Spain saw this as an opportunity to help the Tonkawas and expand its northern boundaries.

The Tonkawas were living along the San Gabriel River in Central Texas.

• As part of its expansion, Spain established missions in Central Texas over the next few years.

(expansion = process of enlarging the boundaries of a territory)

• These missions were not successful in that area. •The Tonkawas were hit with drought and disease. Many refused to help with the day-to-day work at the missions.

•Apaches attacked the missions and nearly destroyed them. The missions had to be relocated to South Texas.

• Escandon led a more successful Spanish expansion toward South Texas.

• Between 1748 – 1755, 15 missions were founded and 6,000 people settled in 20 towns between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River, one of which was Laredo.

• He also moved the La Bahía to Goliad, where it was very successful.

• Many of these colonists established ranches. • Some of their families still live & work on the same ranches today.

* the name for the new Spanish

province created in South Texas in

1749

*

• Spain started to look towards Northwest Texas to expand.

BEFORE Spain could expand in the northwest, they had to make peace with the

Native Texans in that region.

•The Spanish started with the Lipan Apaches, who agreed to adopt the mission life if the Spanish agreed to protect them from their enemies, the Comanches and the Wichitas.

www.alotta-illusion.nl/ pagina/verzamelportr.html

• The Spanish built mission San Saba. The Lipans would visit the mission only briefly, usually to take gifts (such as food) from the priests.

The Spanish were never able to covert the Lipans to Christianity.

www.zellertexasphotos.com/ influence_of_time.htm

•The Lipans also STOLE horses or other property from the Spanish.

• The Comanches (enemies of the Lipans) found out the protection arrangement between the Lipans and the Spanish.

• 2,000 Comanches pretended to come in peace to San Saba Mission.

The Spanish allowed the Comanches inside, which was a

HUGE mistake!

• Once inside the mission, the priests rushed to greet the Comanches with gifts.

• The Comanches opened fire!

•The Comanches burned the buildings and killed eight of the Spaniards at the Mission.

•Determined to drive out the Spanish invaders, the Comanche warriors attacked the settlement again the following year. This time they killed 20 soldiers and stole more than 700 head of cattle, horses, and mules.

• The attack at San Saba left Spain angry and shocked. The Native Texans had destroyed one of their missions.

• In 1757, Colonel Parilla led over 500 Spanish soldiers and native allies to attack and punish the Comanches.

• Despite the Spanish’s confidence and advanced weapons, they were defeated again.

• Spain abandoned San Saba Mission permanently.

.

•They had been humiliated by native groups in the north.•They were taken advantage of by the Lipan Apaches, raided by the Mescalero Apaches, and defeated in battle by the Comanches.

For the most part, Spain’s attempts to expand north and west of San Antonio were a failure.

French and Indian War

• The British were fighting the French and their Indian allies over territory west of the Appalachian Mountains.

• The British won the war and gained control of the majority of the French empire in North America.

• The French gave Spain New Orleans and all of the land west of the Mississippi River for helping them in the war.

• This HUGE piece of land was Louisiana.

French and Indian War cont.

The problem was…

• The new territory was so large that Spain could neither develop or defend it.

• Before long, settlers from the United States would begin invading Spanish territory.

Long term effect – Texas eventually became part of the United States.

Rubi Inspects Spanish Territory

• In 1764, King Carlos III of Spain sent Marques de Rubi to inspect the northern frontier because he knew changes would be necessary to control it.

• Now that Spain controlled Louisiana, which was north and east of Texas, Texas was no longer an outer part of New Spain.

• Spanish officials saw less of a need for missions and settlements in Texas.

Rubi’s Report

• Rubi made the following recommendations:

– All the missions in Texas need to be abandoned except for San Antonio and La Bahía.

– All settlers should move to San Antonio.

– The Spanish should make alliances with the Comanches and Witchitas so they could defeat the Apaches.

• King Carlos III accepted all of Rubi’s recommendations.

• These recommendations were not easy to carry out.

• Many of the settlers from East Texas were homesick, so they sought permission to return.

• Gil Ybarbo was given permission to go as far as the Trinity River. He later moved the group farther east and rebuilt the town of Nacogdoches without permission.

Rubi Inspects Spanish Territory

The Spanish Ask a Former French Soldier for Help

• Athanase de Mezieres was asked to be a mediator between the Spanish and the rival tribes of the Apaches because he had traded with many of them before.

• He convinced a band of Comanches to join the Spaniards in their fight against the Apaches.

• The Comanches did wage war on the Apaches, but it did not stop them from raiding the Spaniards too.

• Spanish attempts to stop the raids were a failure.

• They simply did not have enough soldiers to fight both the Apaches and the Comanches largely because these tribes were nomadic and could cover hundreds of miles in a short time.

• One year later the Lipan Apaches came to the Spaniards seeking a peace agreement.

Other Missions Not Mentioned

• As you have learned in this chapter, many missions failed due to diseases, Indian attacks, and lack of support from the Spanish government. Also, French traders had more influence on the natives than did the Spanish missionaries.

• However, some missions failed by causes of nature. Some of the missions were destroyed by flooding, hurricanes, and fires.

• The mission system as a whole had both failures and successes. It allowed Spain to have a strong claim to the land, but it was costly both in terms of money and human life.

Individuals Who Led the Last Expansion Effort in TX for Spain

Conflicts Between the Spanish and the Native Americans

Spanish control in Texas would forever change the lives of Native Americans.

Now that France was no longer a threat, Spain could establish more missions and settlements in Texas. However, Native American groups challenged the Spaniards’ claim to the land in the north and west. Spain needed fewer, stronger colonies to protect its claim.

Worried that France would gain a foothold in Texas, Spain extended its northern frontier to the north and east. The Spaniards retreated, however, when they thought France would assert its claim on East Texas.

Spain Responds to a French Threat

When the Spaniards realized the French had abandoned East Texas, they moved back into the region. This time, Spain brought more settlers and soldiers to reinforce its authority in Texas.

France Loses the Race for Texas

With a firm hold on East Texas, Spain began expansion efforts. However, hostile native groups made the Spaniards turn back in the north and west.

Spanish Expansion in Texas

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Explain why Spanish colonization was easier in some areas than in others.

• Summarize the relationship between Spain and native groups to the north and west of Spanish Texas.

• Analyze Spain’s choices regarding its Texas colonies.

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• TAKS: – Grade 8 (SS 5:8.30 A,B,C,D)– Grade 8 (SS 2:8.11 C)

• TEKS: – Grade 7 (SS 7.1B,C; 7.2B; 7.8A; 7.11A,D;

7.17C; 7.19C; 7.21A,B,C,D,E; 7.22 C,D; 7.23 B)

– TA 4A; 7D