Chapter 6 LEARNING Section 1: Classical Conditioning Section 2: Operant Conditioning.

Chapter 6 LEARNING

Section 1: Classical Conditioning

Section 2: Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

When you see this word what comes to mind.. “SASQUATCH” Jack’s Link Beef Jerky is associated with

Sasquatch

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Chapter 6Chapter 6

Chapter 6 LEARNING

Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls

forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus

This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other

Section 1: Classical Conditioning

The Office & Classical Conditioning

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Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?

IMPORTANT TERMS

Terms that are important in understanding classical conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus (US) – a stimulus that causes

a response that is automatic, not learned Unconditioned response (UR) – the response that is

automatic, not learned

Section 1: Classical Conditioning

Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?

Conditioned Response (CR) – a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response

Section 1: Classical Conditioning

IMPORTANT TERMS (continued)

Pavlov

UCS – What naturally causes the stimulation? (FOOD)

UCR –What naturally responds to the stimulation? (SALIVATION)

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Pavlov

CS – What stimulus now causes a response? This is now learned? (TUNING FORK)

CR – How does it respond to the new, conditioned stimulus? (SALIVATION)

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PAVLOV

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CC in the Real World (Application)

Advertisements Marlboro Man – association with rugged man Bikini Model and a Beer – association with beer

and girl Da Da Da Da Daaaa….I’m Lovin It!

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Stores use Classical Conditioning

UCS (music - popular tune) UCR (positive emotion)   CS (product) + UCS (popular tune) --> UCR

(positive emotion)     CS (product) --> CR (positive emotion)  

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Baby Albert

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Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning applied?

APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Offering of rewards – being positively reinforced Shaping – a way of teaching complex behaviors

in which one first reinforces small steps in the right direction

Section 2: Operant Conditioning

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect

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Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning applied?

Programmed Learning – assumes that any task can be broken down into small steps that can be shaped individually and combined to form the more complicated whole

Classroom discipline – using principles of learning to change classroom behavior

Section 2: Operant Conditioning

APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING (continued)

Skinner - OC

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OC

Positive Reinforcement – increase a behavior (smile, money, “I appreciate you”)

Negative Reinforcement – removing an aversive stimulus (removing the chimes by putting on your seatbelt)

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OC

Primary Reinforcement– meets a biological need (air/food/water)

Secondary –reinforcers that are learned (money, good grades)

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Skinner

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Question: What are the cognitive factors in learning?

COGNITIVE FACTORS IN LEARNING Latent learning – learning that remains hidden

until it is needed Observational learning – acquiring knowledge

and skills by observing and imitating others

Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning

Bo-Bo Doll Experiment

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Cognitive Maps

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Cognitive Maps

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Question: What are the steps of the PQ4R method of learning?

STEPS OF THE PQ4R METHOD OF LEARNING PREVIEW – getting a general picture of what is covered

before reading a chapter QUESTION – something in particular that we want to learn READ – reading the material with the purpose of finding

answers REFLECT – an important way to understand and remember

the material read

Section 4: The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn