Chapter 5: Adjectives and Adverbs 8 th Grade English
Dec 27, 2015
Chapter 5: Adjectives and Adverbs8th Grade English
5.1 What Is an Adjective?An adjective is a word that modifies, or
describes, a noun or a pronoun. Extraordinary weather can cause strange events.
Adjectives help you see, feel, taste, hear, and smell all the experiences you read about. During a storm, a boat capsized in the waves. During a violent storm, a large boat capsized in
the enormous waves.
5.1 What Is an Adjective?Adjectives answer the questions what kind,
which one, how many, and how much.
Adjectives
What Kind?
A sudden blizzard
A brisk wind
A destructive flood
Which one or ones?
The first warning
The Mexican earthquake
The last weather report
How many or how much?
Several tornadoes
A few drifts More ice
5.1 What Is an Adjective?The most commonly used adjectives are the
articles a, an, and the. A and an are forms of the indefinite article.
The indefinite article is used before a noun that names an unspecified person, place, thing, or idea. A weather radar can predict an unusual storm.
Use a before a word beginning with a consonant sound.
Use an before a word beginning with a vowel sound.
5.1 What Is an Adjective?The is the definite article.
It points to a particular person, place, thing, or idea. The six-o’clock news predicted the tornado.
5.1 What Is an Adjective?Proper Adjectives
Many adjectives are formed from common nouns.
Nouns and Adjectives
Common Noun Common Adjective
Cloud Cloudy
Nation National
Statue Statuesque
Friend friendly
5.1 What Is an Adjective?A proper adjective is formed from a proper
noun.
Proper adjectives are always capitalized.
Proper Nouns Proper Adjectives
Honduras Honduran
Olympus Olympian
North America North American
(Queen) Elizabeth Elizabethan
5.2 Predicate Adjectives
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the verb’s subject. The linking verb connects the predicate adjective
with the subject. Some people are extraordinary. They are very energetic or calm.
Predicate adjectives can follow linking verbs other than forms of be. Forms of taste, smell, feel, look, become, and seem are often used as linking verbs. You usually feel lucky to know such a person.
5.3 Other Words Used as Adjectives In addition to their usual uses, many pronouns
and nouns can be used as adjectives.
They can modify nouns to make their meanings more specific.
5.3 Other Words Used as AdjectivesPronouns as Adjectives
Demonstrative pronouns This, that, these, and those are demonstrative
pronouns that can be used as adjectives. This fingerprint is a loop. That fingerprint is a whorl.
5.3 Other Words Used as AdjectivesPossessive Pronouns
My, our, your, her, his, its, and their are possessive pronouns that are used as adjectives. My thumbprint is a double loop, but your
thumbprint is a tented arch.
5.3 Other Words Used as Adjectives Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns such as all, each, both, few, most, and some can be used as adjectives. All fingerprints fit one of seven patterns. But each fingerprint is unique.
5.3 Other Words Used as AdjectivesNouns as adjectives
Like pronouns, nouns can be used as adjectives. In the expression “crime story,” for example, the
word crime (normally a noun) is used to modify story. The fingerprint evidence convicted the murderer. She was convicted on murder charges.
5.4 What is an Adverb?An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb. Teenagers often make a unique impression. They wear very creative clothing. They nearly always have their own way of talking.
Adverbs answer the questions how, where, when, or to what extent.
How? When? Where? To What Extent?
Successfully
soon inside nearly
Quietly later close completely
Terribly now together quite
5.4 What is an Adverb?Adverbs can appear in several different
positions. Shari completed the exam quickly. Shari quickly completed the exam. Quickly, Shari completed the exam.
5.4 What is an Adverb? Intensifiers
Intensifiers are adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs.
They are usually placed directly before the word they modify.
Intensifiers usually answer the question to what extent. How does Shari work so quickly?
Intensifiers: almost, especially, extremely, nearly, quite, really, so, too, usually, very
5.4 What is an Adverb?Forming Adverbs
Many adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to adjectives.
Sometimes a base word’s spelling changes when –ly is added. strong -> strongly True -> truly Happy -> happily
5.5 Making Comparisons Special forms of modifiers are used to make
comparisons. Use the comparative form (-er or more) form of an
adjective or adverb when you compare one person or thing with one other person or thing. Earth is larger than Venus. Earth orbits the sun more slowly than Venus.
Use the superlative form (-est or most) when you compare someone or something with more than one person or thing. Which of the four inner planets is the hottest? Which of the five outer planets rotates most
quickly?
5.5 Making Comparisons Regular Forms of Comparison
For most one-syllable words, add –er to form the comparative and –est to form the superlative.
Base Form Comparative
Superlative
Adjective LightSlow
LighterSlower
LightestSlowest
Adverb CloseSoon
CloserSooner
Closestsoonest
5.5 Making Comparisons You can also add –er and –est to some two-
syllable adjectives.
With other two syllable adjectives, and with ALL two-syllable adverbs, use the words more and most.
Base Form Comparative
Superlative
Adjective WindyMassive
Windier More massive
Windiest Most massive
Adverb BrightlyQuickly
More brightlyMore quickly
Most brightlyMost quickly
5.5 Making Comparisons With adjectives and adverbs having three or
more syllables, use more and most.
Base Form Comparative Superlative
Adjective SuccessfulMysterious
More successfulMore mysterious
Most successfulMost mysterious
Adverb Awkwardly
eloquently
More awkwardlyMore eloquently
Most awkwardlyMost eloquently
5.5 Making Comparisons Irregular Forms of Comparisons
The comparatives and superlatives of some adjectives and adverbs are formed in irregular ways
Base Form Comparative
Superlative
Adjectives GoodBad
BetterWorse
Best Worst
Adverbs MuchLittle Well
More LessBetter
Most Least Best
5.6 Adjective or Adverb?Some pairs of adjectives and adverbs are often
a source of confusion and mistakes in speaking and writing.
5.6 Adjective or Adverb?Good or Well
Good is always an adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Well is usually an adverb, modifying a verb, an adverb, or an adjective.
Poetry is a good way to express your individuality. Good poems can communicate ideas well.
Well can be an adjective if it refers to health. You can write poems even when you don’t feel
well.
5.6 Adjective or Adverb?Real or Really
Real is always an adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Really is always an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective
Reciting poetry is a real talent. If you really work at it, you can become good at
it.
5.6 Adjective or Adverb?Bad or Badly
Bad is always an adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Badly is always an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective.
That wasn’t a bad poem, but you read it badly. Oh, I feel bad about that.