Chapter 6 2 09

John Adams

3.5.09

Election of 1796

• Democratic Republicans : – Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

• Federalists: – John Adams and Thomas Pinckney

• BIG ISSUES:– Jay’s Treaty– French Revolution

*****According to the constitution, the person with the most electoral votes becomes President, the next highest total becomes Vice President.*****

France v Britain

• At war AGAIN!!

Washington:

• HAMILTON– Support Britain– 75% of income

• JEFFERSON– Support France– Gave aid to US during

Revolution

• Declare Neutrality Act – US will support neither side

• British captured hundreds of American neutral ships and – supporting Indian tribes fighting the U.S. in Ohio – Congress voted an embargo for two months. – Hamilton and the Federalists favored Britain over

France and sought to normalize relations. – Hamilton designed the plan and Washington sent Chief

Justice Jay to London to negotiate a comprehensive treaty.

• Britain was still occupying a number of forts• American merchants wanted compensation for 250

ships confiscated • Southerners wanted compensation for the slaves

that British took• The boundary with Canada was too vague and needed

clarification

Jay’s Treaty

• The British agreed to vacate western forts • British will compensate American ship

owners • The US guaranteed the payment of war

debts • Jay, dropped the issue of compensation for

slaves, which angered Southerners

• Warned “steer clear of permanent alliances” with other nation.

Washington decided not to run for third term

Farewell Address:

The Election of 1796

Candidate Political Party

Electoral Votes

John Adams Federalist 79

Thomas Pinckney

Federalist 51

Oliver Ellsworth

Federalist 11

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican

68

Aaron Burr Democratic-Republican

30

Samuel Adams

Democratic-Republican

15

So who’s President?

Vice-President?

Why is this a problem?

Maybe I should just run again?

• John Adams– 2nd PresidentFederalists

Thomas Jefferson

Vice President

Democratic- Republican

Two opposing party on the Executive Branch

• France objects to Jay’s Treaty– Violation to the American-French alliance– “That favor’s the British! You said you were

NEUTRAL!” –The French

• What does France do?– Start seizing American Ships! (just like the British

had)

• President John Adams wants to stay Neutral!– Sends representatives to France to discuss the

rights of neutral nations.

X Y Z

If you want to meet with Talleyrand,

give him $250,000. Then Lend France 10

Million Not a sixpenc

e!XYZ Affair-

France ambassador

wanted bribe

• When American’s find out they are outraged• “Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!”

– Tribute = Bribe

• American People want war!• Adams does not ask congress for war

– But does build Frigates – Frigates = fast sailing ships with many guns

• US led an undeclared naval warfare

Alien and Sedition ActsAnti-French feeling increased: many believed that

French agents were everywhere; new immigrants were siding on different nations

1. Alien Act» President can force any alien (or foreigner),

thought to be suspicious to leave» Citizenship lengthen from 5 to 14 years

2. 4. Sedition Act» Citizens can be fined or jailed if they criticize the

government

Many immigrants were active in the Democratic-Republican Party

James Callender

“Every person holding an office must either quit it, or think and vote exactly with Mr. Adams”

9 months and a $250 fine

Matthew Lyon

“his unbound thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice.”

$100 Fine

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

Madison Jefferson

• Misuse of power of the federal government• Nullification

– State had the right to nullify or void act of Congress deemed unconstitutional

– Acts were violation of First Amendment

Theory of Nullification

•Chapter 6 Section 3

Quiz 13

1. Name the event where France asked for a bribe from US

2. Who was the 2nd President of US?3. What does frigates mean?4. To void an act of Congress unconstitutional is called5. Who was the 2nd Vice President6. Name the two individual involve in the Kentucky and

Virginia Resolution.7. Policy that lengthen citizenship?8. Policy that gives fine to criticism against government9. What do you call Washington’s goodbye speech?10.Washington warns the nation to steer clear of what?

Quiz 13 Period 3

1. The negotiation between Britain and US was called2. Who was the 2nd President of US3. To void an act of Congress deemed unconstitutional 4. US policy of choosing neither side5. Where does 75% of US income comes from6. Term for fast sailing ships with many guns7. Negotiation between France and US8. Policy that lengthen citizenship9. Policy that gives fine to those who criticize against

government10. What do you call Washington’s goodbye speech

Quiz 12 Period 2

1. Who was the 2nd Vice President2. What party did the 2nd President support3. Policy that jailed/fined citizens that criticize the

government4. The negotiation between Britain and US5. The president hello speech6. Term for supporting neither side7. The negotiation between France and US8. Policy that lengthen citizenship9. Who was the 2nd president 10. To void an Act of Congress that is unconstitutional

The Alien & Sedition Acts

• Adams presidency very unpopular– Press is very critical of

the government• Adams & Congress pass

the Alien & Sedition Acts.– Someone from another

country– Activity designed to

over throw the government

• Adams arrests thousands of journalists and deports hundreds more for criticizing his government

States’ Rights

• Adams’ unpopularity leaves an opportunity for the Republicans

• Under Jefferson’s guidance Virginia & Kentucky Resolution is passed.

• Claims states can nullify any federal law– Deprive of legal force

Chapter 6 Section 3

The Election of 1800

Jefferson

Adams

Presidential Candidate

Burr

Pinckney

Vice- Presidential Candidate

Rep

ubl

ican

sF

eder

alis

t

73 votes 73 votes

65 votes 64 votes

A TIE!

Who decides?During a DEADLOCK ELECTION (tie or no

majority vote) the House of Representative decides

35 ballots were cast – still resulting in a tie

Hamilton petitioned that Jefferson represented the lesser of two evil and on vote 36, Jefferson was chosen

as President and Burr became Vice-President

• 3rd President• Thomas Jefferson• Democratic-

Republican

• Secretary of State– James Madison

First Inaugural Address-

• Essential Principles of Government– “equal and exact justice to all men”– “peace, commerce, and honest friendship

with all nations”– “the support of state governments”– compliance with the decisions of the

majority– well disciplined militia”– honest payment of debts– maintaining a sound economy– freedom of the press

Why did election lead to the Twelfth Amendment?

• Due to the tie between Jefferson and Burr

• It showed there was a need to have separate ballot between President and Vice President

• 12th Amendment – stipulates that electors make a distinct choice

between their selections for President and Vice President.

As President:

Changes He Made• Reduce the size of military

• Reduce the number of government employees

• Reduce government expenses

• Repeal Alien and Sedition Acts

Things He kept the Same• Kept the National Bank• Did not Fire Federalists• Placed more power into

the Presidency

Became known as “ Revolution of 1800

• Adams (on his last day, last hour, midnight) appointed 16 Federalist judges

• to secure control in judiciary• “midnight

appointments/judges”– appointed John Marshall (F)- Chief

Justice• some of the documents were signed but not delivered• Jefferson order Madison not to deliver the letters of

appointment/ arguing it would be invalid

Conflict with Judicial Branch

Marbury v. Madison 1803

• Landmark case• Supreme Court rule Judiciary Act of 1789

unconstitutional• Supreme Court power to review all laws passed to

determine its constitutionality before its approve – judiciary review-Supreme Court’s power to

declare an act constitutional or not» Supreme Court voided midnight judges

– First time Supreme Court showed its power to decide how the words and sentence should be interpreted- strengthened the power of supreme court

– the idea that courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government). The decision helped define the “checks and balances" of the American form of government.

Jefferson reelected in 1804

• replaced Aaron Burr with George Clinton

• small group of Fed- (angered from defeat) plan to unite New England w/ NY and secede ( withdraw) from union

• approach Burr for support (persuaded to run for governor-lost)

• Hamilton exposed Burr (unfit for office)

• Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel (illegal)

• Burr shot and killed Hamilton

• Burr wanted for murder charges (he escape to the west involved himself in conspiracy

– Plotted w/ Wilkinson (commander in Louisiana Territory)- to carve own country out of Spanish territory

– Burr- tried to get money from British for breaking from US ($500,000)

– After a year of plotting- Wilkinson suddenly betray Burr and informed Jefferson w/ treason- brought to trial

– Marshall- not enough evidence to convict Burr- was freed (needed 2 witness)

Louisiana Territory

• extended to Mississippi river to Rocky Mountain

– largely unexplored– France gave to Spain- treaty (ending French and

Indian War); Napoleon secretly arranged transfer back to France (owner)

» US worry- Napoleon might use as base• French at war w/Britain- might close New Orleans

to US shipping• main trade route-Mississippi River- New

Orleans very important port to those who control it

– Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Livingston purchase New Orleans (for $2 million)

– Constitution did not specify how country could acquire territory or who had authority to do it

– Jefferson strict construction- became loose• Adding amendment takes long (Napoleon might

change mind)• Base sale of territory as part of treaties w/ foreign

nation– Under the “elastic clause” (necessary and

proper)– Federalist opposed- waste of money- add to national

debt• Federalist reversed position to strict construction

– (Constitution did not specify power given to President to buy land)

– After brief debate- Senate approved treaty anyway

Louisiana Purchase• April 30, 1803

– Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris

– The United States paid $15 million for the land, roughly 4 cents per acre

– The purchase added 828,00 square miles of land west of the Mississippi to the United States

– July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly announced

Original treaty can be found at: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/louisiana_purc

hase_treaty.html

Doubled the size of United States

Lewis and Clark Expedition

• January 18, 1803– Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of

the Mississippi– His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific

• May 1804– Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition

Map of Lewis and Clark’s RouteOriginal map can be found at:

http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/maptrack_b.html

• Aided by 16 year old Native– Sacajawea– knowledge of language

and geography of the region was of great value

– Key Interpreter and guide

Chapter 6 Section 3

• Questions and Answer # 1-6

Period 4 Quiz 13

1. Who led the expedition2. What doubled the size of the US3. What was the 1st landmark case4. Who killed Hamilton5. What is a deadlock election6. Who was the 3rd President7. What is the president hello speech called8. Who did Jefferson replaced Burr with9. Who was the chief of Justice during 180010. Who was the native girl who became the guide and

interpreter for the expedition

Quiz 10 Period 1/ Quiz 13 period 2

1. Who was the third president?2. Name the two men sent to an expedition 3. What is the president hello speech called?4. Name the 16 year old native girl who became the

interpreter for the expedition5. When was the first election that there was a tie?6. Power of judicial branch is called7. Name one of the change that Jefferson did when he

was a president?8. Name one the things that Jefferson kept?9. Added to the constitution that separated ballots of

the vice & president?10. The first landmark case was called

Quiz 14 Period 3

1. Who replaced Burr’s position2. Name 2 things that Jefferson change3. What is the President’s hello speech called4. Who were the men who led the expedition to

Louisiana5. Term for when there’s a tie or no majority during a

presidential election6. Name the 16 year old Native girl who became the

interpreter and guide during the expedition7. Name 2 things that Jefferson kept8. How much did US pay for Louisiana purchase9. Who shot and killed Hamilton10. What was the first landmark case

““as real a revolution in the principles as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was of our government as that of 1776 was in its form.” in its form.”

Do you think that Jefferson was correct in calling the election of 1800 a revolution?