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Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of Cells
Carbohydrate
1. Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio CnH2nOn.
2. Functions:
a) Provide energy during respiration
b) Stored food in animals’ liver ( glycogen ) and in plants’ cell ( starch )
c) Build cell wall in plant cells
d) External skeleton of insects
3. Carbohydrate can be divided into 3 types:
a) Monosaccharide c) Polysaccharide
b) Disaccharide
4. Monosaccharide
a) Simplest form of carbohydrate
b) Some examples are glucose (most common monosaccharide), fructose (found in
fruits) and galactose (found in milk).
c) Monosaccharides are reducing sugar which turns light blue of Benedict’s solution to
red-brick precipitate upon heating.
5. Disaccharide
a) Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide Disaccharide + water
b) The process of producing disaccharide is condensation
c) Some of the disaccharides are maltose (malt sugar), sucrose (cane sugar) and lactose
(milk sugar).
d) Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water
Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + Water
Glucose + Galactose Lactose + Water
e) Maltose is used for brewing beer while sucrose is used as sweetener in beverage and
cooking. Lactose is present in mammal’s milk, including human.
f) Only sucrose is non-reducing sugar.
6. Polysaccharide
a) Many glucose undergo condensation to form polysaccharide.
b) Polysaccharides are insoluble in water, do not crystallize and do not taste sweet.
c) 3 types of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose.
I personally think that this flow chart is quite a good one. I only managed to sketch a simple one in one of your relief class. So, here it is the complete one. You may copy it into the notes I gave you.
Enzyme
Intracellular
Extracellular
For use within the cell
To be secreted outside the cell
Synthesis of enzyme in ribosome
Synthesis of enzyme is the same as that of protein as enzyme is also a type of proteinProtein enters rough endoplasmic reticulum and packed as
transport vesicleTransport vesicle carries protein into Golgi apparatus where
protein is modified into enzymes
Secretory vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and enzyme is released
Enzymes are packed into secretory vesicle and transported to plasma membrane
Intracellular enzyme stays in cell while extracellular enzyme proceeds
8. Factors that affect enzyme activities are temperature, pH, substrate concentration and