Chapter 6 Cos. Science

Chapter 6 Cos. Science

Anatomy and Physiology

WHAT IS ANATOMY?

Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

WHY STUDY ANATOMY?

• To understand how the human body functions• To recognize changes from the norm• To determine a scientific basis for the proper

application of services and products• To perform professional makeup applications• To provide shampoos, scalp manipulations, haircuts,

and style designs• To perform facials• To perform manipulations of the hands, arms,

shoulders, neck, feet, and lower legs

CELLSBasic Construction of the Cell

ProtoplasmNucleusCytoplasmCell membraneEndoplasmic reticulumRibosomesGolgi ApparatusLysosomesMicrotubulesMitochondria

Cell Reproduction and Division

The reproduction process is known as mitosis (my-TOH-sis).

• Favorable conditions include:– adequate food supply.– adequate oxygen supply.– adequate water supply.– elimination of waste.– proper temperature.

Cell Metabolism

• Anabolism (uh-NAB-uh-liz-um) is constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

• Catabolism (kuh-TAB-uh-liz-um) is the phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones.

TISSUES

• Connective tissue serves to support, protect, and bind together other tissues of the body.

• Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul) is a protective covering on body surfaces.

• Liquid tissue such as blood and lymph carries food, waste products, and hormones through the body.

• Muscular tissue contracts and moves the various parts of the body.

• Nerve tissue carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.

ORGANS

• Brain —controls the body• Eyes—are the organs of vision• Heart—circulates the blood• Kidneys—excrete water and waste products• Lungs—supply oxygen to the blood• Liver—removes toxic products of digestion• Skin—forms external protective covering of the

body• Stomach and intestines—digest food

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bone Composition– Connective tissue about one third animal matter

and two thirds mineral matter

B. Osteology (ahs-tee-AHL-oh-jee) – The science of the anatomy, structure, and

function of the bones

SKELETAL SYSTEM(continued)

C. Primary Function– Gives shape and support to body– Protects internal structures and organs– Serves as attachments for muscles– Acts as levers to produce movement– Produces white and red blood cells– Stores minerals

D. Joints– Movable– Immovable

SKELETAL SYSTEM(continued)

E. Parts of the Skull– Cranium – oval, bony case that protects the brain– Facial skeleton – 14 bones

F. Bones of the Cranium– Occipital bone – forms back of the skull – Parietal bones – forms sides and crown of the cranium– Frontal bone – forms the forehead– Temporal bones – forms side of the head in ear region

G.Bones of the Face– Nasal bones – forms bridge of nose– Lacrimal bones – front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets)– Zygomatic or malar bones - cheekbones– Maxillae – bones of upper jaw– Mandible – bones of lower jaw

SKELETAL SYSTEM(continued)

H. Bones of the Neck– Hyoid bone - U shaped bone that supports tongue– Cervical vertebrae – seven bones in vertebral column

I. Bones of the Chest, Shoulder, and Back

– Thorax – chest, elastic bony cage that protects internal organs– Ribs – twelve pair of bones that form the wall of the thorax– Scapula – large, flat triangular bone of shoulder– Sternum - breastbone– Clavicle – collar bone

SKELETAL SYSTEM(continued)

Bones of the

Arm and Hand– Humerus – upper most and largest bone of arm

– Ulna – inner and larger bone of forearm

– Radius – smaller bone of forearm, same side as thumb

– Carpus – wrist, eight small bones

– Metacarpus – palm of hand, five bones

– Phalanges – 14 bones of the fingers (digits)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A. MyologyB. Muscle Quantity—over 600C. Muscle ConstructionD. Types of Muscular

Tissue– Striated– Nonstriated– Cardiac

E. Muscle Parts– Origin– Insertion– Belly

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

F. Stimulation of Muscles– Massage—by hand or electric vibrator

– Electric current—high frequency or faradic current

– Light rays—infrared rays or ultraviolet rays

– Heat rays—heating lamps or heating caps

– Moist heat—steamers and steamed towels

– Nerve impulses—through the nervous system

– Chemicals—certain acids and salts

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

G. Muscles of the Scalp– Epicranius (ep-ih-KRAY-nee-us)– Occipitalis (ahk-SIP-i-tahl-is)– Frontalis (frun-TAY-lus)– Aponeurosis (ap-uh-noo-ROH-sus)

H. Muscles of the Ear– Auricularis superior (aw-rik-yuh-LAIR-is)– Auricularis anterior– Auricularis posterior

I. Muscles of Mastication– Masseter (muh-SEE-tur)– Temporalis (tem-poh-RAY-lis)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

J. Muscles of the Neck– Platysma (plah-TIZ-muh)

– Sternocleidomastoideus (STUR-noh-KLEE-ih-doh-mas-TOYD-ee-us)

K. Muscles of the Eyebrow– Orbicularis oculi (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is AHK-yuh-lye)

– Corrugator (KOR-oo-gay-tohr)

L. Muscles of the Nose– Procerus (proh-SEE-rus)

– Nasal muscles

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

M. Muscles of the Mouth– Buccinator (Buk-sih-nay-tur)– Depressor labii inferioris (dee-PRESS-ur LAY-bee-eye in-FEER-

ee-or-us)– Levator anguli oris (lih-VAYT-ur ANG-yoo-ly OH-ris)– Levator labii superioris (lih-VAYT-ur LAY-bee-eye soo-peer-ee-

OR-is)– Mentalis (men-TAY-lis)– Orbicularis oris (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is OH-ris)– Risorius (rih-ZOR-ee-us)– Triangularis (try-ang-gyuh-LAY-rus)– Zygomaticus (zy-goh-MAT-ih-kus

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

N. Muscles Attaching Arms to Body– Latissimus dorsi (lah-TIS-ih-mus DOR-see)– Pectoralis (pek-tor-AL-is) major and minor– Serratus anterior (ser-RAT-us)– Trapezius (trah-PEE-zee-us)

O. Muscles of the Shoulders and Arms– Biceps (BY-seps)– Deltoid (DEL-toyd)– Extensors (ik-STEN-surs)– Flexors (FLEK-surs)– Triceps (TRY-seps)– Pronator (proh-NAY-tohr)– Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM(continued)

P. Muscles of the Hand– Abductors (ab-DUK-turz)

– Adductors (ah-DUK-turz)

– Opponent muscles

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The nervous system is responsible for coordinating the many activities performed inside and outside the human body.

• Every square inch of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as nerves.

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)Neurology is the study of the nervous system and its

disorders.

Divisions of Nervous System– Central – controls consciousness and many mental

activities, voluntary functions of the 5 senses, and voluntary muscle action

– Peripheral – carries impulses to and from the central nervous system

– Autonomic – controls involuntary muscles, regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart

Brain– The largest mass of nerve tissue in the body

– Central power station of the body

– Sends and receives messages through 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Spinal Cord– Spinal cord originates in brain

– 31 pairs of spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

Nerve Cell Structure and Function– Neuron – nerve cell, composed of cell body and

nucleus

– Dendrites – receive impulses from neuron

– Axon – send impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles

– Nerves – nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)Types of Nerves

– Sensory (afferent) nerves – carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain. Nerve endings are called receptors and are located near the surface of the skin

– Motor (efferent) nerves – carry impulses from the brain to the muscles to produce movement

Reflex – automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves some type of reaction. Reflexes are automatic.

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued) Nerves of the Head, Face, and Neck• 5th cranial, trifacial, trigeminal

– chief sensory nerve of the face, and controls chewing. It contains three branches – Ophthalmic, Mandibular, Maxillary

• 5th cranial nerve affected by massage– Auriculotemporal – external ear and skin above the temple– Infraorbital– skin of the lower eyelid, side of nose, upper lip,

mouth– Infratrochlear nerve – membrane and skin of nose– Mental nerve - skin of lower lip and chin– Nasal nerve – point and lower side of nose– Supraorbital nerve – skin of forehead, scalp, eyebrow, upper

eyelid– Supratrochlear nerve – skin between the eyes and upper side of

nose– Zygomatic nerve – muscles of the upper part of cheek

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

Nerves of Head, Face, and Neck continued

• 7th cranial nerve – chief motor nerve of the face– Posterior auricular – behind ear at base of skull

– Temporal – muscles of the temple side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper cheek

– Zygomatic – upper part of cheek

– Buccal – muscles of mouth

– Mandibular – muscles of chin and lower lip

– Cervical – side of neck and platysma muscle

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

Nerves of Head, Face, and Neck continued• 11th cranial nerve – back of the head and neck

– Greater occipital – scalp as far up as top of head

– Smaller occipital – scalp and muscles behind ear

– Greater auricular - affects face, ears, neck and parotid gland

– Cervical cutaneous – affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

Nerves of Arm and Hand– Digital (DIJ-ut-tul) – fingers

– Radial (RAY-dee-ul) – thumb side of arm and back of hand

– Median (MEE-dee-un) – supplies arm and hand

– Ulnar (UL-nur) – little finger side of arm and palm of hand

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)

NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)Nerves of lower leg and foot- Tibial – supplies impulses to the knee, muscle of the calf,

skin of leg, sole, heal, and underside of toes

- Common peroneal – knee to fibula to front of leg

- Deep peroneal or anterior tibial – front of leg behind the muscles, skin on top of foot and adjacent sides of first and second toe

- Superficial peroneal or musculotaneous – muscles and skin of leg, skin of toes and top of foot

- Saphenous – skin of inner leg and foot

- Sural – skin on outer side and back of foot and leg

- Dorsal – skin on top of foot

Circulatory System

The circulatory system or cardiovascular system controls the steady

circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and

blood vessels.

A. Blood vascular system – distributes blood throughout body

– Heart

– Arteries, capillaries, and veins

B. Lymph vascular system (LIMF VAS-kyoo-lur) – acts as an aid to the blood system

- lymph – clear, yellowish fluid, carries waste and impurities away from the cell

– Lymphatics (lymph vessels)

– Lymph nodes

C. Heart – bodies pump– Pericardium (payr-ih-KAR-dee-um) – membrane surrounding heart

– Resting heart rate is 72-80 beats per minute– Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve – Autonomic nervous system

D. Chambers and Valves of Heart Interior– Blood flows into the right and left atria (AY-tree-a)

– Then blood flows to the right and left ventricles (VEN-truh-kul)

– Valves – allow blood to flow in one direction

E. Blood Circulation– Pulmonary circulation – sends blood from heart to lungs to be

purified– Systemic or general circulation – carries blood from heart

throughout the body and back to the heart

F. Blood Vessels– Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

to the capillaries– Capillaries – bring nutrients to the cells and carry away

waste– Veins – carry waste back to the heart

G. Blood– Sticky, salty fluid– Temperature 98.6° F (36°C)– Makes up 1/20 of body weight, 8 to10 pints in an adult – Dark red in veins - Bright red in arteries

H. Blood Composition – Red corpuscles (red blood cells) – contain hemoglobin

which is an iron protein that binds to oxygen– White corpuscles (white blood cells) – destroy disease

causing microorganisms– Blood platelets – help with blood clotting– Plasma – fluid part of blood

I. Chief Functions of Blood– Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to cells– Carries away carbon dioxide and waste– Helps equalize body temperature– Protects from harmful bacteria and infections– Clots to prevent blood loss

J. Lymph Vascular System

– aids blood system.

– consists of lymph vessels, glands, spaces, and lacteals.

– acts as filtering to help fight infection.

K. Primary Functions:

– Carries nourishment from blood to body cells

– Acts as a defense against invading bacteria and toxins

– Removes waste material from body cells to the blood

– Provides a suitable fluid environment for cells

L. Arteries of Head, Face, and Neck– Common carotid artery (kuh-RAHT-ud) - main source of

blood to the head, face, and neck

– Internal carotid artery – supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear

– External carotid artery – supplies blood to front part of scalp, ear, face, neck and side of head

M. Facial Artery Branches– Submental artery (sub-MEN-tul) – chin and lower lip

– Inferior labial artery (LAY-bee-ul) – lower lip

– Angular artery (ANG-gyoo-lur) – side of nose

– Superior labial artery – upper lip and nose

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM(continued)

N. Superficial Temporal Artery Branches– Frontal artery – forehead and upper eyelids– Parietal artery – side and crown of head– Transverse facial artery – skin and masseter– Middle temporal artery - temples– Anterior auricular artery – front of ear– Occipital artery – skin and muscles of scalp and back of head up to

crown– Posterior auricular artery – scalp, behind and above ear, skin

behind ear– Supraorbital artery – upper eyelid and forehead– Infraorbital artery – muscles of the eye

O. Veins of Head, Face, and Neck– Internal jugular (JUG-yuh-lur)– External jugular

P. Arm and Hand– Ulnar arteries – little finger side– Radial arteries – thumb side

Arteries to the lower leg and foot

Popliteal artery - divides into 2

1. anterior tibial – supplies foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis

2. posterior tibial – supplies leg

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system (EN-duh-krin) is made up of a group of

specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual

activity, and health of the entire body,

A. Exocrine or Duct Glands (EK-suh-krin)

– produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts.

B. Endocrine or Ductless Glands

– release secretions called hormones directly into the blood.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system or gastrointestinal system is responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste.

A. Digestive Enzymes– change food into a form that can be used by the

body.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

The excretory system (EK-skre-tor-ee) is responsible for purifyingthe body by eliminating waste matter.

A. Kidneys– excrete urine.

B. Liver– discharges bile.

C. Skin– eliminates perspiration.

D. Large Intestine– evacuates decomposed and undigested food.

E. Lungs– exhale carbon dioxide.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system enables breathing and consists of the lungs and air passages.

A. Lungs– are spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells.– exchange inhaled air for carbon dioxide during

breathing.B. Diaphragm

– is muscular wall that separates chest (thorax) from abdominal region.

– helps control breathing.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM(continued)

Summary

• Knowing how the body works is essential for the cosmetology professional.

• An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of our bodies will help us become more proficient in performing professional salon services.