Chapter 5 (The Coming Of Islam To S.E Asia)

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CHAPTER 5

THE COMING OF ISLAM TO SOUTHEAST ASIA, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO BRUNEI

“This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.”

Surah Al-Maidah verse 3

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SPREAD OF ISLAM

The Arab traders played an important role in the spread of :

New ideas, and Religion of Islam

These traders travelled to many parts of the world to spreadIslam such as:

sea ports along the coasts. overland routes to places such as China. official missions were also sent to China by the rulers of the Islamic Empires.

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The Silk Route and sea routes helped the spread of Islam

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA-ROUTES

There was evidence to show the presence ofsea trade among the people of Southeast Asia for many centuries.

The discovery of the pattern of the monsoon winds in the first century A.D. helped sea borne trade to grow.

In the beginning, the Arab traders were the first to travel between the routes between Arabia and the port of Cambay in India.

Later, the Arabs came to Southeast Asia.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA ROUTES

The Indian and Chinese traders also began to come to Southeast Asia.

By the 10th century A.D., sea trade had increased greatly.

China also began to be more interested in the goods from Southeast Asia as well as goods from other countries. As such trade grew greatly.

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ISLAM IN CHINA

Chinese records showed that there were large numbers ofMuslims living in China in the late 19th century A.D.

Areas with large numbers of Muslims in China :

Northwest China along the Silk Road Yunnan in Southwest China where there was an overland route from India.

Many Arab traders visited the trading ports of:

Chuan-chou and Guangzhou (Canton) in Southern China (see Map )(see Map )

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The spread of Islam from Arabia to China – Ports of Chan-chou and Canton

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In 878, the people of China rebelled against theirEmperor.

This fighting caused many Muslims to leave the ports ofChina and go to Southeast Asia.

The Arab traders also went to other important trading ports such as Champa, Palembang and Perlak.

From these places, they helped to spread Islam in the areas where the Malay people lived.

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The Spread of Islam from Arabia to China and Southeast Asia.

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Although many of the Muslims from China fled to Southeast Asia, some continued to stay in China.

Other Chinese records showed that Muslims were often employed in important positions in the Chinese government.

One of the key reasons for this was that Islam encouraged:

learning, and the Chinese government gave important positions to people with the best education.

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ISLAM IN INDIA

Muslim armies travelled east from Arabia during the rule of the Umayyad Caliphs.

In the 13th century, a Muslim dynasty was established in Delhi in Northern India.

In the middle of the 8th century, the army captured muchof northwest India such as:

BaluchistanBaluchistan

SindSind

parts of Punjabparts of Punjab

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In 1258, the Mongols captured Baghdad and destroyed much of the city.

Many Muslims left Baghdad and travelled east.

Many of those who left were:

By the end of the 13th century, the rulers of the state of Gujerat in India had accepted Islam.

The port city of Cambay in GujeratCambay in Gujerat was the base for the Arab and Indian traders and these traders helped to spread Islam.

teachers of Islam and as a result,

they spread their religion wherever they went.

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A Muslim Dynasty was established in 13th century

Rulers of this state accepted Islam by the 13th century and it was established as a base forArab and Indian traders

Map of India

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ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Information about Muslims in Southeast Asia came from many sources:

Archives from the Arabs Indian records and Chinese records

These records showed that there were Muslims living in the Malay trading centres by the late 17th century.

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MISSIONARIESMISSIONARIESHOW ISLAM SPREAD TO

SOUTHEAST ASIA

TRADETRADE

MARRIAGEMARRIAGE

CONQUESTCONQUEST

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EARLY CONVERSION TO ISLAM

Arab records suggested that Islam first came to Perlak inabout 650 A.D..

Later Sultan Alauddin Sayid Maulana Abdul Aziz Shah of Perlak (840- 864) became:

Written Malay – JAWI – was started in Perlak in 913 by some Muslims from Persia.

They used the Arabic script to write in Malay. Before that, Malay was a spoken language and it was never written.

a Muslim and made Islam the official religion

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EVIDENCE SHOWING THE PRESENCE OF ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Inscriptions on tombstones.

Tombstone at the Muslim cemetery of Ujong Bukit

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COINS WITH ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS.

A Muslim Sultan from Kelantan in 1161 issued gold coins bearing Arabic inscriptions.

WRITTEN RECORDS

From Chinese records there were details about three Muslim traders who were part of an official mission from Po-ni to China in 977.

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CONVERSION THROUGHMARRIAGE

In the Moluccas Islands, also known as the Spice Islands, a ruler called Sayid Jaafar Saddiq, accepted Islam when he married a Muslim princess from Ternate in1250.

THE TRENGGANU STONE

From the 14th century, there is a record of the Trengganu Stone. The inscription on it was in Jawi. It tells us that one of the Malay Sultans wanted all the rulers in the area to follow Islam.

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MALACCA AND ITS ROLE IN THE SPREAD OF ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Malacca was founded by a Hindu prince from Palembang in Sumatra called Parameswara.

The Founding of Malacca

When the Majapahit Empire destroyed Palembang in 1389, he fled and later founded Malacca in around 1400.

He married a Muslim princess from Pasai and converted to Islam in 1411.

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FOUNDING OF MALACCA

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THE STORY OF THE FOUNDING OF

MALACCA

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The mascot of Malacca

The tree from which the name ‘Melaka’ was derived.Sang Kanchil

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MALACCA’S SUCCESS AS A TRADING CENTRE

Geographical location

Good system of Government

Presence of Muslim rulers

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MALACCA’S SUCCESS AS A TRADING CENTRE

1. Geographical Location

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2. GOOD SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

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3. PRESENCE OF MUSLIM RULERS

This helped to attract Muslim traders from Arabia and India who helped to make Malacca an important trading port.

Trading in the busy port of Malacca.

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MALACCA AS A CENTRE OF ISLAM

As Malacca grew stronger, its importance as a centre of Islam also grew.

It played an important part in the spread of Islam in several ways:

Through conquest

Through royal marriages

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Through trade

Through religious influences

Political concerns

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MALACCA AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

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THE RISE AND FALL OF MALACCA

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Portuguese ships against Malay boats at Malacca.

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RISE OF ACHEH

After the fall of Malacca in 1511, the trading port of Acheh, located at the north of Sumatra started to gain importance.

Why did Acheh rise in importance ?

Muslim traders from Malacca moved to Acheh as they did not want to be controlled by the Portuguese.

Other Muslim trading centres in Southeast Asia started to trade with Acheh rather than with Malacca.

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THE EXPANSION OF ACHEH

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Acheh’s trade grew and it became more powerful and started to expand.

It captured more lands in:

Tried to capture Malacca from the Portuguese but they proved too strong for the Chinese.

Sumatra Lands in the north of the Malay peninsula

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By the middle of the sixteenth century, Acheh was:

However, Acheh declined in importance as Europeanscontrolled more parts of Southeast Asia.

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THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BRUNEI SULTANATE

1. Since Brunei was established as a country, Awang Alak Betatar had become very well-known in the neighbouring countries.

One such country was Johore.

2. The kingdom of Johore at that time was ruled by Sultan Bakhei. One day, Sultan Bakhei sent his messengers to Brunei inviting Awang Alak Betatar to Johore.

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3. I heard Johore is a peaceful country. Iwould like to go there and meet SultanBakhei. Pateh Berbai, I would like youto go with me. Arrange the journey assoon as possible.

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4. The journey began and they travelled by ship.

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5. On arrival, Awang Alak Betatar and his brother received a warm welcome and they were taken to the Sultan’s palace.

6. Sultan Bakhei was a Muslim and he shared his knowledge about Islam with Awang Alak Betatar and Pateh Berbai. Awang Alak Betatar and Pateh Berbai decided to become Muslims.

Awang Alak Betatar took the title ‘Sultan Muhammed Shah’, while Pateh Berbai was named Ahmad. Sultan Muhammed Shah then married the daughter of Sultan Bakhei. Later, they went back to Brunei.

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THE COMING OF ISLAM TO BRUNEI

SOURCES

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CULTURAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE

Jawi developed as an art form.

Handicrafts used Arabic and Muslim patterns.

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BRUNEI AS A CENTRE FOR THE PROPAGATION OF ISLAM

Sultan Sharif Ali also known as Sultan Berkat:

Built Mosques.

Strengthened Islamic law.

Added ‘Darussalam’ to the name of Brunei.

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Created a royal emblem or Panji- Panji, a symbol of the islamic power.

We can see this royal emblem on the flag of Brunei.

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SULTAN BOLKIAH

Helped to spread Islam.

Expanded Brunei empire.

Brunei’s empire in the 16th century

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SULTAN MUHAMMAD HASAN

Introduced the Hukum Kanun Brunei in his government.

This was the first written code of law.

Based on the teachings of Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him).