Chapter 6: Perception. Perception The organization and interpretation of our sensations. It is how we create meaning for what we see, touch, hear, feel.

Chapter 6: PerceptionChapter 6: Perception

PerceptionPerception

The organization and interpretation The organization and interpretation of our sensations. It is how we create of our sensations. It is how we create meaning for what we see, touch, meaning for what we see, touch, hear, feel and smell.hear, feel and smell.

PerceptionPerception

Selective Selective Attention:Attention: the the idea that we are idea that we are only aware of a only aware of a small percentage small percentage of what we of what we experience.experience.

Selective AttentionSelective Attention

The most The most famous famous example to example to illustrate illustrate selective selective attention is attention is known as the known as the ““cocktail party cocktail party effect.effect.””

RedRedGreenGreenBlueBlue

YellowYellowOrangeOrange

RedRedYellowYellowBlackBlack

BlueBlue

RedRed

OrangeOrange

GreenGreen

BlueBlue

GreenGreen

YellowYellow

BlueYellowOrange Yellow

RedBlackGreenRed

The Stroop EffectThe Stroop Effect

The Stroop EffectThe Stroop Effect

Selective Attention Theory: the Selective Attention Theory: the interference occurs because naming interference occurs because naming colors requires more attention than colors requires more attention than reading words. reading words.

Selective AttentionSelective Attention

Change Blindness*Change Blindness*

Inattentional Blindness*Inattentional Blindness*

http://www.youtube.com/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4

Real Quick: Phi PhenomenonReal Quick: Phi Phenomenonoptical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate

objects viewed rapidly in succession

Motion Perception: Illusion of Motion Perception: Illusion of Movement with Blinking LightsMovement with Blinking Lights

Stroboscopic MotionStroboscopic Motion

The illusion of motion that occurs when a stationary object is first seen briefly in one location and, following a short interval, is seen in another location.

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_sam/index.html

PerceptionPerception

Visual Capture:Visual Capture: refers to the refers to the tendency for vision tendency for vision to dominate the to dominate the other senses. other senses.

Does this picture help Does this picture help you remember the you remember the example from your example from your book?book?

Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual OrganizationGestalt:Gestalt: an organized an organized

whole.whole.

Gestalt psychologists Gestalt psychologists emphasize humansemphasize humans’’ tendencies to integrate tendencies to integrate pieces of information into pieces of information into meaningful wholes.meaningful wholes.

Things are not seen as Things are not seen as sum of parts but sum of parts but immediately as wholes.immediately as wholes.

Gestalt Principle: Mind Always Gestalt Principle: Mind Always Wants to Make Stimuli Wants to Make Stimuli

Meaningful.Meaningful.The fact that you can read this The fact that you can read this

sentence… sentence…

““it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprometnt tihng is taht the frist and iprometnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclaelsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae””

……illustrates gestalt principles are at work illustrates gestalt principles are at work to make things a meaningful whole. to make things a meaningful whole.

Gestalt Principle: Mind Always Gestalt Principle: Mind Always Wants to Make Stimuli Wants to Make Stimuli

Meaningful.*Meaningful.*

Gestalt PsychologyGestalt PsychologyGrouping:Grouping: the perceptual tendency to the perceptual tendency to

organize stimuli into coherent groupsorganize stimuli into coherent groups

Gestault/Grouping PrinciplesGestault/Grouping Principles: : ProximityProximitySimilaritySimilarityContinuityContinuityClosureClosureConnectednessConnectedness

Proximity: tendency to Proximity: tendency to group nearby figures group nearby figures

togethertogether

Similarity: tendency to Similarity: tendency to group figures that are group figures that are

similarsimilar

Continuity: tendency to Continuity: tendency to perceive continuous perceive continuous

patternspatterns

Closure: tendency to fill in Closure: tendency to fill in the gaps in visual the gaps in visual

information.information.

Connectedness: spots, lines Connectedness: spots, lines and areas are seen as a unit and areas are seen as a unit

when connectedwhen connected

Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization

Figure-Ground Figure-Ground Relationship:Relationship: tendency to tendency to organize organize information into information into objects (figure) objects (figure) that stand out from that stand out from their their background(groundbackground(ground))

Figure Ground IllusionFigure Ground Illusion

The Big Ten collegiate conference has eleven schools but they didn’t want to change their name. However, they used their logo to hide the numerical “11” in the name.

One of my favorite chocolates…yummy!! But trust me I never noticed the brilliant logo while enjoying my bar. You must be thinking what is there to find out as it clearly shows the Swiss Alps? Let me explain…Toblerone originated in Bern, Switzerland - A city whose name is rumored to mean, “City of bears.” When you look at it again you will find a bear in the logo.

Toblerone Chocolate

Depth PerceptionDepth PerceptionDepth Perception:Depth Perception:

the ability to see the ability to see objects in three objects in three dimensions. Allows dimensions. Allows us to gauge distance.us to gauge distance.

Visual Cliff:Visual Cliff: illustrated that illustrated that crawling infants and crawling infants and newborns perceive newborns perceive depth.depth.

Types of Depth Types of Depth PerceptionPerception

Binocular Cues:Binocular Cues: depth cues that rely on depth cues that rely on the use of two eyes. the use of two eyes.

Examples of Binocular Cues:Examples of Binocular Cues:

Retinal Disparity:Retinal Disparity: idea that images of idea that images of an object from the two eyes differ. The an object from the two eyes differ. The closer the object, the larger the closer the object, the larger the difference (disparity.)difference (disparity.)

Convergence:Convergence: extent to which the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at eyes converge inward when looking at an object that brain keeps track of to an object that brain keeps track of to measure distance.measure distance.

Retinal Disparity and the Retinal Disparity and the Sausage IllusionSausage Illusion

Types of Depth Types of Depth PerceptionPerception

Monocular Cues:Monocular Cues: distance cues that are distance cues that are available to either eye alone. Often used in available to either eye alone. Often used in art.art.

Examples of Monocular CuesExamples of Monocular CuesRelative size:Relative size: smaller image is more smaller image is more

distantdistantInterposition:Interposition: closer object blocks distant closer object blocks distant

objectobjectRelative Clarity:Relative Clarity: hazy object seen as hazy object seen as

more distantmore distantTexture:Texture: coarse=close; fine=distantcoarse=close; fine=distant

James J. James J. GIBSONGIBSON

Among the first to discover the Among the first to discover the importance of importance of texture gradienttexture gradient for perceiving depthfor perceiving depth. Most . Most surfaces have a texture but it surfaces have a texture but it becomes less detailed as the surface becomes less detailed as the surface recedes into the background.recedes into the background.

key name

Types of Depth Types of Depth PerceptionPerception

Examples of Monocular Cues Examples of Monocular Cues Continued:Continued:Relative Height:Relative Height: higher objects seen as higher objects seen as

more more distantdistantRelative Motion:Relative Motion: closer objects seem to closer objects seem to

move move fasterfasterLinear Perspective:Linear Perspective: parallel lines converge parallel lines converge

with with distancedistanceRelative Brightness:Relative Brightness: closer objects appear closer objects appear

brighterbrighterLight and Shadow:Light and Shadow: nearby objects reflect nearby objects reflect

more more light to our eyes. light to our eyes.

Monocular Cue?Monocular Cue?

Monocular Cue?Monocular Cue?

Who is closer: Snoopy or Woodstock?

Woodstock

How do you know? Woodstock blocks part of Snoopy. In other words, INTERPOSITION.

Monocular Cue?Monocular Cue?

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Monocular Cue?Monocular Cue?

Highlights and shadows can provide information about Highlights and shadows can provide information about an object's dimensions and depth. an object's dimensions and depth.

Because our visual system assumes the light comes Because our visual system assumes the light comes from above, a totally different perception is obtained if from above, a totally different perception is obtained if

the image is viewed upside down. the image is viewed upside down.

Monocular Cue?Monocular Cue?

Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy:Perceptual Constancy: perceiving perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal imagein retinal image

shape shape sizesize

Interplay Between Perceived Interplay Between Perceived Size and DistanceSize and Distance

Using monocular cues for Using monocular cues for distance can often cause us to distance can often cause us to perceive incorrect information.perceive incorrect information.

Muller-Lyer Illusion Involves Muller-Lyer Illusion Involves Misperception of Line Misperception of Line

SegmentsSegments

Muller-Lyer Illusion is Muller-Lyer Illusion is Culturally Specific to Culturally Specific to Western ArchitectureWestern Architecture

Poggendorf's Poggendorf's Optical Optical Illusion*Illusion*

The single line if The single line if continued joins continued joins with the _______ with the _______

line.line.

One explanation for this illusion isthat the lower right end of the line appears nearer than the upper left; that is, the line is seen as receding in space.

Impossible ObjectImpossible Object

Sensory Deprivation and Sensory Deprivation and PerceptionPerception

Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

Remember that sensory deprivation affects infants worse than older animals and humans.

Perceptual AdaptationPerceptual AdaptationPerceptual Perceptual

AdaptationAdaptation

(vision) ability to (vision) ability to adjust to an adjust to an artificially artificially displaced visual displaced visual fieldfield

prism glassesprism glasses

Perceptual Set – the power of Perceptual Set – the power of expectancy expectancy

Perceptual SetPerceptual Set

A situation where a person is A situation where a person is predisposed (more likely) to predisposed (more likely) to perceive one thing over perceive one thing over another.another.

Bill Clinton and ?Bill Clinton and ?

Power of Expectancy/SetPower of Expectancy/Set

Perceptual SetPerceptual Set

Usually See Saxophone Usually See Saxophone Player Now Instead of…Player Now Instead of…

WomanWoman

Perceptual Set*Perceptual Set*

Provide punctuation that will make the Provide punctuation that will make the words below meaningful:words below meaningful:

TIME FLIES I CANT THEYRE TOO FASTTIME FLIES I CANT THEYRE TOO FAST

Is there Extrasensory Is there Extrasensory Perception?Perception?

Extrasensory Perception:Extrasensory Perception: claim that claim that perception can occur apart from sensory perception can occur apart from sensory input.input.TelepathyTelepathyClairvoyanceClairvoyancePrecognitionPrecognition

Parapsychology:Parapsychology: study of paranormal study of paranormal phenomenon, including ESP and phenomenon, including ESP and psychokinesis. psychokinesis.