Chapter 5

Empowering Programs with Resources that Enhance Social

Work Education

©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing

Counsel on Social Work Education (CSWE) Defines Educational Policy and

Accreditation Standards (EPAS) Developed Ten “Core Competencies”

and 41 related “Practice Behaviors” Every Student should master the Practice

Behaviors and Core Competencies before completing their program


The Textbook – “Helping Hands” icon call attention to content

that relates to Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

“Competency Notes” at the end of each chapter help put the Practice Behaviors and Competencies in practical context.

©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/

Cole PublishingCole Publishing

The Practice Behaviors Workbook developed with the text provides assignable exercises that assist in mastering the Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

Additional Online Resources can be found a www.cengage.com/socialwork.


http://www.cengage.com/socialwork

Social Reform in the Progressive Era



A. Immigrants bore the brunt of industrialization in Northern and Midwestern cities

B. Around 21 million immigrants arrived between 1880 and 1914

1. Major American cities consisted of separate ethnic settlements with churches, political machines, and newspapers

2. In 12 largest cities about 40% of population were immigrants and about 20% were 2nd generation and about 60% of the work force was foreign born

C. Employers were unsympathetic to union organizing

D. Few policies or programs existed to protect persons from disease, poverty, discrimination, disability, crime, fires, and poor living conditions

2.1.5©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/


A. Social Darwinism, political power of corporations and preoccupation of upward mobility created a unlikely environment for social reform at the outset of the Progressive Era1. Legislators only met a few months in alternate years

in many states2. Politics were driven by the patronage system

(rewarding their own political party and giving jobs to voters as incentive to work for the party—not based on merit)

B. Meager taxes were levied to fund government institutions



A. Depression of 1893-1896 brought widespread disenchantment with corporate tycoons

B. Americans started to wonder if the growth of industry was a great blessing

C. Many were alarmed at the size and power of corporations

2.1.9 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing


A. Turn of the century Americans increasingly believed that environmental factors prohibited the healthy growth of citizens.

B. Reformers countered to Social Darwinism that life should not be devoted to be competition.

C. Reformers argued that unregulated economic activity created high levels of social distress.

D. Progressives began to question provisions of the Constitution and American legal system.

E. Progressives began to question the U.S. as a model society.F. The Social Gospel Movement believed Christian doctrine

supported Social reform.G. Observation of social ills fostered social reform.



A. Most immigrant workers were relatively tranquil during this period1. Did not speak English2. Lacked citizenship3. Feared unemployment

B. Emergence of radical fringe groups1. Socialism2. Industrial Workers of the World led by Eugene Debs

C. Progressivism had a dark side, some progressives were: 1. Prejudiced against immigrants and African Americans believing

them to uncivilized, ignorant, and immoral2. Wanted them to embrace middle class virtues3. Wanted to withhold mother’s pension from them

2.1.4


A. Major progressive reforms included:1. Expansion of voters power through initiatives,

referendums, and recalls2. Regulated bank and economic institutions3. Regulated conditions of employment4. Regulated food and drugs5. Regulated employment of children6. Regulated housing

B. Regulations only obtained after extensive political battles

C. Those who sought Federal labor laws told that the Constitution did not give the federal government jurisdiction over social matters


A. Worker’s CompensationB. Mother’s pensionC. Juvenile courtsD. Children’s Bureau

2.1.4


A. Mother’s pension established between 1911-19191. Mostly used by widows2. Shift towards outdoor relief (Aid provided to people in their

homes vs. indoor-- institutions such as almshouses, poorhouses, or workhouses)

B. Established juvenile court in some local jurisdictions1. Allowed for examination of family situation2. Examined a range of options including probation3. Referred children to special juvenile institutions when they

needed to be incarceratedC. Established Children’s bureau in 1912D. Enacted legislation in many states that limited kind of work

and conditions of work for women1. Enacted national legislation in 1916 restricting child labor

only to have the Supreme Court over turn it

2.1.5


E. Private Philanthropy1. Reformers did not strive to supplant (replace) private

philanthropy and strongly supported these institutions.2. Promoted privately funded construction of hospitals.3. Established settlement houses but did not serve all

populations.4. Other Policy Reforms.

a. Worker’s compensation laws adopted by 1920 in many states.

b. Established after care services for individual who were in mental asylums.

c. Established National Committee for Mental Health.d. Enacted the 16th amendment to the Constitution in 1913

that established the federal income tax.


A. Employers used a variety of legal defenses to place part or all of the responsibility for work-related injuries on employees.1. Workers who were injured were entitled to obtain an

award, the amount of which was determined on the basis of the specific type of injury.

B. The introduction of an initial set of aftercare services for people who had been institutionalized in mental asylums.1. Clifford Beers, a former mental patient who wrote

about his ordeal in public institutions, led to the establishment of nongovernmental societies for mental hygiene.


A. Nearly 20 percent of the populations of entire cities were killed by such epidemics as cholera, typhoid fever, and malaria.

B. Children died in great numbers from influenza, whooping cough, measles, and scarlet fever.

C. Public health Reforms included:1. Public health centers in many American communities

were established to offer residents newly developed inoculations.

2. Public health inspectors enforced regulations that required sanitary conditions in housing, restaurants, and other businesses.



D. Capitalistic medical care model followed two-tracks

1. Track 1: Physicians and nongovernmental hospitals were funded by fees charged to patients.

2. Track 2: The poor, who could not afford the fees, either went untreated or sought care from public hospitals which were underfunded and poorly staffed.

2.1.5


A. Most progressive reforms did not require large government expenditures, major benefits, or service programs

B. Local property taxes were the primary source of governmental revenues and mainly used for schools and public services



A. Supreme Court, local and state courts impeded reform by making adverse rulings.

B. Neither Republicans or Democrats focused on the needs of workers, low income people, or oppressed groups.

C. Political cooperation among ethnic groups was impeded by language, ethnic rivalries, and residual segregation.

1. Labor Unions were uncertain allies of reformers



A. Muller v. Oregon limited work hours (10) and established minimum wages for women.

B. The National Consumers League (headed by Florence Kelly) sought child labor laws and protective legislation for women.

C. Women’s Christian Temperance Union sought legislation for women and children in addition to temperance legislation.

2.1.4


A. Democratic and Republican parties had strong conservative wings during the Progressive era.

B. Corporate officials continued to assume a dominate role, attempting to persuade political officials to oppose certain reforms.

C. After conservative William Howard Taft secured the Republican nomination in 1912, defeating Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Party convinced Theodore Roosevelt to run for President in 1912 on a third party ticket (it was called the Bull Moose Party).

D. Roosevelt lost the presidential election 1912 to Woodrow Wilson who ousted Taft- - demonstrating how difficult if was for third party candidates to win national elections.



A. American had contradictory views of immigrants.

1. Immigrants were valued as cheap labor for American industry.

2. Fears that immigrants could incite social unrest in the form of unions.

3. Feared that immigrants would dilute the Anglo-Saxon race.

4. Feared their religion (Catholicism and Judaism) would threaten Protestant America.

5. Yet progressives, like Jane Addams, sought to work with immigrants to bring social reforms to American cities.

2.1.5 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/


B. The Oppression of Women 1. Women remained shackled by the traditional notions of

women in society yet many women were key leaders in the progressive movement.

2. Women engaged in political action and civil unrest to secure suffrage for women, finally securing it with enactment of the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920.

3. Women’s suffrage became the central reform issue of the women’s movement.

4. Suffragettes emphasized that if women could vote they would vote for reforms and family issues.

5. During WWI Wilson agreed to support suffrage when the women threatened to withdraw support of the war.



B. The Oppression of Women5. 19th Amendment enacted in 1920 gave

women suffrage.6. Female employment increased in industry.7. More married women worked.8. Margaret Sanger founded the birth control

movement but made little progress.9. The cult of domesticity for married women

remained strong.



C. The Oppression of African Americans

1. Southern whites regained their stronghold in political power when North withdrew military from the South in the late 1870s.

2. Supreme court rulings rendering civil rights useless in the wake of the Civil War.

3. Jim Crow laws were enacted in Southern states.

4. African Americans in the North also encountered poverty and oppression.



C. The Oppression of African Americans5. African Americans in both the North and South created strategy for

coping with adversity.a. Developed self-help and charitable projects.b. Developed mutual benefit societies that provided insurance for

sickness and funerals.c. Participated in church groupsd. Formed their own settlement housese. Established 200 hospitals and nurse-training schools.f. Education – from kindergarten to college – was emphasized and

viewed as a kind of antipoverty program.6. Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

a. The Supreme Court condoned (permit) a Southern state’s law that upheld Jim Crow legislation that required separate, but equal facilities between African Americans and Whites; fueling the continuation of racist practices.



D. The Oppression of Asian Immigrants1. Suffered extensive discrimination and poverty on the

West coast and elsewhere2. With Chinese persons already banned from immigrating

to the United States, Japanese immigrants were excluded by the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907

3. Japanese residents were prohibited from land parcels and ownerships by Alien Land Laws of 1913 and 1920 in California

4. In Hawaii and California, the Japanese immigrants filled positions as craftspeople and artisans when a shortage arose



E. The Oppression of Spanish-speaking Persons

1. Mexican immigrants could move freely between the United States and Mexico, creating a labor force for farming and ranching.

2. Yet Latinos were brutally oppressed in agriculture settings and cities of the southwest.

3. Spanish-speaking communities organized mutualistic, or mutual aid funds to provide insurance, funeral, and limited welfare benefits.

2.1.5


F. The Alliance of Progressivism and Racism

1. Prejudice against immigrants was prevalent in the Progressive Era in response to the sheer numbers of immigrants as well as anti-Catholic sentiment and racism, as well as anti-Semitism.

2. Anti-immigrant leaders proposed severe restrictions on immigration in 1914 but President Wilson vetoed it. They succeeded in enacting a literacy test in the Immigration Act of 1917. The Immigration Act of 1924 severely limited immigration from Southern Europe and Russia, while favoring immigrants from Northern Europe



A. Social reforms were active from 1890s until U.S. entered WWI.

B. The emergence of social workers1. By 1920s social workers staffed many agencies that

helped the poor.2. Two factions of social workers emerged:

a. Settlement people were more reform oriented and were led by such progressives as Jane Addams.

b. Charity workers, who placed more emphasis on casework or counseling, were led by such persons as Mary Richmond.

c. Both factions often joined together to support specific reforms.

2.1.1


A. Progressivism expanded social obligation to include many regulations to welfare and important social programs.

B. Progressive movement must be viewed as enacting only modest social welfare innovations when viewed from a contemporary perspective because the movement emphasized enactment of regulations at the state and local level rather than federal programs.

C. Yet progressives obtained remarkable successes in light of many barriers that they confronted.

2.1.3



Regulations enacted in the progressive era Workmen’s compensation The social work profession Women’s suffrage A national network of hospitals Juvenile courts

2.1.8


Chapter 5

Education

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brooks cole publishing

social reform

social darwinism

social matters

social work education

social gospel movement

observation of social