Chapter 6 Exploration and Expansion Discovering new parts of the globe.

Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Exploration and Exploration and

Expansion Expansion Discovering new parts of the

globe.

What is happening?

Why did they want to Why did they want to expand?expand?

• Name 3 things that either gave them motive to explore and expand

• Then name 3 Results that exploring and expanding might have.

• Work in your Group!

IMMEDIATE CausesIMMEDIATE Causes

• Developed new technology

• Emergence of nations under strong monarchies

• Desire of emerging Western European nations to compete with Italian city states for trade with the east

• Prince henry the Navigator’s school for sailors at Sagres

IMMEDIATE Effects

Will learn later in the chapter ……

Chapter 6, Section 1 Exploration and Expansion

* Since the Middle Ages, Europeans had been attracted to Asia because of the vast quantity of spices, silks, and other goods they were importing from that region. * By the early 1400s, Europeans had acquired new technologies (the astrolabe, the compass, lateen sails, & the caravel) which made long-distance travel across the ocean possible. * Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored Portuguese fleets that sailed along the western coast of Africa. He had schools that taught men to sail

• * In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africa looking for a route to India.

• * In 1498, Vasco da Gama’s four Portuguese ships that rounded the southern tip of Africa made it to the port of Calcutta in India.

• * In 1510, Alfonso de Albuquerque set up a Portuguese port at Goa, on the western

• coast of India.

* As the Portuguese sailed east to reach Asia, the Spanish sailed west.

For Gold God and Glory For Gold God and Glory

A Westward VoyageA Westward Voyage••Spain wanted to share in the profitable Spain wanted to share in the profitable spice trade of Asia. Even more important to spice trade of Asia. Even more important to Queen Isabella was the hope of forming an Queen Isabella was the hope of forming an alliance with rulers in India and China alliance with rulers in India and China against the Muslims. against the Muslims.

She believed Christopher She believed Christopher Columbus (1450-1506) Columbus (1450-1506) might help Spain achieve might help Spain achieve those goals. those goals.

•• Columbus believed that Columbus believed that by sailing westward, a ship could by sailing westward, a ship could reach Asia within two months.reach Asia within two months.

Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, became interested in sailing across the Atlantic. * In 1492 Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to finance Columbus's expedition. * Columbus & his three ships sailed from Spain in August 1492, & after a long trip across the Atlantic landed on what is today San Salvador Island in the Bahamas.•In three more voyages, Columbus discovered the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Columbus did not realize that he had not reached the East Indies, but his explorations opened the way for the Spanish to colonize a vast new continent.

• Columbus called the Taino people he met Indians because he thought he had reached the Indies

• * In 1493 an imaginary line of demarcation running north-to-south down the middle of the Atlantic was established that gave Spain control of everything to the west and Portugal control of everything to the east.

• * Spain & Portugal validated the line of demarcation by signing the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Pedro Cabral (1467-1520), a Portuguese sailor, was blown off course during a storm and landed in Brazil claiming this part of South America

• * Explorers from many countries * Explorers from many countries joined the race to the Americas.joined the race to the Americas.

• * Venetian John Cabot explored * Venetian John Cabot explored the New England coastline for the New England coastline for England.England.

• * The Americas were named * The Americas were named after Italian explorer Amerigo after Italian explorer Amerigo VespucciVespucci.

* In the early 1500s, Spanish conquistadors began taking control of large amounts of territory in the Americas. * Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire and its emperor Montezuma in 1521. * Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire and its emperor Atahualpa in 1533. * The Spanish established the encomienda system as a way to grant land to Spanish colonists throughout their new colonial territories. The encomendero was to protect the Native Americans & work to convert them to Christianity, although most simply used the natives as laborers. * The Catholic Church became a primary force in colonizing the southwestern part of America for Spain.

* The Columbian Exchange was complex interactions between peoples and environments started by European colonists in the Americas.

••In August 1519, five ships sailed out of Seville harbor in In August 1519, five ships sailed out of Seville harbor in Spain.Spain.

••On board the ships, the 268 sailors under the command On board the ships, the 268 sailors under the command of Ferdinand Magellan had great hopes for the of Ferdinand Magellan had great hopes for the expedition. They expected to discover a route around expedition. They expected to discover a route around South America that would lead them to the East Indies, South America that would lead them to the East Indies, the center of the rich spice trade.the center of the rich spice trade.

••After 80 days in the Pacific, Magellan finally reached After 80 days in the Pacific, Magellan finally reached land, the island of Guam. But he did not live to complete land, the island of Guam. But he did not live to complete the voyage. In the Philippine Islands, he quarreled with the voyage. In the Philippine Islands, he quarreled with local peoples and was killed in a battle. However, in local peoples and was killed in a battle. However, in 1522, Pigafetta and 17 surviving sailors returned to 1522, Pigafetta and 17 surviving sailors returned to Spain. They were the first Europeans to sail around the Spain. They were the first Europeans to sail around the world.world.

The voyages were important for several reasons.

1.Europeans learned how to use oceans as highways.

2.They discovered a vast continent in the Western Hemisphere.

3.The discovery of new ocean routes and new lands resulted in a race to establish profitable trading empires in Asia and the Americas.

4.Increased trade altered the economic life in Europe.

Two European nations, Portugal and Spain, began searching for new trade routes. As a result, they sponsored many voyages of discovery.

* The crew of Ferdinand Magellan became the first known people to circumnavigate the globe when they returned to Spain in 1522

* At the beginning of the seventeenth century, England and the Netherlands entered the trading scene. * The English began trading in India and Southeast Asia. * The English established Jamestown and the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the early 1600s.* By 1700, England had established a colonial empire along North America’s eastern seaboard.

The English Colonies•People crossed the Atlantic to the English

colonies for many reasons.

•Some sought religious freedom.

1.The Puritans –Calvinists moved to Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.

2.The Quakers –settled in Pennsylvania.

3.English Catholics –led by Lord Baltimore emigrated to Maryland.

•In addition to seeking religious freedom, many settlers hoped to improve their economic and social positions.

• French traders had lived in relative peace with the Indians. In the English colonies, however, the large numbers of settlers soon displaced the Indian population.

• •Settlers sometimes signed treaties with the Indians to purchase land. Just as often, however, they moved onto Indian lands without a treaty.

• •Determined to protect their way of life, Indians attacked and destroyed many English frontier settlements. The English fought back with equal determination.

• * The Dutch formed the East India Company and West India Company to compete for trade in Asia and the Americas. The Dutch colony of New Netherlands was in present-day New York.

• * The Dutch commercial enterprise in the Americas ended in the late 1600s.

*The establishing of *The establishing of colonies by European colonies by European nations during this time nations during this time played a vital role in the played a vital role in the theory of mercantilism, a theory of mercantilism, a set of principles that set of principles that dominated 17th century dominated 17th century economic thought.economic thought.*According to *According to mercantilism, a nation’s mercantilism, a nation’s prosperity depended on a prosperity depended on a large supply of gold and large supply of gold and silver because that gave a silver because that gave a country a favorable country a favorable balance of trade.balance of trade.

•By controlling the Strait of Malacca, Portugal hoped to prevent other Europeans from gaining a foothold in the East Indies. For most of the 1500s, the Portuguese controlled the spice trade.

The Plantation System••A A plantation plantation was a large estate operated by was a large estate operated by the owner or an overseer and farmed by the owner or an overseer and farmed by workers living on it.workers living on it.

••In an effort to help the Indians, Bartoloméde In an effort to help the Indians, Bartoloméde Las Casashad suggested that the Spanish Las Casashad suggested that the Spanish replace Indian workers with slaves from replace Indian workers with slaves from Africa.Africa.

••He thought that Africans were better able to He thought that Africans were better able to withstand hard labor in the hot climate.withstand hard labor in the hot climate.

Chapter 6, Section 2 Africa in an Age of Transition

* European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade. * The demand for slaves rose dramatically with the European voyages to the Americas & the planting of sugar cane there. * The slave trade became part of the New World economy’s triangular trade, which connected Europe, Africa, and Asia, and the Americas.

• * The Ibo society produced more slaves than practically any other in Africa.• * Many slaves died on the Middle Passage, the journey to the Americas from Africa.

• * King Afonso of Congo converted to Catholicism and attempted to stop the slave trade in his kingdom.

The Slave Trade•In the 1500s, both Spain and Portugal brought ever increasing numbers of African slaves to their colonies in the Americas.

•The newly enslaved Africans suffered brutal hardships on the Middle Passage, as the voyage across the Atlantic was called. Chained together and packed below the ship’s deck, they had no room to move. Some captains took so many slaves on board that their ships could carry very little food and fresh water. When the decks above were sealed, the heat below caused many captives to die of suffocation.••Those who survived the Middle Passage were sold to plantation owners.

Chapter 6, Section 3 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade

* In 1500, mainland Southeast Asia was relatively stable, but conflicts did erupt between the emerging states. * Between 1500 and 1800, the Vietnamese took control of the Mekong delta from the Khmer kingdom.

• * While the mainland states of Southeast Asia were able to successfully resist European domination, the islands of Southeast Asia were coveted by European rulers and merchants because the spice trade there was enormously profitable.