Chapter 43 – The Immune System – Study Guide 1. What are pathogens? 2. What is the most basic defense against pathogens? 3. If barrier defenses are breached, what must an animal’s immune system do to begin the fight against pathogens within the body? 4. What is innate immunity? 5. What is acquired immunity? 6. Comparing innate immunity and acquired immunity, what are their relative speeds of response and ranges of recognition? 7. List three barrier defenses: 8. List the four innate internal defenses: 9. What is the function of a Toll receptor in invertebrates? 10. In mammals, what is a TLR and what is its function? 11. What is a neutrophil? 12. What are macrophages? Where do they reside? 13. What is the role of an eosinophil? 14. What are dentritic cells? 15. What are interferons? 16. How does the complement system fight infection? 17. Describe the inflammatory response: 18. What do natural killer cells do? 19. What are some examples of adaptations that pathogens may have to avoid destruction by phagocytic cells? 20. What are the two types of lymphocytes? Where do all lymphocytes originate from? Where do the two types mature? 21. What is immunological memory? 22. What are cytokines? 23. What is an antigen?
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Chapter(43(–(The(Immune(System(–(Study(Guide((
1. What'are'pathogens?'''2. What'is'the'most'basic'defense'against'pathogens?''''''3. If'barrier'defenses'are'breached,'what'must'an'animal’s'immune'system'do'to'begin'the'fight'' against'pathogens'within'the'body?''''4. What'is'innate'immunity?''''5. What'is'acquired'immunity?'
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6. Comparing'innate'immunity'and'acquired'immunity,'what'are'their'relative'speeds'of'response'' and'ranges'of'recognition?'''7. List'three'barrier'defenses:'''8. List'the'four'innate'internal'defenses:'''9. What'is'the'function'of'a'Toll'receptor'in'invertebrates?''''10. In'mammals,'what'is'a'TLR'and'what'is'its'function?''''11. What'is'a'neutrophil?'''12. What'are'macrophages?''Where'do'they'reside?'''
13. What'is'the'role'of'an'eosinophil?''''14. What'are'dentritic'cells?''''15. What'are'interferons?''''16. How'does'the'complement'system'fight'infection?''''17. Describe'the'inflammatory'response:'''''''18. What'do'natural'killer'cells'do?''
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19. What'are'some'examples'of'adaptations'that'pathogens'may'have'to'avoid'destruction'by'' phagocytic'cells?' ''''
20. What'are'the'two'types'of'lymphocytes?''Where'do'all'lymphocytes'originate'from?''Where'do'' the'two'types'mature?''''
21. 'What'is'immunological'memory?''''
22. What'are'cytokines?'''
23. What'is'an'antigen?'''
24. Approximately'how'many'antigen'receptors'are'on'a'typical'B'or'T'cell?''How'many'types'of'' receptors'are'on'a'single'T'or'B'lymphocyte?''''
25. What'is'an'epitope?''Explain'how'the'body’s'lymphocytes'display'specificity'for'a'particular'' epitope?'''''
26. Label'the'following'diagram:''
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27. What'is'the'main'role'of'an'MHC'(major'histocompatibility'complex)?'''
28. On'what'types'of'cells'are'Class'I'MHC’s'found?''Where'do'the'antigens'they'present'come'' from?''What'type'of'cell'recognizes'the'Class'I'MHC’s'displayed'antigen'and'how'does'it'respond?'''''
29. Answer'the'same'questions'from'#28'above'with'regard'to'Class'II'MHC'molecules.''''
30. How'can'one'account'for'the'1'million'different'B'cells'and'10'million'different'T'cells'each'person'' has'despite'the'fact'that'there'are'only'20,500'protein[coding'genes'in'the'human'genome?'''''
31. What'is'self[tolerance?''What'happens'to'immature'self[reactive'lymphocytes'to'prevent'them'' from'reacting'with'self'epitopes?''''
32. If'there'are'so'few'lymphocytes'that'have'the'receptors'for'a'specific'presented'antigen,'how'can'' the'acquired'immune'response'be'so'effective?''(What'happens'to'a'lymphocyte'that'has'been'' triggered'by'the'binding'of'an'antigen?)'''''
33. What'is'clonal'selection?''Describe'the'two'types'of'clones'that'are'formed'from'activated'B'or'T'' cells.''''
34. Describe'the'primary'immune'response.''''
35. Describe'the'secondary'immune'response.'''''
36. What'is'humoral'immune'response?''''
37. What'is'cell[mediated'immune'response?''''
38. What'is'the'function'of'the'CD4'protein'on'helper[T'cells?''''
39. What'is'the'function'of'the'CD8'surface'proteins'on'cytotoxic'T'cells?''''
40. *Give'an'example'of'how'monoclonal'antibodies'are'useful'for'tagging'specific'molecules.''''
41. Label'the'following'diagram:''
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42. Label'the'following'diagram:''
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43. *What'is'the'suggested'relationship'between'cancer'and'the'immune'system?'''
44. Label'the'following'diagram:'
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45. Label'the'following'diagram:'
'46. Describe'three'antibody[mediated'mechanisms'of'antigen'disposal.'''''
47. Compare'and'contrast'active'and'passive'immunity.''''
48. How'can'active'and'passive'immunity'be'artificially'induced?'''
49. Describe'two'examples'of'immune'rejection.''''
50. What'are'four'examples'of'exaggerated,'self[directed,'and'diminished'immune'responses?''''
51. What'are'three'examples'of'how'pathogens'can'evade'(or'attack)'the'acquired'immune'system?'
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