Chapter 5 Rome and the Rise of Christianity. The Rise of Rome Roman history is the story of the Romans’ conquest of Italy and the entire Mediterranean.

Chapter 5Chapter 5Rome and the Rise of Rome and the Rise of

ChristianityChristianity

The Rise of RomeThe Rise of Rome

Roman history is the story of the Romans’ Roman history is the story of the Romans’ conquest of Italy and the entire conquest of Italy and the entire Mediterranean world. The Romans were Mediterranean world. The Romans were conquerors, but they also governed, using conquerors, but they also governed, using republican forms that have been passed down republican forms that have been passed down to us.to us.

Italy had more land for farming than did Italy had more land for farming than did Greece, enabling it to support a large Greece, enabling it to support a large population.population.

Rome had a good central location in Italy from Rome had a good central location in Italy from which it could expand.which it could expand.

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic RepublicRepublic- the leader is not a monarch and - the leader is not a monarch and

some citizens have the right to vote.some citizens have the right to vote. Romans strongly believed in their sense of Romans strongly believed in their sense of

duty, courage, and discipline.duty, courage, and discipline. LivyLivy- Roman historian who provided many - Roman historian who provided many

stories to teach the Romans the virtues stories to teach the Romans the virtues that had made Rome great.( problem was that had made Rome great.( problem was that they were not always historically that they were not always historically correct.)correct.)

Romans were good diplomats, excelled in Romans were good diplomats, excelled in military matters, and were practical in law military matters, and were practical in law and politics. ( more to come in the unit)and politics. ( more to come in the unit)

Roman Political StructureRoman Political Structure

Early Rome was divided into two Early Rome was divided into two groups of orders:groups of orders:

1.1. PatriciansPatricians- wealthy landowners who - wealthy landowners who were Rome’s ruling class.were Rome’s ruling class.

2.2. PlebeiansPlebeians- less wealthy, small - less wealthy, small farmers, craftspeople, and merchantsfarmers, craftspeople, and merchants

3.3. ***Men in both groups were citizens ***Men in both groups were citizens and could vote, but only the and could vote, but only the patricians could be elected to office.patricians could be elected to office.

The Roman SenateThe Roman Senate

Was a select group of about 300 Was a select group of about 300 hundred patricians who served for hundred patricians who served for life.life.

Their role was to advise government Their role was to advise government officials and then they were also officials and then they were also allowed to enforce the laws.allowed to enforce the laws.

Does this sound similar to an aspect Does this sound similar to an aspect of our government?of our government?

Roman LawRoman Law

One of Rome’s gifts to itself and One of Rome’s gifts to itself and other civilizations was its system of other civilizations was its system of laws. Rome’s first code of laws was laws. Rome’s first code of laws was the the Twelve TablesTwelve Tables. These were the . These were the first written set of laws that were first written set of laws that were publicly displayed in Rome. publicly displayed in Rome.

***The influence of the Twelve Tables ***The influence of the Twelve Tables can still be seen in legal systems can still be seen in legal systems today.***today.***

Twelve Tables of RomeTwelve Tables of Rome Table I: Proceedings Preliminary to trialTable I: Proceedings Preliminary to trial Table II: TrialTable II: Trial Table III: Execution of Judgment( 30 days shall be allowed by law for Table III: Execution of Judgment( 30 days shall be allowed by law for

payment of confessed debt and for settlement of matters adjudged in payment of confessed debt and for settlement of matters adjudged in court.)court.)

Table IV: Paternal PowerTable IV: Paternal Power Table V: Inheritance and GuardianshipTable V: Inheritance and Guardianship Table VI: Ownership and PossessionTable VI: Ownership and Possession Table VII: Real PropertyTable VII: Real Property Table VIII: Torts or DelictsTable VIII: Torts or Delicts Table IX: Public Law ( being put to death without a trial and unconvicted..is Table IX: Public Law ( being put to death without a trial and unconvicted..is

forbidden)forbidden) Table X: Sacred LawTable X: Sacred Law Table XI: Supplementary LawsTable XI: Supplementary Laws Table XII: Supplementary Laws ( whatever the people ordain last shall be Table XII: Supplementary Laws ( whatever the people ordain last shall be

legally valid)legally valid)

***page 149 in text******page 149 in text***How do these Twelve Tables still apply today?How do these Twelve Tables still apply today?

Roman ExpansionRoman Expansion(The Three Punic Wars)(The Three Punic Wars)

The First Punic War-The First Punic War- this war began due this war began due to Carthage’s attempt to seize Sicily.to Carthage’s attempt to seize Sicily.

This action worried Rome and both sides This action worried Rome and both sides were determined to control Sicily.were determined to control Sicily.

The Romans built up their army/navy and The Romans built up their army/navy and defeated the Carthagian military fleet.defeated the Carthagian military fleet.

Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and paid a fine to the Romans. Sicily became paid a fine to the Romans. Sicily became the first Roman province.the first Roman province.

Carthage vowed revenge and would Carthage vowed revenge and would pursue control of Sicily again in the future.pursue control of Sicily again in the future.

The Second Punic WarThe Second Punic War The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, The Carthaginian general, Hannibal,

invaded Rome and killed off almost 40,000 invaded Rome and killed off almost 40,000 men. The Romans refused to surrender men. The Romans refused to surrender and raised yet another army.and raised yet another army.

The Romans began to reconquer some of The Romans began to reconquer some of the Italian cities that had been taken by the Italian cities that had been taken by Hannibal. They also sent troops to Spain.Hannibal. They also sent troops to Spain.

Rome than invaded Carthage and crushed Rome than invaded Carthage and crushed Hannibal’s forces, and the war was over.Hannibal’s forces, and the war was over.( Spain became a Roman province and ( Spain became a Roman province and Rome had become the dominant power in Rome had become the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean.the Western Mediterranean.

The Third Punic WarThe Third Punic War 50 years later, the Romans/Carthage would 50 years later, the Romans/Carthage would

fight their third and final battle.fight their third and final battle. Rome went in and completely destroyed the Rome went in and completely destroyed the

Carthage. They burned and demolished the Carthage. They burned and demolished the city, and sold their inhabitants into slavery.city, and sold their inhabitants into slavery.( Most of the slaves in Rome were actual ( Most of the slaves in Rome were actual Romans and were regarded as part of the Romans and were regarded as part of the household.)household.)

The territory of Carthage became a Roman The territory of Carthage became a Roman province called Africa.province called Africa.

Rome was now master of the Mediterranean.Rome was now master of the Mediterranean.

Section 5.2Section 5.2

From Republic to EmpireFrom Republic to Empire

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate

TriumvirateTriumvirate- a government by three - a government by three people with equal power.people with equal power.

1.1. Crassus- richest man in RomeCrassus- richest man in Rome

2.2. Pompey- was a military heroPompey- was a military hero

3.3. Julius Caesar- was also a wealthy Julius Caesar- was also a wealthy military hero.military hero.

***The power of these three enabled ***The power of these three enabled them to dominate the political them to dominate the political scene.***scene.***

Caesar’s TakeoverCaesar’s Takeover

Caesar’s march on Rome started a civil Caesar’s march on Rome started a civil war between his forces and those of war between his forces and those of Pompey/Crassus. He would eventually Pompey/Crassus. He would eventually defeat the other two forces. This left defeat the other two forces. This left Caesar in complete control of the Roman Caesar in complete control of the Roman government.government.

Caesar was officially made dictator Caesar was officially made dictator (absolute ruler)(absolute ruler)

He would eventually be assassinated by a He would eventually be assassinated by a group of Senators.group of Senators.

The Second TriumvirateThe Second Triumvirate

1.1. OctavianOctavian- Caesar’s grandnephew- Caesar’s grandnephew

2.2. AnthonyAnthony- Caesar’s ally and - Caesar’s ally and assistantassistant

3.3. LepidusLepidus- was commander of - was commander of Caesar’s army.Caesar’s army.

Octavian and Anthony would emerge Octavian and Anthony would emerge as the two stronger leaders and as the two stronger leaders and split the Roman empire in half.split the Roman empire in half.

The Age of AugustusThe Age of Augustus

The senate awarded Octavian the The senate awarded Octavian the title of title of AugustusAugustus. The Senate gave . The Senate gave Augustus the title of imperator Augustus the title of imperator ( commander in chief or emperor.) ( commander in chief or emperor.) Augustus would be Rome’s first Augustus would be Rome’s first emperor.emperor.

He maintained a strong army of He maintained a strong army of about 151,000 men and also began a about 151,000 men and also began a new system for governing the new system for governing the different provinces. different provinces.

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Means “ Roman Peace”- was a period Means “ Roman Peace”- was a period of peace and prosperity.of peace and prosperity.

It lasted for almost 200 years and It lasted for almost 200 years and Rome went through a time with a Rome went through a time with a strong military/government. The strong military/government. The quality of life during “Pax Romana” quality of life during “Pax Romana” was flourishing.was flourishing.

What were some other aspects?What were some other aspects?

Roman ArchitectureRoman Architecture The Romans adopted many features of the The Romans adopted many features of the

Greek style of art.Greek style of art. The Romans excelled in architecture and The Romans excelled in architecture and

used the following styles: arch, vault, and used the following styles: arch, vault, and dome.dome.

They were also the first group to use They were also the first group to use concrete on a massive scale.concrete on a massive scale.

The Romans were superb builders and The Romans were superb builders and they used their skills to build roads, they used their skills to build roads, bridges, and aqueducts. ( In Rome, almost bridges, and aqueducts. ( In Rome, almost a dozen aqueducts kept a population of a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water.)one million supplied with water.)

Roman LiteratureRoman Literature The high point of Latin Literature was The high point of Latin Literature was

reached in the reached in the Age of AugustusAge of Augustus. . Therefore, the Augustan Age has also been Therefore, the Augustan Age has also been called the golden age of Latin literature.called the golden age of Latin literature.

The most distinguished poet of the Augustan The most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age was Age was VirgilVirgil. He wrote a masterpiece . He wrote a masterpiece entitled entitled Aeneid, Aeneid, in honor of Rome and was in honor of Rome and was compared to Homer’s work in Greece.compared to Homer’s work in Greece.

Why do you think both Virgil and Homer Why do you think both Virgil and Homer were compared to each other?were compared to each other?

Slavery and Slave RevoltsSlavery and Slave Revolts Slavery was common throughout the ancient Slavery was common throughout the ancient

world, but no people had more slaves or world, but no people had more slaves or relied so much on slave labor as the relied so much on slave labor as the Romans.Romans.

Again, most of these slaves were from Italy Again, most of these slaves were from Italy and were regarded as part of the family. and were regarded as part of the family. They served many duties. ( any examples?) They served many duties. ( any examples?)

Some slaves started to revolt against their Some slaves started to revolt against their owners and even led to some murders.owners and even led to some murders.

The most famous slave revolt in Italy was led The most famous slave revolt in Italy was led by a gladiator named by a gladiator named SpartacusSpartacus. Spartacus . Spartacus managed to defeat several Roman armies managed to defeat several Roman armies before being trapped and killed.before being trapped and killed.

Gladiators in Ancient RomeGladiators in Ancient Rome

Public spectacles have always been a Public spectacles have always been a part of civilization. These games took part of civilization. These games took place in the arena. ( most famous one place in the arena. ( most famous one was the Coliseum)was the Coliseum)

These games embodied the Roman These games embodied the Roman virtues of bravery, honor, and glory in virtues of bravery, honor, and glory in a world that was cruel and a world that was cruel and unpredictable.unpredictable.

***turn to page 166-167 in book******turn to page 166-167 in book***

The Development of The Development of ChristianityChristianity

ConstantineConstantine became the first Christian emperor became the first Christian emperor and then under and then under Theodosius the Great, Theodosius the Great, the the Romans adopted Christianity as the official Romans adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire.religion of the Roman Empire.

ConstantineConstantine issued the issued the Edict of MilanEdict of Milan , which , which proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity.proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity.

ZealotsZealots- called for the violent overthrow of the - called for the violent overthrow of the Roman Rule. Why would this be a problem?Roman Rule. Why would this be a problem?

JesusJesus- a Jewish teacher who traveled and - a Jewish teacher who traveled and preached. These teachings, known as Christianity, preached. These teachings, known as Christianity, began as a movement within Judaism.began as a movement within Judaism.

Jesus’ preaching stirred controversy and finally Jesus’ preaching stirred controversy and finally led to led to Pontius Pilate Pontius Pilate ordering Jesus crucifixion.ordering Jesus crucifixion.

4.5 Decline and Fall4.5 Decline and Fall

DiocletianDiocletian- powerful ruler that felt - powerful ruler that felt the Roman Empire was too large for the Roman Empire was too large for a single ruler.a single ruler.

VisigothsVisigoths- a Germanic tribe that - a Germanic tribe that was the first to invade Rome.was the first to invade Rome.

Theories of DeclineTheories of Decline1.1. Christianity’s emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened Christianity’s emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened

Roman military virtues.Roman military virtues.2.2. Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians gained Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians gained

prominence in the empire.prominence in the empire.3.3. Lead poisoning through leaden water pipes and cups Lead poisoning through leaden water pipes and cups

caused a mental decline in the population.caused a mental decline in the population.4.4. Plague wiped out one-tenth of the population.Plague wiped out one-tenth of the population.5.5. Rome failed to advocate technologically due to slavery.Rome failed to advocate technologically due to slavery.6.6. Rome could not create a workable political system.Rome could not create a workable political system.***There is some truth in all of these theories but probably ***There is some truth in all of these theories but probably

the thing that the thing that finally finally caused the fall of the Roman caused the fall of the Roman Empire was invasions from Germanic Tribes. Rome was Empire was invasions from Germanic Tribes. Rome was so large and very difficult to protect in entirety.***so large and very difficult to protect in entirety.***