Chapter 5 Light: The Cosmic Messenger Properties of Light Particle or wave? Light is electromagnetic energy in which the electric and magnetic fields.

Chapter 5

Light:

The Cosmic Messenger

Properties of Light• Particle or wave?

• Light is electromagnetic energy in which the electric and magnetic fields vibrate.

• Light behaves as both a particle and a wave.

• Light as a Particle: Photon- discrete bundle of light energy.

• Light as a Wave: Electromagnetic Waves

Wave-Particle Duality

Electron Interference PatternStages of film exposure show photon by photon formation of photograph.

Diffraction FringesLight Electron beam

Ref: P.G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, 9th ed.©2002 Pearson Education

Some definitions for waves• Wavelength : the distance between adjacent

peaks of a wave.

– We measure electromagnetic wavelengths in nanometers or angstroms.

• Frequency: the number of peaks per second, that pass by a certain reference point.– We measure frequency in Hertz (Hz)

Many Forms of Light

The Material World

• Matter can exist in different phases.

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

What is Matter?• Today, we know that all ordinary matter is composed of

atoms. • Each different type of atom corresponds to a different

chemical element.• Atoms can form molecules which can then form a number

of different material substances.• Some molecules consist of two or more atoms of the same

element.

O2 – molecular oxygen O – atomic oxygen

H2 – molecular hydrogen H – atomic hydrogen

Atomic Structure

• A small dense nucleus lies at the center of an atom.

• The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.

• The nucleus is surrounded by particles called electrons.

• The properties of an atom depend primarily on the amount of electrical charge. (protons and electrons)

• atomic number: The number of protons in an atom.

• atomic mass: The combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

• isotope: Sometimes, the same element can have more than the usual number of neutrons. We call this an isotope.– A proton and a neutron form an isotope of

hydrogen called deuterium.

Terminology

Summary of Atomic Structure

Ions and Ionization• The loss of one or more electrons (electrons are

negatively charged) leaves the remaining atom with a net positive charge.

• Such charged atoms are called ions.

• The process of stripping electrons from atoms is called ionization.

• At high temperatures, the atoms of a hot gas can become ionized, creating a plasma phase of matter.

Light in Everyday Life

• Power – describes the rate of energy use.

• 1 Watt = 1 Joule/sec.

• Spectrum – The component colors of a light source when viewed through something that creates a spectrum.

• Ex: Prism, diffraction grating.

• Emission – The transfer of light energy out of the object.

• Absorption – The transfer of light energy into the object.

A mirror reflects light along a path determined by the angle of reflection.

Notice that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.

Light Scattering: The movie screen scatters a narrow beam of light into many that reach all members of the audience

• Transmission – The passing of light through a body. If light passes through a body, it is said to be transparent to that light.

• Reflection – The return of light off of a surface.

• Note: A body may be reflective and/or transparent to only part of the incident light.

Energy in Atoms

• Atoms contain electric potential energy in the distribution of their electrons around their nuclei.

• Consider the hydrogen atom, which is the simplest atom.

Ionization

When the atom contains the smallest amount of electric

potential energy, we say that the atom is in the ground state.

If the electron gains energy, it becomes

“smeared out” over a greater volume.

If the electron gains enough energy, it

can escape the atom completely and we

have an ionized atom.

The Discovery of the Quantum World

• The most surprising aspect of atoms was the discovery that only particular energy transitions can occur for the electron.

• This was the beginning of Modern Physics (1910 – 1935) and a theory of Quantum Mechanics was developed.

Classical SystemAny height is

possible

Quantum SystemOnly discrete

“Quantized” step heights are possible.

I’m Continuous!

I’m Quantized!

Energy Levels for H atom

Red LightBlue Light

Light and Matter

• Matter may absorb light or emit light.

• We can measure the amount of absorption or emission by specifying the Intensity of the light (I) in Watts/m2.

Proto-typical Spectrum

Absorption and Emission by Thin Gases

Various Energy Level transitions in Hydrogen

Emission line spectrum

Absorption line spectrum

Atomic Emission Line Spectra

Molecular Emission Line Spectrum

Molecular Hydrogen (H2)

Thermal Radiation

• Hotter objects emit more total radiation per unit surface area.

• Hotter objects emit photons with higher average energy.

Thermal Radiation

Thermal Radiators emit Radiation according to the Planck Curve

• Max Planck gives the first successful explanation for the characteristic curves of thermal radiators.

• This ushers in the Quantum Theory.

• (1858- 1947)

Representative Planck Curves

Kirkhhoff’s Laws

• Any “Complex” object produces thermal radiation over a broad range of wavelengths.

• When thermal radiation passes through a thin cloud of gas, the cloud leaves “fingerprints” that may be either absorption lines or emission lines, depending on its temperature

Kirkhhoff’s Laws

• If the background source is colder than the cloud, or if there is no background source at all, the spectrum is dominated by bright emission lines produced by the cloud’s atoms and molecules

• Summary of Kirkhhoff’s Laws – Next Slide

Reflected Light• The color of an object that does not act as a

source of light depends on the light that it reflects.

• A planet may reflect certain colors from the sun and absorb others. The reflected light gives the planet its characteristic color, while the absorbed light heats the surface and influences its surface temperature.

Putting It All Together- a typical spectrum

The Doppler Effect

• If an object that is emitting a wave moves toward us (or we toward it), then the wavelengths are shortened (frequency is increased).

• If an object that is emitting a wave moves away from us (or we move away from it), then the wavelengths are lengthened (frequency is decreased).

• For light, the lengthening of the wavelength due to this Doppler shift is called a Doppler Red Shift. The shortening is called a Doppler Blue Shift.

This observer sees the light red-shifted

This observer sees the light blue-shifted

Doppler Shift

• The Doppler shift also appears in the observed spectrum. (See next slide)

Collecting Light With A Telescope• Light- Collecting Area: The cross-sectional area

of the primary mirror or objective lens.

• The Light collecting area determines how much light the telescope can focus.

• Angular Resolution: The smallest angular size a telescope can measure.

– Ex: The Hubble Space telescope has an angular resolution of 0.05 arcseconds.

• In general, larger diameter telescopes have both a greater light-collecting area and a better angular resolution.

• Other factors that limit resolution include:

– The engineering and construction of the telescope.

– Effects of the atmosphere for ground based telescopes.

Basic Telescope Design 1m refractor at Yerkes Observatory

5m Reflector at Mt. Palomar Observatory

Telescope Designs

10-m Keck Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope

Use of Telescopes

• Imaging: provides pictures of astronomical objects.

• Spectroscopy: Involves dispersing the light into a spectrum for analysis of composition, temperature, relative motion, etc.

• Timing: Monitors how the light intensity hitting a detector varies with time. This can provide information about the objects rotational motion.

Atmospheric Effects on Observations

• Light Pollution: The scattering of bright artificial light from cities and towns at night. This causes glare which reduces “seeing” conditions.

• Turbulence: The changing direction of air motion near the telescope bends the light in shifting patterns. This causes the “twinkling” of stars but also blurs astronomical images.

Some Ways to Fix the Problems Due to The Atmosphere

• Adaptive Optics: The controlled deformation of the primary mirror in order to counteract the effects from atmospheric distortion.

• Adaptive Optics can eliminate most atmospheric distortion.

Ground based observation of a double star

Same object now using adaptive optics system

Telescopes Across The Spectrum

X-Ray Telescopes

Radio Telescopes – 305m radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico.

The Trajectory of Voyager 2

Images of Jupiter from the Voyager Mission

Saturn (from Voyager Mission)

Neptune against Triton’s HorizonNeptune against Triton’s HorizonFrom Voyager MissionFrom Voyager Mission

What lies ahead? Artist’s Conception of Lunar Observatory